Course Of Periodontitis Research Articles

CLINICAL COURSE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS TREATED WITH BISPHOSPHONATES

The aim of the study was to assess the state of the clinical course of periodontal diseases in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP), depending on the long-term oral administration of various groups of bisphosphonates (BP). The study included 120 women aged 55–65 years with postmenopausal OP for at least three years who took complex antiosteoporetic therapy, including BP in tablet form. The dental examination included an examination of the oral cavity, the study of the pH of the oral fluid, the hygienic state of the mouth (the "Florida Probe" system). According to the results of the study, it was revealed that prolonged treatment of BP in tablets can provoke the development of inflammatory reactions in periodontal tissues. This phenomenon is associated with a shift in the pH of saliva to the acidic side, at which its buffer properties change.

Комплексное лечение больных с хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом средней степени тяжести с использованием методов остеогингивопластики биокомпозиционными материалами и направленной тканевой регенерации

Improvement of methods of complex treatment of periodontium diseases continues to be an urgent problem of dentistry and requires an interdisciplinary approach. The severity of the course of periodontitis and the severity of destructive phenomena dictates the need to use osteoplastic agents to restore damaged periodontium tissues. It has been proven that the efficiency of membrane technology is significantly increased when membranes and substitute materials are used together. The positive effect of the combined use of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP — autogenous growth factors), osteoplastic materials, and the method of Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) has been confirmed. To increase the efficiency of reconstructive treatment of patients with generalized periodontitis through the combined use of alloplasty, Platelet Rich Plasma, and the method of Guided Tissue Regeneration. Method of testing: clinical, X-ray. For the period 2018–2019, 34 patients with chronic generalized periodontal atrophy of moderate severity were under observation. All patients underwent professional oral hygiene, laser therapy, and antibacterial therapy with rovamycin. 6 patients in complex therapy underwent surgical interventions: osteogingivoplasty with biocomposite materials using GTR auto-allogenic membranes. Bone defects were filled with biocomposite material: hydroxylappatite granules (Polistom, RF) in combination with PRP, on top of an alto plasma membrane isolated from PRP and collagen membrane (Polistom, RF). The immediate and long-term periods of treatment were quite favorable. Control X-ray examination after 12 months showed restoration of a bone defect with an organotypic structure.

DISEASES OF THE ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL REGION OF REPRESENTATIVES OF UKRAINE OF GOLDEN HORDE TIME

Abstract. The study of dental diseases defines the most actual manifestation of their processes and it also determines etiological and pathogenic factors.
 The aim of the research. The aim of the research was to examine the hard tissues of the oral maxillofacial region of ​​the Golden Horde population, which is considered to be Polovtsian.
 Hard tissues and oral maxillofacial areas study of Polovtsian population presents the main topicality of the given research. These investigations have been carried out for the first time.
 The aim of the study was to identify the person against the background of the analysis of skeletal remains, to establish their affiliation to one or more individuals, to determine the probable age and sex, to diagnose and interpret pathologies found in human hard tissues.
 Object and methods of research. The study of the material was carried out by the method of skeletal tissue analysis of ancient people, developed by the authors of this paper on the basis of the Laboratory of Medical and Historical Anthropology of the Municipal Institution “Center for Protection and Research of Archaeological Monuments” Poltava Regional Administration and the Department of Pediatric Therapeutic Dentistry, UMSA.
 Results and discussion. 22 representatives of Polovtsian population of the Golden Horde time were studied (12 men and 10 women).
 The obtained results were compared with previously statistically processed results on the basis of the studied 157 representatives of the Middle Ages who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine and belonged to other communities of the Middle Ages.
 The total intensity of caries in the study group was 1.6 (according to modern indices - low). The intensity of caries in the group of women was 0.4 (according to modern indices - very low). In the group of men, the figure was 2.8 (according to modern indices - low).
 Dental mineralized deposits were found in 10 group members (six men, four women). Three women had deposits like “thin line” shape and one had shape so-called “hanging lump”.
 Three men had deposits as a “thin line” shape and three another ones had shape as an “hanging lump”. Other forms have not been identified.
 Torus was identified in one man.
 Conclusions. Data on the disease and features of the development of the oral maxillary area, which were compared with previously obtained results on the pathology of other communities of medieval times. No significant differences were found.
 The obtained indicators, concerning the peculiarities of development and pathology of hard tissues of teeth, the course of periodontal diseases in this group of Polovtsian population, completely coincide with previously published data on groups of the medieval population in the number of 157 skeletons found in modern Ukraine. This indicates the similarity of material and living conditions and the psycho-emotional state of the population at that time.
 Pathologies of the dental-maxillary region in representatives of different communities of the Middle Ages who lived in modern Ukraine are similar.

The Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique in Periodontal Diagnostics: A Systematic Review.

The course of periodontal disease is affected by many factors; however, the most significant are the dysbiotic microflora, showing different pathogenicity levels. Rapid colonization in the subgingival environment can radically change the clinical state of the periodontium. This systematic review aims to present an innovative technique of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid panel identification of bacteria in periodontal diseases. The decisive advantage of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique in relation to molecular methods based on the identification of nucleic acids (such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR or qPCR) is the ability to determine more pathogens simultaneously, as well as with higher sensitivity. In comparison with classical microbiological seeding techniques, the use of the LAMP method shortens a few days waiting time to a few minutes, reducing the time necessary to identify the species and determine the number of microorganisms. The LAMP technology requires only a small hardware base; hence it is possible to use it in outpatient settings. The developed technique provides the possibility of almost immediate assessment of periodontal status and, above all, risk assessment of complications during the treatment (uncontrolled spread of inflammation), which can certainly be of key importance in clinical work.

The significance of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases

To establish the value of MMPs for the diagnosis and determination of the nature of the course of periodontitis at the stage of disease manifestation, by morphometrically assessing the expression of MMPs in the gingival biopsy material. Gingival biopsy specimens from 82 patients with rapidly progressing (n=26), chronic simple (n=18), and chronic complex (n=38) periodontitis were analyzed. Morphometric and statistical analysis of the expression of MMPs was carried out using Aperio ImageScope v. 12.4.0.5043, Statistica 10.0, and MedCalc (p<0.05). Analysis of the nature of MMP expression in the gingival biopsy material of patients with periodontal diseases showed that MMP2 and MMP13 were approximately equally involved in the development and course of all the studied forms of periodontitis. An increase in the expression of MMP1, MMP8, and MMP14 and a decrease in that of MMP9 are of the greatest importance in the pathogenesis of a rapidly progressing process. The performed ROC analysis confirmed the significance of the parameters of general and stromal expression of MMP1, MMP9, and MMP14, and mainly stromal expression of MMP8 for the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing periodontitis with chronic forms, including chronic complex periodontitis. The expression indicators of MMR1, MMR8, MMR9, and MMR14 are most informative in determining the course of periodontitis at the stage of disease manifestation and differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing periodontitis with chronic simplex and complex periodontitis.

The composition of microbial communities in inflammatory periodontal diseases in young adults Tatars.

Host susceptibility and environmental factors are important for the development of gingivitis and periodontitis, but bacterial biofilms attached to the teeth and gingival tissues play a crucial role. We have analyzed and compared the subgingival microbial communities between subjects with dental plaque biofilm-induced generalized chronic gingivitis (CG), localized initial (Stage I) periodontitis (IP) and healthy controls (HC) of young people aged 18–19 years permanently residing in the city of Kazan (Tatarstan, Russia). The results showed that the α-diversity in groups with CG and IP was higher than in the healthy group. In a course of periodontal disease, a decrease in the relative abundance of dominates genera Rothia and Streptococcus was observed along with increase of class TM7-3 (Candidatus Saccharibacteria phylum) representatives. Also, the increase of red complex representatives Porphyromonadeceae, Treponema and Tannerella was detected together with statistically significant increase of Filifactor, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Tissierelaceae and Mogibacteriaceae. Analysis of our data suggests that transition from HC to IP may be accompanied by a decrease in microbial diversity and a reduction in the abundance of family Rs-045 (Candidatus Saccharibacteria phylum), Desulfovibrionaceae Corynebacterium, Campylobacter and Selenomonas in young adults Kazan Tatars.

