Cream Preparations Research Articles

Life after death: a physicochemical study of materials used by the ancient Maya in human bone ointments

Ancient Maya believed in life after death. They used to prepare dead bodies during burial ceremonies whose purpose was to celebrate the dead and to help them passing through the way from earthly life to the beyond one. Bodies preparation included coloured scented body ointment application, with a deep symbolic connotation and probably also a conservative purpose. The aim of this research was to characterize pigments and binders used by ancient Maya in the preparation of body ointments used to paint human bones. Emblematic painted bone samples from Xcambó (Maya archaeological site located in the municipality of Dzemul, in the Mexican state of Yucatán) were investigated through a non-destructive and micro-destructive analytical techniques. Results pointed out the presence of two mainly red pigments, i.e. red ochre and cinnabar, as already observed in other Maya painted bones. The new insight of the research is the identification of the organic compounds used as binding media in the ointments: a mixture of vegetable drying oil (probably Chia seed oil) mixed with an aromatic compound (bitumen). This knowledge, together with that obtained in the last decades, is important to reconstruct the cultural habitat and social customs of this pre-Hispanic civilization and transfer them to today’s context.Graphical abstract

Formulation and Stability Test of Lip Cream Preparation of Kenop Flower Ethanol Extract (Gomphrena globosa L.)

Kenop Flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) is used in the manufacture of lip cream because contains betacyanin pigments that function as color pigments. This study aims to determine the physical quality and stability of the lip cream preparation of the ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.). This research was conducted experimentally, including the manufacture of lip cream formulations with ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) with a concentration of 10%. The results of the physical examination test for lip cream preparations for all preparations have a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 has ivory white color and F1-F3 has a brown color. The preparations had a homogeneous composition, average pH 6-7, had good greasing power, 5.0-5.8 average dispersion and 60.33-66.67 seconds average adhesion. The stability test carried out on day 28 found that all preparations were stable, had a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 had ivory white color and F1-F3 had a brown color. The preparation has a homogeneous composition; the average pH is 6-7. Where the lip cream formulas F1 and F3 decreased the pH value on the 28th day from 7 to 6 but tended to be stable and in the pH range that matched the lip pH. And there is no phase separation in all formulas.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal ointment using leaves of Thuja orientalis l. Leaf extract

The study of diseases and their treatment are important part of our ancient time worldwide. The knowledge of medicinal plants must have been accumulated in the course of many centuries. Herbal plants are huge sources of neutraceuticals, prevent the different disease or maintain healthy life. Plant produces primary metabolites for their basic survival and secondary metabolites for their ecological, taxonomical and biochemical differentiation and diversity. Herbal medicine prepare different part of plant are used. Herbal drug is design as the alternative formulation for the external use in the form of ointment. For the clinical use the herbal ointment apply externally on human body. The main aims of this research are preparation of herbal ointment from the Thuja orientalis L.Plants used as antibacterial activity. Under this research work, it is design as herbal ointment with the help of Ethanolic extract of Thuja orientalis L. and determines the anti bacterial capacity on it. In vitro study the antibacterial activity of the Ethanolic extracts of dried leaves of Thuja orientalis L. are determine by using the Agar cup plate method versus different bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. By blending the Ethanolic extract of Thuja orientalis L.(10 % w/w) into aqueous cream we formulated herbal ointment. The emulsifying agent and simple ointment bases are added in above herbal ointment for increase the antibacterial effectiveness during in vitro evaluation. Thuja orientalis L. (Family Cupressaceae) are broadly used in traditional system of medicine throughout different part of India, China, Russia, Korea, Japan, India, Florida and Iran. It is used in the treatment of diarrhea, cough, cold, bronchitis, and upper part repertory infection. The current study deals with the determination of formulation and evaluation of herbal ointment using Thuja orientalis leave extract.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Krim Tabir Surya dari Bubur Rumput Laut Turbinaria conoides dan Serbuk Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera)