Дослідження фізико-хімічних властивостей ротової рідини в осіб із захворюваннями пародонта на тлі метаболічного синдрому

Topicality. Over the past few years, scientists have attracted the attention of the problem of studying the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Topics of risks associated with the association with various metabolic disorders have become one of the most important research topics in periodontology. Oral fluid plays a leading role in the proper functioning and maintenance of homeostasis of the entire periodontal tissue complex, is a mediator of the combination of its structures with the environment and an important nutrient substrate for the microflora of the oral cavity. The aim of the study. In order to study the quantitative and qualitative changes of oral fluid in periodontal diseases on the background of the metabolic syndrome, the rate of secretion of mixed saliva, its viscosity and acid-base balance were studied. 2 groups were formed for research: basic and comparative. Materials and methods. The main group included 30 people with inflammatory-dystrophic lesions of the periodontium on the background of metabolic syndrome, the comparison group consisted of 30 people with periodontal disease without endocrinological pathology. Results and discussion. The results of the study revealed homeostatic shifts in the oral biosystem of persons with periodontal disease on the background of metabolic syndrome: a decrease in salivation may indicate a violation of the secretory function of the salivary glands on the background of metabolic disorders, which naturally affected the increase in saliva viscosity. Conclusions. The predominance of acidosis in the oral cavity and the reduction of the protective properties of saliva becomes an important factor in creating a periodontopathogenic situation in the oral cavity and aggravating the course of periodontal disease in this category of patients. Key words: metabolic syndrome, periodontal disease, oral fluid, physicochemical properties.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIAL LYSATE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS INDICATORS IN EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTIS IN RATS

One of the stages of the pathophysiological study of the prooxidant-antioxidant state in terms of oxidative stress of the oral mucosa in rats with experimental periodontitis and pharmacological correction with bacterial lysate was carried out. Reproduction of periodontitis reliably led to a high degree of impairment of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant system (AOS), the red/ox-balance coefficient. It was proved that by the end of the 90-day period of observation of the course of periodontitis, the power of natural compensatory mechanisms acquired a state of decompensation, which was manifested by a high red/ox-balance ratio, inhibition of the functional activity of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic AOS links in the homogenate of gum tissue of control animal pathology: K (LPO/AOS) = 0.39, in intact animals = 1. The use of Respibron for 30 days contributed to the normalization of the antioxidant-prooxidant index, equal to 0.9 in this group and was statistically significantly higher than that in the Imudon group (0.64). The results obtained make it possible to continue studies of the course of experimental periodontitis from the point of view of establishing the mechanisms of development, protection, and restoration of tissues under conditions of pharmacological correction with the bacterial lysate Respibron®.

The degree of influence of the types of selected microcultures from subgingival zone on diferent nosological forms of periodontal diseases in young people

The development and course of periodontal disease in young people is characterized by sluggish clinical symptoms, and at the initial stage are asymptomatic, which greatly complicates its timely diagnosis. Therefore, it is especially important to find methods of early diagnosis and prediction of periodontal disease, which will allow for a rational comprehensive prevention. Among the causes of periodontal disease, the main role belongs to the microorganisms of dental plaque, which has important diagnostic value.The aim of the study. To investigate the composition of mixed microcultures of subgingival plaque bacteria in young people with different nosological forms of periodontal disease and to assess the degree of influence of microbial factors on the development of periodontal diseases.Materials and methods. The state of microbiocenosis in the subgingival zone in 104 people with periodontal disease and in 94 people with intact periodontal tissues were studied. To assess the severity of the influence of the types of selected microcultures of the subgingival zone on the development and progression of periodontal disease in young people, the method of alternative sequential analysis of Wald and Bayes’s formula was used.Results. With the development of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues in most cases revealed cultures characterized by the presence of polymorphic gram-negative bacteria that developed, fixed on the solid phase, and in the liquid phase contained coccal microflora (53.01±5.48 %). During the development of generalized periodontitis, an increasing number of microcultures with a predominance of gram-negative microflora with pronounced adhesive properties was detected, which led to the development of these microcultures on the solid phase (61,9±10,6 %). The calculation of prognostic coefficients showed that the presence of microcultures that developed in the planktonic phase, but contained gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria and cocci were highly important in terms of the development of periodontal disease (+7.46).Conclusions. With the development of the pathological process in periodontal tissues, the state of the microflora changed in the direction of increasing gram-negative polymorphic microflora with pronounced adhesive properties that are capable of aggregation (up to 53.01 % in patients with catarrhal gingivitis, up to 90,48 % – with generalized periodontitis). The result of calculation of the severity of isolated types of microcultures from subgingival zone on the development and progression of periodontal disease in young people showed that the presence of microcultures that developed in the planktonic phase, but contained gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria and cocci were highly important in terms of the development of periodontal disease