Moringa and brown seaweed (T. conoides) are known as natural ingredients that are good for the human body. One of them was a good bioactive component as a cosmetic. Research on the combination of these two ingredients has never been done. The aims of this study were to determine the best sunscreen cream from the combination of Moringa leaves and T conoides. In this study, several stages were carried out, namely the production of seaweed porridge and Moringa leaf powder, and formulation of cream preparations with the ratio treatment of T. conoides. and Moringa, namely 1:1 (S), 1:2 (T), 2:1 (U) and control/without treatment (R). The tests included antioxidant and evaluation of physical parameters of sunscreen cream preparations. Evaluation of physical parameters included centrifugal test, emulsion type, globule diameter, and organoleptic. Antioxidant activity test showed that cream S was significantly different (p<0.005) from cream T and cream U, and it was strong antioxidant activity. The centrifugal test for all treatments showed that all cream preparations were stable because there was no phase separation. The type of emulsion in all treatments was O/W. The diameter of the globules in all treatments had sizes that were still within the allowable range. The organoleptic results on the color and aroma parameters of each cream were not significantly different (p<0.005) in all treatments. These results are different from the appearance parameters because cream S and T are significantly different (p<0.005). Cream S is the best cream in this study from the antioxidant activity and all evaluation parameters.

Design, optimization and in-vivo characterization of mupirocin loaded nanostructured lipid carrier based gel for effective treatment of impetigo

Mupirocin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective in treatment of skin infection (Impetigo), but the poor bioavailability limits its use as a conventional dosage form such as tablets, ointment and cream. The present investigation was aimed to design, optimize and evaluate Mupirocin (MC) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) based gel for topical application. Excipients identified were screened for apposite material required for the formulation of NLCs using process variables as the determining factors. The preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was optimized using 32 factorial design with two independent variables (solid: liquid lipid ratio and surfactant (%)) and two responses (particle size (nm), entrapment efficiency (%)) using hot high pressure homogenization method. The formulation was further characterized for zeta potential (mV), polydispersity index and morphology. The optimized NLC dispersion of Mupirocin (MC) was lyophilized and loaded in 0.75% w/v Carbopol 980 gel and was evaluated for pH, viscosity and drug content. Mupirocin (MC) loaded NLC based gel were characterized for ex-vivo drug permeation and compared with marketed (cream) preparation. Further, drug deposition, skin irritation and stability study was carried out as per ICH guidelines. The optimized formulation (F5) containing Glyceryl behenate: Oleic acid (70:30), and Poloxamer 188 (0.5%) demonstrated smaller particle size (150.02 ± 1.52 nm) with higher drug entrapment efficiency (88.02 ± 1.21%). Mupirocin (MC) loaded NLC based gel demonstrated sustained drug profile with significant increase (P < 0.05) in drug deposition in skin (about 26%) with non-irritant properties to the skin. Stability study showed no significant changes of the parameters during and after the study. In conclusion, developed Mupirocin (MC) loaded NLC based gel could serve as a novel approach in treatment of impetigo by deliver the drug topically with sustained effect and improved patient compliance.

UJI FORMULASI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PACAR (Lawsonia inermis L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources that can be used as traditional medicine. Pacar leaf extract (Lawsonia inermis L.) can be formulated into ointment preparations, can inhibit the growth of staphylococcus aureus (SA) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) bacteria and determine the best inhibitory concentration. Methods: This research method was experimental, the extract was obtained by maceration method with 80% ethanol solvent, then ointment was made using adeps lanae base, vaseline album and Pacar leaf extract ointment hadcombination concentrations 8%, 12% and 16%. The results of the study: The results showed that Pacar Leaf Extract (SEEDP)could be formulated as an ointment preparation and met the requirements for quality testing of ointment preparations, including characterization tests and phytochemical screening tests. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the formulation of the ointment preparations of Pacar Extract with concentrations of 8%, 12% and 16% could inhibit the growth of bacteria and good inhibition of 16% with an average diameter of bacteria (SA). 11.93 mm and bacteria (PA) 17.2 mm.It was concluded that the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the inhibition given. The preparation of pacar leaf extract ointment with concentrations of 8%, 12% and 16% was the best ointment in inhibiting the growth of bacteria (SA) and (PA)

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA KROKOT (Portulaca oleracea L.) SECARA Topical UNTUK Reepitelisasi PENYEMBUHAN LUKA INSISI PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)

The krokot is a weed that usually grows in plantations. In scientific language, purslane is called Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane is well-known as a nutritious plant in several countries such as China, Mexico, and Greece. In Indonesia, purslane is also known to have uses, or a substitute for ginseng. This aims of the study to determine the effectiveness of purslane herb ethanol extract ointment on wound healing in white rats. This research was conducted using an experimental method. In this study, phytochemical screening and simplicia characterization were carried out. Incision wound healing effect was tested on 25 male white rats with 5 treatment subgroups, namely positive control, negative control, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 10%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 20%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 30%. The ointment base used is Vaseline album, liquid paraffin, and solid paraffin. All formulations of purslane herb 10%, 20% and 30%, met the requirements for evaluation of ointment preparations. Phytochemical screening results showed positive containing flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characterization of purslane herb simplicia powder obtained water content of 8.37%, water soluble extract content of 11.35%, ethanol soluble extract content of 10.99%, total ash content of 7.46% and acid insoluble ash content of 0.88%. The average results of observation of incision wounds in white rats were concentrations of 10% (22 mm) for 14 days, 20% (0.1 mm) for 14 days, 30% (0.04 mm) for 14 days. While the positive control (betadine ointment) was (0 mm) and the negative control (ointment base) was (0.42 mm). It can be concluded that purslane herb ethanol extract can provide effectiveness and antioxidants for wound healing in white rats. The purslane herb 30% ethanol extract has almost comparable effectiveness with betadine ointment in healing incisional wounds in white rats.

Formulasi Sediaan Salep Dari Ekstrak Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.)

Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) is a plant that has secondary metabolic compounds with various potentials and contains several chemical compounds, including papaverine alkaloids, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Katuk leaves can work as antioxidants because they contain phenolic compounds, namely flavonoids. The potential of katuk leaves is also supported by research on pharmacological activities as antibacterial, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, antianemic and increasing milk production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether katuk leaves can be formulated in the form of an ointment. Ointment is defined as a semi-solid preparation that is easily applied and used as an external drug. Ointment is also one of the dosage forms with a semisolid consistency that is oily and generally does not contain water and contains the active ingredient dissolved or dispersed in a vehicle. This study used 4 treatments with various concentrations, namely FO: control formulation of ointment base, FI: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with 10% concentration, FII: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with 15% concentration, FIII: formulation of katuk leaf extract ointment preparation with a concentration of 20%. Evaluation of the ointment using organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, stability and irritation. The results of the evaluation carried out on the ointment preparation were stable and did not irritate the skin.

UJI DAYA HAMBAT KRIM KULIT APEL MANALAGI (Malus sylvestris Mill) TERHADAP BAKTERI PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNE PENYEBAB JERAWAT DENGAN METODE DIFUSI SUMURAN

Manalagi apple (Malus sylvestris Mill) is one type of poor apple that has been widely consumed by the people of Indonesia because it has a sweet, delicious taste, and is easy to obtain. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of the anti-acne cream of Manalagi Apple (Malus sylvestris Mill) peel extract against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The extract obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent was made into two formulations of cream concentration, namely 5% and 10% then tested on Propionibacterium acne bacteria using MHA media. The method used is the well diffusion method. Manalagi Apple peel extract was declared to meet the requirements for a good cream preparation. The 5% cream formulation has shown an inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acne bacteria with an average diameter of 19.72 mm (intermedied), a concentration of 10% with a value of 20.11 mm (sensitive). From the results obtained it can be concluded that the preparation of Manalagi apple peel extract cream (Malus sylvestris Mill) is effective in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The most effective cream is in cream preparations with an extract concentration of 10%.

Accelerated stability test of snakehead fish and kelulut honey ointment with CMC-Na as a binder

The extract of snakehead fish ( Channa striata ) and kelulut honey ( Heterotrigona itama ) ointment was proven to have activity in wound healing. However, previous studies showed instability in the ointment as indicated by the occurrence of phase separation. This study used CMC-Na (Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium) with a concentration of 3% (F1), 4.5% (F2), and 6% (F3) as a binder. The stabilizer was added to increase the stability of the ointment preparation by binding to the aqueous phase and preventing it from leaving the ointment base. The test was carried out with the accelerated stability method at a temperature of 40° ± 2° C and a humidity of 75% ± 5% for 28 days. The evaluation includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power. The results showed that CMC-Na increased the stability of the ointment. The data obtained show that the higher the CMC-Na concentration used, the higher the consistency and adhesion were, but the lower the spreadability of the preparation. The results of the average spreadability and adhesion power for formulation 1 were 5.09 cm and 1797.33 seconds, formulation 2 were 4.42 cm and 1798.33 seconds, and formulation 3 were 3.69 cm and 1799 seconds. The results of the One-Way ANOVA showed that all formulations experienced a significant decrease in adhesion and increase in spreadability during 28 days of storage. The best ointment that meets the physical stability criteria is shown by the CMC-Na 3% (F1) formulation, with a soft texture, homogeneous, a good spreadability (5-7 cm), a good adhesion (more than 4 seconds), and a good protective power for 28 days of testing.