Comparative analysis of polymorphic variants of IL-17A and MMP-1 genes with the risk of developing chronic periodontitis in petrochemical workers

The susceptibility to the development and progression of inflammatory periodontal diseases, which depends on genetic and external factors (smoking, stress, oral hygiene), varies widely. In the development of these diseases, an important role is played not only by the presence of periodontal pathogenic microorganisms, but also by the presence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, immunoregulatory defects. The immune system plays a key role in the physiological and pathological processes of periodontal tissues. In this regard, IL17, produced by CD4+ Th cells, which has both Pro-inflammatory and protective activity, is of particular interest in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The aim of study was to identify the relationship between polymorphic loci of the IL-17A (rs2275913) and MMP-1 (rs1799750) genes and clinical manifestations of chronic periodontitis in petrochemical workers. Dental examination was performed in 92 ethylene oxide production workers with chronic periodontitis and 74 patients with chronic periodontitis who did not come into contact with chemical factors (control group). Genotyping of polymorphisms rs2275913 of the IL17A gene and rs1799750 of the MMP1 gene was performed by allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hygienic assessment of the degree of air pollution of the working area with harmful substances was carried out by gas chromatography according to the guidelines for the determination of harmful substances in the air № 5098-89, № 3119-84. When comparing the results of studies of both groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency distributions of allelic variants and genotypes of the IL-17A and MMP-1 genes. The AA/AG genotypes of the IL-17A gene were associated with an increased risk of severe disease compared to the GG genotype in workers in the main group (OR=6.1; 95% CI 1.33-28.5; p=0.021) and in the control group (OR=7.26; 95% CI 1.34-39.25; p=0.016). Carriers of the A allele in the control group increased the risk of severe chronic periodontitis by 2.4 times compared to carriers of the G allele (OR=2.41; 95% CI 1.19-4.87; p=0.014). During the dental examination of employees of the ethylene oxide plant, the clinical course of periodontal diseases was more severe in comparison with the control group, and the number of patients with severe periodontitis was twice as high. It was found that the AA/AG genotypes of the IL-17A gene and the carrier of the A allele are associated with increased susceptibility to the development of severe chronic periodontitis. The association between the MMP-1 gene polymorphism and the risk of severe forms of chronic periodontitis has not been established. A risk factor for the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases in employees of the petrochemical complex is a complex of harmful production factors.

Changes in clinical and microbiological parameters of the periodontium during initial stages of orthodontic movement in patients with treated severe periodontitis: A longitudinal site-level analysis.

Applying orthodontic braces makes oral hygiene difficult and increases plaque accumulation, frequently resulting in gingival inflammation. In patients with previous severe periodontitis, this inflammation overlaps with the pre-existing inflammatory challenge and can lead to further progression of periodontal attachment loss. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal site-level changes as mirrored by clinical and microbiological parameters during the initial remodeling of alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament, produced as an effect of light orthodontic forces in adult patients with severe periodontal disease that underwent standard (non-surgical and conventional surgical) periodontal therapy. Thirteen patients with previously treated severe generalized periodontitis were given fixed orthodontic appliances for re-alignment of teeth misaligned or displaced during the course of periodontitis. Before insertion of orthodontic appliances and at 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment, periodontal clinical parameters were recorded in the same deepest residual pocket of at least 3 mm in each patient. The same pocket was sampled at baseline and after 6 months of orthodontic treatment for the frequency of positive detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tanerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td). An average reduction in Pocket Depth by 0.2 mm at the end of the assessment period was identified. The only clinical parameter with statistically significant improvement was bleeding on probing. The frequency of detection of Aa, Pg, Pi, and Tf was not significantly different between baseline and 6 months of treatment, while a marginally significant increase of Td was found. There were no significant differences in the clinical parameters or microflora in the initial phase of orthodontic treatment in patients with reduced periodontal support. By correlating clinical and microbiological data, we concluded that the presence of periopathogens do not negatively influence periodontal health during orthodontic treatment in adult patients treated for severe periodontitis.

Disease of Pulp and Periradicular Tissue: An Overview

Dental pain is the most common reason due to which patient seek dental treatment. Pain occur due to diseases involving pulp and periradicular tissues, as this tissues are richly innervated and have ample of blood supply. Also it is enclosed by surrounding tissues that are incapable of expanding, such as dentin and also has terminal blood flow and small-gauge circulatory access the periapex. All of these characteristics severely constrain the defensive capacity of the pulp tissue when faced with the different aggressions it may be subjected to. In addition to above mentioned characterstics, pulp tissue can also be affected by a retrograde infection, arising from the secondary canaliculi, from the periodontal ligament or from the apex during the course of periodontitis. this review article basically concentrates on structure of pulp, classification of diseases related to pulp and periradicular tissue and detailed explanation of diseases

Topical antibiotic therapy in periodontology

Relevance. To successfully relieve the exacerbation of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, it is necessary to resort to the use of systemic antibiotics to destroy the pathogenic microflora, especially in groups of patients with a burdened somatic history or with an aggressive course of periodontitis. The effectiveness of frequently used antibiotics may weaken over time and periodically conduct epidemiological studies of the sensitivity of periodontal pathogens to modern antibacterial drugs and inform specialists about the actualization of the use of these drugs in the complex treatment of periodontal diseases. Purpose. Analysis of the actual effectiveness of the use of a modern systemic antibacterial drug based on ciprofloxacin and tinidazole to relieve exacerbation of inflammation in the complex treatment of periodontal diseases. Materials and methods . The study involved 37 patients with signs of exacerbation of inflammation in the periodontal tissues. The range of examination included sequential determination of hygienic (OHI-s, SL) and periodontal (PMA, SBI) indices, probing of periodontal pockets and determination of loss of epithelial attachment (AED), the use of paraclinical examination methods: X-ray (CBCT) and microbiological (bacterial cultivation and subsequent determination of antibacterial sensitivity) studies, as well as Doppler ultrasound of periodontal tissues. To stop the exacerbation of the inflammatory reaction in the periodontal tissues, the patients were prescribed the drug Cifran ST according to the standard scheme recommended by the manufacturer under the control of a microbiological examination. Results. Based on the data of clinical and paraclinical examination methods, there is a high antibacterial efficacy of the drug Cifran ST in relation to the studied periodontopathogens and relief of the exacerbation of the inflammatory reaction in the periodontal tissues 5 days after the administration of the drug. Conclusion. The use of a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug Cifran ST helps to reduce inflammation during exacerbation of periodontitis.

Periodontitis and Alzheimer´s disease.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia in the adult population, is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive function. It is considered that neuroinflammation plays a fundamental role in its onset and progression. The bacteria present in the disbiotic microbiome generated during the course of periodontitis (PE) are capable of inducing a systemic inflammatory response, exacerbating the production of proinflammatory mediators that have the potential to spread to the systemic circulation. Material and Methods A literature review was made using the databases Scielo, PubMed, EBSCO and key words "Alzheimer disease", "Periodontitis", "Neurodegeneration", "Inflammation mediators", "Elderly". Results Several hypotheses point to similar pathophysiological pathways in the establishment of AD and PE, sharing cellular and molecular proinflammatory characteristics. In periodontitis, locally produced cytokines and pro-inflammatory products spread from the ulcerated periodontal pocket into the systemic circulation, or around the trigeminal nerve terminals, which allows the passage of bacteria or their products to the brain. This fact leads to the formation of plaques of amyloid peptide and intraneuronal neurofibrillar tangles (NFTs) that activate the glial cells producing a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines in the affected regions that lead to a loss of neuronal synapses and neurodegeneration, contributing to the progression of AD. Conclusions This review of the literature contributes to the understanding of the pathological pathways shared by both diseases such as oxidative damage and inflammation. There is not enough evidence to determine an association between this two pathologies, so it is considered necessary to conduct studies for determine if periodontitis is capable of inducing or exacerbating the neuroinflammation that will trigger AD. Key words:Alzheimer´s disease, periodontitis, neurodegeneration, inflammatory mediators, elderly.