Influence of non-ionic, ionic and lipophilic polymers on the pH and conductivity of model ointments, creams and gels.

The pH of the skin surface is usually between 5.4 and 5.9 and functions as a barrier against bacteria and fungi; thus, the composition of the topically applied drug form may be of high importance for proper medication. To evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions in aqueous solutions of ointments, creams, and gels, which include polymeric components, on the pH and conductivity results. The pH and electrolytic conductivity of aqueous dispersions of commercially available ointments, creams and gels were tested and compared to reference vehicles. The results of the dilution method measurements of the pH and electrolytic conductivity of the ointment preparations are highly diverse, ranging from 5.88 to 6.27, whereas the reference pH for Unguentum simplex was between 5.40 and 5.43. Furthermore, the measurements of the pH and electrolytic conductivity with the dilution method for creams did not provide repeatable results with a small sample size, and the pH of commercial preparations was in the range between 5.79 and 6.37, compared to the reference pH of 5.23-5.46. However, the dilution method for measurements of the pH and electrolytic conductivity was suitable for hydrogel preparations and the obtained results were repeatable in the range of 6.11-6.90, while the reference preparations were in the range of 5.19-5.62. Evaluation methods of the electrolytic conductivity and pH of the preparations applied on the skin should be further evaluated; however, the pH of the commercial preparation seems to differ from the physiological skin pH, which covers the range of reference preparations.

Formulation of Coconut Shell Activated Charcoal Eyebrow Cream

Eyebrow cream (EC) is one of the decorative cosmetics applied to the eyebrows using a brush for the purpose of giving color and emphasizing the shape of the eyebrows. EC is one of the practical preparations to fill in empty eyebrow hairs. The research was conducted of formulating activated charcoal into EC. The research method includes the formulation and evaluation of EC results from coconut shell activated charcoal at concentrations of activated charcoal 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%. Evaluation includes: organoleptic, homogeneity, irritation and pH of Eyebrow Cream. The organoleptic showed that the color of the preparation at a concentration of 1% -7% was black to dark black, with a cocoa oleum aroma, and a semi-solid texture. The pH of the preparation is 4.5-6.5 with good homogeneity. The preparation did not show irritation to the skin of volunteers. The study provide information that activated charcoal can be formulated into EC preparations. Coconut shell activated charcoal can be formulated in the form of eyebrow cream. The preparation of eyebrow cream does not cause irritation and is safe.

Accelerated Stability Test of Snakehead Fish Extract (Channa striata) and Kelulut Honey (heterotrigona itama) Ointment Combination with Tween 80 and Span 80 as an Emulsifying Agent

The combination of Snakehead Fish and Kelulut Honey has activity in accelerating the wound healing process. The ointment with active ingredients of Snakehead Fish extract and Kelulut Honey showed separation from the active ingredient and its base. The addition of tween 80 and span 80 is expected to increase the stability of the ointment preparation by keeping the water-phase droplets distributed uniformly on the ointment base. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Tween 80 and Span 80 on the stability of the ointment preparation. The ointment was made by varying Tween 80 and span 80 by 2,5%: 5%: 7,5% and control (active ingredients without the addition of tween 80 and Span 80) as a comparison. The preparation was subjected to an accelerated stability test using a temperature of 40 ° ± 2 ° C / Relative humidity 75% ± 5% for 28 days by observing the organoleptic test, adhesion, spreadability, homogeneity test, pH test, and protection power. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using One Way Anova. The analysis showed that the addition of tween 80 and span 80 with a total concentration of 5% and 7,5% had a significant effect in increasing the spreadability, decreasing adhesion, and reducing the pH of the preparation. Formulas that meet the requirements in this study are F2 and F3, which have an average spreadability of 5,11 cm and 5,25 cm, adhesion of 96 seconds and 51 seconds, and pH of 6,02 and 5,02.

Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Emulgator terhadap Karakterisasi Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

The formulation and physical characterization test of rosella extract cream preparations have been carried out using various types of non-ionic emulsifier concentration ratios (combination of tween 80 and span 80). Comparison of the concentrations of tween 80 and span 80 used in this study were 2%, 3%, and 4%. The aim of this study included organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, dispersion test, and emulsion type test. The result obtained from the physical characterization test were the organoleptic tests for the three formulas showed the same organoleptic results, namely red color, characteristic smell of rosella, and semisolid consistency. Homogeinity test shows that the formula is homogenous. The pH test showed that F1 4,29; F2 4,6; F3 5. Viscosity test showed that F1 432,4 mPas; F2 434,3 mPas; 435,3 mPas. The dispersion test was carried out without using a load of 50 g, 100 g, and 200 g. the results shown form the spreadability test of three formulas were were F1 5 cm; 5,5 cm; and 6 cm; F2 6 cm; 6,35 cm; 7,25; and 7,5 cm. F3 6,25 cm; 7,5 cm; 7,75 cm; 8 cm. The emulsion type indicated by the three formulas is oil in water. Based on these results, it can be seen that the emulsifier concentration has an effect on PH, viscosity, and spreadibility. The higher the concentration of emulsifier used, the higher pH value, viscosity, and spreadibility.

A Cream Formulation Of Extract Of Maja Leaves (Crescentia cujete) As An Antimicrobial Against Staphylococcus aureus

Maja (Crescentia cujete L) is a plant that has medicinal properties for various diseases. Leaves of Maja contain some compounds such which are thought to have the potential to be antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of maja leaf extract in cream dosage form and to prove the presence of Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The cream of Maja leaf extract was made into several formulations; (5, 10, 15 %) The results was the cream of Maja leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus with the largest inhibition zone at a concentration of 15% with an average of 11.52 ± 0.95mm. Cream formulations were evaluated physically; organoleptic was resulting F1 in brownish-green, F2 in brown, and F3 in dark brown. Homogeneity tests show that all formulations were homogeneous. The pH value of all formulations following the cosmetic standard was about 4.5 – 6.5. The standard viscosity value was between 2000 – 4000 cps. The stability test of cream preparations shows no changes in the form of low-temperature storage (4ºC), room temperature, and high temperature (40ºC), so that maja leaf extracts can be formulated in cream preparations and cream formulations

FORMULATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TEST OF NANO CREAM PREPARATION PURIFIED EXTRACT OF KENIKIR LEAF (ETDK) AND TAMPOI FRUIT PEEL EXTRACT (EKBT)

This research has been conducted under the title “formulation and physical properties test of nano cream preparations purified extract of Kenikir leaf (ETDK) and Tampoi fruit peel extract (EKBT)”. This study has formulated a nano cream with a purified extract of Kenikir leaf (ETDK), Tampoi fruit peel extract (EKBT), and a combination of ETDK and EKBT. This study aims to determine the purified extract of Kenikir leaves. The purified extract of Tampoi fruit peel can be formulated as nano cream preparations and to determine the physical parameters (organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, type of nano cream, spreadability, adhesion, and particle size) for the result of the nano cream. The results of the organoleptic test were described and the physical properties of the nano cream were analyzed by using Excel application. Organoleptic testing of the combination of ETDK and EKBT nano cream formula gave a reddish-white color with an aqueous consistency. The ETDK nano cream formula gave a white bone colour with a watery consistency. In contrast, the nano cream formula with EKBT gave a brownish white colour with a watery consistency. It gives a distinctive smell of extract. The third test of nano cream formulas showed that the physical properties of this nano cream preparation met the standard requirements for physical tests. Test the physical properties that meet the pH requirements, type of nano cream, spreadability, adhesion, and particle size, and all three formulas produced an average particle of less than 300nm.

Formulation and physical evaluation of facial cream preparations from Ceremai fruit juice (Phyllanthus acidus (l.) Skeels)

&#x0D; Introduction: Ceremai (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels) fruit contains AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) compounds which are widely used as a moisturizer or as an exfoliating process in cosmetics production. It also contains vitamin C and flavonoids, both of which acts as whitening agents. &#x0D; Aim: This study aims to utilise a source of natural AHA active substances found in P.acidus in face cream preparations. &#x0D; Methods: The juice from P.acidus was dried by freeze-drying method and formulated into a cream with the preparation process evaluated for one month. &#x0D; Results: The observation results showed that after one month, there was no change in colour during storage, with the pH, viscosity and spreadability of the cream in the range 4.5-6.2, 2700-3996 cps, and 4.8-5.7 cm, respectively. &#x0D; Conclusion: P.acidus fruit juice containing AHA can be formulated into a face cream with good physical stability.&#x0D;

Development of Coconut Milk-Based Spicy Ice Cream as a Nondairy Alternative with Desired Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes

Spices have been a major influence on Sri Lankan cuisine since times immemorial. Spices are identified as one of the most distinctive ingredients for their indigenous flavor, aroma, and medicinal properties. In this study, coconut milk-based spicy ice cream was developed in compliance with the Sri Lankan standards to introduce a new perception of flavor using spices to the ice cream industry. Although coconut ice cream is commercially available in the local market, spicy flavored coconut ice cream is not yet available. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and white pepper (Piper nigrum) are the spices used in the preparation of the ice cream as they are freely available and used as complementary spices in Sri Lanka. Physicochemical characteristics and sensory attributes of coconut milk-based spicy ice cream were compared with the existing normal coconut ice cream. In preparation of the ice cream, the same ice cream manufacturing process was followed with some modifications. Three different formulas (0.010%, 0.018%, and 0.025%) were developed by changing the percentage of spices added. The 0.018% spice-added sample was selected as the most acceptable ice cream with desired sensory attributes. pH (6.33 ± 0.01), titratable acidity (0.33 ± 0.05%), moisture (61.86 ± 0.33%), ash (0.41 ± 0.25%), total solids (38.02 ± 0.14%), overrun (66.76 ± 1.44%), protein (4.18 ± 0.16%), and fat content (11.66 ± 0.60%) were evaluated as physicochemical properties. Total phenolic content of the ice cream was expressed as 0.093 ± 0.002 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of sample in dry weight (mg/g). DPPH radical scavenging activity was 60.39 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of sample in dry weight (mg/g), and total antioxidant capacity was expressed as 0.36 ± 0.04 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g of dry weight. Physicochemical properties of spicy coconut ice cream were more or less similar to that of normal coconut ice cream and in compliance with the Sri Lankan standards. Coconut milk-based spicy ice cream could be introduced to the market as a potential marketable nondairy product with spicy flavor, aroma, and smooth texture.

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity from Nanoparticles Extract of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) And Formulation in The Form of A Cream

Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a medicinal plant for the raw material of traditional medicine in Indonesia. Temulawak can be a source of antioxidants and natural sunscreen because of its curcumin content. This study was conducted to determine antioxidant and sunscreen activity on Curcuma rhizome extract and nanoparticles extract and making cream preparations. Extraction using the maceration methods with 96% ethanol solvent, concentrated with a rotary evaporator and the thick extract of Curcuma rhizome was made into nanoparticles by ionic gelation methods. Spray drying methods dried the nanosuspension of Curcuma rhizome extract. The nanoparticles formed were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential and particle morphology. The dry powder nanoparticles and extract of Curcuma rhizome were tested for antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods and sunscreen using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at λ = 290-340 nm. The antioxidant activity showed the IC50 value of the Curcuma rhizome extract was 78.30 μg/mL and nanoextract was 116.51 μg/mL. The sunscreen testing result showed that the SPF (Sun Protective Factor) value of Curcuma rhizome extract at a concentration of 0,012% was 14.14 and nanoextracts at a concentration of 0.04% was 7.73. Curcuma rhizome extract has relatively strong antioxidant activity, while the nanoextract was moderate. The sunscreen activity of Curcuma rhizome extract and nanoextract has maximum protection and extra protection.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EPIKARPIUM BUAH NANGKA (artocarpus heterophyllus lamarck.) SEBAGAI SEDIAAN KRIM TABIR SURYA UV-B

Sunscreen is needed as protection against the skin from exposure to UV rays, because it will cause erythema, aging skin, blistering, and skin cancer, in skin that is not protected by sunscreen. This study aims to determine the in vitro and in vivo ability of epicarpium A. heterophyllus extract sunscreen cream preparations. This research was conducted in vitro and in vivo, beginning with the extraction process with the maceration method using 70% ethanol, identification of compounds in the extract, TLC, GC-MS, total flavonoids test, physical quality of cream preparations, SPF values ​​of extracts and creams, and in vivo sunscreen activity tests were conducted. The yield percentage produced from 450 grams of simplicia powder was 47.61%. The compounds in A. heterophyllus epicarpium extract are flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acid groups, alcohol groups, and alkanes. Crude extract contains total flavonoids of 43.625 mgQE / g extract. The 75% concentration in the cream preparation had the highest SPF value of 8.173. The in vivo test used the MED (Minimal Erythema Dose) method of erythema scoring. A concentration of 75% gives the lowest MED value of 0.25. This research is expected to provide information on alternative uses of natural ingredients as the main ingredient of sunscreen so that the use of chemicals as the main ingredient will be reduced.