Otyłość jako czynnik ryzyka chorób przyzębia – opis przypadku

Over the past years, the significance of obesity as the global health problem has grown. By 2016, there were 1.1 billion obese people, and by 2025 a quarter of the world’s population will be overweight. It is mainly adults who are suffering from it, but we observe an increasing number of children and adolescents are affected as well. One of the main root causes of overweight and obesity is a sedentary lifestyle, excessive food consumption and the highly processed carbohydrates intake. Obesity may modulate the host’s immunity and lead to negative systemic changes in the body, including the oral cavity. Excess weight is considered to be a major risk factor with the patients suffering from ischemic heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, as well as periodontitis. The relation between obesity and periodontal changes is already noticeable in children. The presented case shows the influence of systemic factors such as obesity, vitamin D deficiency on the course of periodontal disease. It depicts the importance of introducing periodontal prevention with obese children. It includes the control of risk factors and the teaching of proper hygiene habits. Therefore, taking preventive and curative measures at the early stage can prevent extreme, irreversible changes in periodontal tissues.

PERIODONT TISSUES STATUS AND FEATURES OF CLINICAL COURSE OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS OF PERMANENT TEETH WITH DISORDERS OF ROOT FORMATION AS A RESULT OF INJURY

Relevance. In childhood, traumatic tooth injuries are often found. Pulp necrosis occurs in 34,2 % of injured teeth, this causes damage to the periapical tissues. The post-traumatic complications (odontogenic cysts, periodontitis) in teeth with incomplete root formation often lead to a halt in root development. Chronic nidus of infection can be the cause of the somatic pathology development. This makes the early clinical and radiological diagnosis of post-traumatic complications important.&#x0D; Objective of the work is to study the clinical features of the post-traumatic periodontitis of permanent teeth with incomplete root formation of the tooth and to assess the condition of periodontal tissues in permanent teeth with impaired root formation as a result of trauma based on data from clinical and radiological studies.&#x0D; Materials and methods. On follow-up there were 17 children 9-15 years old with post-traumatic periodontitis of permanent teeth with incomplete formation of the root of the tooth. When making the diagnosis, we relied on data from clinical and radiological studies.&#x0D; Results. Most children complained of an aesthetic defect. 9 children (52,9 %) after an acute tooth injury did not seek the help of a dentist, аfter treatment of 8 children, dynamic observation was not conducted. In 76 % (13 teeth) periodontitis is diagnosed in teeth with a crown fracture within the enamel, enamel and dentin.&#x0D; It has been established that chronic granulating periodontitis is the most common form among destructive forms of periodontitis (12 teeth – 70,6%). Exacerbation of chronic granulating periodontitis diagnosed in 5 teeth. We did not ascertain chronic granulomatous periodontitis in teeth with incomplete root formation. The prevalence of the granulating form of chronic periodontitis in children is due to the histomorphological features of periodontal disease in childhood.&#x0D; 8 children, among the examined had a bite pathology – protrusion of the teeth of the front of the jaw (5 children) and a distal deep bite (3 children). In 71% of lesions, destructive forms of periodontitis were most often diagnosed in the maxillary incisors.&#x0D; Conclusion. Untimely seeking help and the lack of dynamic monitoring of injured teeth are the main reasons for the development of post-traumatic periodontitis. The clinical course of periodontitis is peculiar – chronic granulating periodontitis predominates, the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues in childhood is characterized by rapidly progressive destruction of bone tissue. Malocclusion can be a risk factor for tooth injuries.

Filifactor alocis and its role in the etiology of chronic periodontitis

The review is devoted to the analysis of modern ideas about the role of bacteria Filifactor alocis in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. The study of these bacteria, discovered in 1985, is complicated by the difficulty of their detection with cultural methods. According to modern researches, the bacteria F.alocis with good reason can be included in the red complex of periodontal pathogens as the most important pathogens of chronic periodontitis. F.alocis is a synergist of such a key pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as a frequent satellite of Fusobacterium nucleatum and, somewhat less frequently, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. F.alocis is practically not found in healthy people (except for smokers), with a high frequency accompanies the aggressive course of periodontal disease, and also recorded in endodontitis. Due to the ability to participate in the metabolism of arginine, expressed protease activity, a wide range of virulence factors, F.alocis not only colonizes the periodontal tissues, but also significantly affects the formation of the community of periodontal microorganisms (including viruses), contributing to their invasion of epithelial tissues. F. alocis has a number of unique properties, including resistance to oxidative stress conditions in the home defeat, induction of apoptosis of epithelial cells, extracellular matrix degradation of periodontal tissues, activation of proinflammatory cytokines formulation in sites of its presence, suppression of protective reactions of neutrophilic granulocytes, inhibition of the process of complement activation.

Pharmacological correction of periodontitis using synthetic analogues of indolicidin

Introduction: The leading role of pathogenic microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is beyond doubt. However, the use of antibiotics for periodontitis is associated with a number of problems. Indolicidins have a unique anti-microbial effect. The relevance of the search for new drugs for the treatment of acute periodontitis based on the natural indolicidin peptide becomes obvious.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The investigation was performed on 320 Wistar male rats, using synthetic analogues of natural indolicidin: No. 7 and No. 8, which were administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 500 µg/kg in a volume of 0.2 ml once a day for 7 days. Periodontitis was simulated in animals according to the method proposed by Volozhin A.I. and Vinogradova S.I.&#x0D; Results and discussion: The correcting effect of indolicidin analogues on the periodontitis course, was manifested by a decrease in edema and in the relative area of cell infiltrates, a significant increase in the relative area of normal tissue, and a correction of the periodontal composition. The use of indolicidin analogues led to an increase in the functional activity of neutrophils and macrophages, acute phase proteins concentration, a correction of pro-oxidantantioxidant balance and production of vasoactive substances. The effect of indolicidin analogues was higher than that of lincomycin. The greater effectiveness of peptide No.8 compared to that of No.7 was established.&#x0D; Conclusion: The investigation opens up the prospects of the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs on the basis of the synthetic analogues of indolicidin.

Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the level of salivary antioxidants in patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis.

Background In the course of periodontal diseases, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) produce oxidative agents and free radicals, thus triggering oxidant-antioxidant disequilibrium in the saliva. Due to the reduction of antioxidant protective effect, oxidative stress is induced, destroying periodontal tissues. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the non-surgical phase of periodontal therapy on the level ofsalivary antioxidantsin patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis. Methods Un-stimulated salivary samples were collected from 43 patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis for 5 minutes. Clinical parameters, including clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP) and pocket depth (PD), were recorded in each tooth and subsequently, scaling and root planing (SRP) was carried out. After four weeks, salivary samples were collected once again, and the above-mentioned clinical parameters were recorded. Following centrifugation and freezing at a temperature of -80°C, salivary samples were examined simultaneously in a single day, and the level of their antioxidants was measured with ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method using a spectrophotometer. Results The concentration of salivary antioxidants significantly increased four weeks following the non-surgical periodontal therapy (P<0.0001). Moreover, the clinical parameters of CAL, BoP and PD showed a significant decrease in 4 weeks as well (P<0.0001). Conclusion The level of salivary antioxidants in patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis significantly increased after etiotropic periodontal therapy, indicating the possible beneficial influence of periodontal therapy on the level of salivary antioxidants in patients suffering from periodontitis.

Number of tooth loss in smokers and non-smokers in Monmata Lhoong Village, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia

Introduction: Tooth loss is a condition that occurs in most of the world's population. The most common causes of tooth loss are caries and periodontal disease. Periodontal disease can usually increase or getting worse by bad habits such as smoking. Smoking accelerates the course of periodontal disease and decreases salivary secretion, whereby increased the risk of caries incidence. Some components of the cigarette’s smoke that can accelerate the course of periodontal diseases are nicotine and tar. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the number of tooth loss in smokers and non-smokers. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The sampling method was by the tables of Isaac and Michael, involving 78 smokers and 78 non-smokers in the village of Monmata Lhoong District. Results: Analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. The result showed a significant difference between tooth loss in smokers and non-smokers (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The average value of tooth loss number in smokers is higher (96.47) than the non-smokers (60.53).Keywords: Tooth loss, cigarette, periodontal disease, nicotine, smoker, non-smoker