Life Of Country Research Articles

The revival of traditional culture as an element of the national security policy of the Central Asian countries in the 1991-2010's.

The subject of the study is the formation of one of the ideological components of national security policy in the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) - the concept of preserving historical, cultural and religious traditions as the basis of social stability and security. The authors focus on the process of incorporating this concept into the theory and practice of ensuring the national security of the CAR countries at different historical stages of their development after 1991. The objects of the research are scientific theories and legal acts reflecting the relationship between culture and security in the Central Asian states, official statements and writings of the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and other political leaders of Central Asia. The article touches upon the problems of countering radical religious movements and other ideological influences from outside by the CAR states, and shows the controversial nature of the measures taken in this area by the authorities of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Methodologically, the research is based on a civilizational approach to understanding the historical process, as well as on the idea of the influence of geopolitical trends on the internal life of countries and peoples of the modern world, including the Central Asian region. The work is based on the principles of historicism and consistency, using chronological, synchronous, dichronous, comparative and other methods of historical research. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of data revealing the role of traditional values in the security systems of the CAR countries. The results of the work include a set of facts and theoretical provisions on the evolution of the security ideology of the CAR countries and can be used in scientific projects in the field of universal history and political science. The authors conclude that the revival of traditional culture and the local version of Islam (Hanafism) in the 1991-2010's were consistently considered by the leaders of the CAR countries as one of the most important factors in strengthening the state, its independence and international authority. This line was carried out most fully and consistently in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, which was reflected in the development programs, legislation, scientific and journalistic literature of these countries. There is a tendency in Kazakhstan to integrate cultural policy based on traditional civilizational values with national security policy.

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL LEASING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC SECURITY

The article examines the essence of investment management through the prism of the development of financial leasing from the perspective of economic security, the provision of which in the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war is simultaneously a requirement, a need, and a guarantee of the existence of the country and its future prosperity. The purpose of the article is the theoretical justification and development of practical recommendations for investment management through the prism of the development of financial leasing from the perspective of economic security. The methodological basis, which allowed to ensure the integrity of the research, is a set of general scientific and applied methods, in particular such as: analysis, synthesis, monographic, abstraction; deductions, inductions, monographic; systematization; theoretical generalization; quantitative and qualitative comparison. The study emphasizes that the state of war between russia and Ukraine has led to a worsening of the situation in all areas of the country's life, and thus had a negative impact on the level of economic security of the state. In this perspective, the article examines the essence of security and related concepts, as well as its relationship with the development of aspects of security theory and the description of the main conditions and factors that generate threats to the economy. The negative changes that occurred in all spheres of the economy and are directly related to the consequences of Russian aggression and the consequences of wars for individual countries in the context of their economic development are considered. Taking into account the issues of the research, attention is focused on the importance of strengthening the role of the state regarding the use of mechanisms of influence on the processes that are currently observed in all spheres of social life and, in particular, the complex use of financial instruments – financial leasing. It was concluded that, taking into account the outlined interrelationship of the "economic security" categories and related concepts, in the context of the research problem, it is appropriate to implement at the state level the best global practices of using financial leasing tools to provide the population with housing with maximum consideration of all externalities, which in the long run will contribute increasing the level of economic security of the state and ensuring the synergistic effect of economic development in the post-war period and the period of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Source Analysis of Turkism in the Balkan Languages

The connection of Turkic tribes with the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula has a long history. With the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Turks on the countries living in the Balkan region increased, and this situation led to significant changes for the Balkan peoples. Words of Turkic origin in the Balkan languages became the basis for the study of Turkic influence in the Balkans. Researchers should first of all determine from which language Turkic vocabulary was introduced. The term “Orientalism” is widely used by linguists to define words and phrases from any Eastern language (Turkish, Arabic, Persian). First, since orientalism entered the Balkan languages through the Ottoman Turkish language, which was spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and its territories, many researchers used the term “Turkism” to denote the characteristics of the way of life of the eastern countries. When linguists of the XVIIIXIX centuries defined the term “Turkism”, they relied on a small number and insufficient information about the origin of Eastern words. The purpose of this study is to make a detailed description and detailed analysis of the words that have entered the Turkic language in the Balkan languages. The research focuses on Romanian, Serbian, and Albanian languages, where the most Turkic words can be found.

Историко-биографический роман Зюльфю Ливанели «На спине тигра. Тирания и свобода» (2022)

This article is dedicated to analyzing the latest novel of the well-known contemporary Turkish writer Zulfu Livaneli, "On the Back of the Tiger: Tyranny and Freedom" (2022), according to the author's reception of the belletristic paradigm. The article demonstrates how historical events related to the life of one of the last Turkish sultans, Abdulhamid II (deposition from power and exile in Thessaloniki), are incorporated into the narrative scope of the novel and how these events influence the country's life. It is argued that the figure of Abdulhamid is more vividly portrayed through the image of his opponent-doctor, another central character in the novel. The research aim is to establish that this novel, in terms of its poetic features, belongs to the historical-biographical genre. The article analyzes the plot and compositional features of the novel with an emphasis on its imagery (central images) and chronotope. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the novelistic work of Z. Livaneli, viewed from this aspect, is for the first time the subject of analytical study in domestic Turkological literary studies. As a result, it is demonstrated that the poetics of Z. Livaneli's novel fits within the historical-biographical genre with specific features unique to the author.

Outcomes and outcome measures.

Advances in haemophilia treatment have resulted in a near-normal life expectancy, lower burden of bleeding and treatment, and improved quality of life in high-income countries. Bleeding rate is approaching zero and novel parameters should be evaluated to assess the efficacy of treatment not only from the clinical point of view by using new methodologies (e.g. joint health assessment), but also from the patient's perspective (e.g. pain, quality of life, treatment satisfaction). This approach should be aimed at combining objective clinical methodologies and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, some instruments used for assessing PROs are still suboptimal and not properly validated. Recent evidence suggests that these tools can take advantage from a more personalized designed approach and could be effectively improved and serve to facilitate the patient's self-evaluation. For other congenital bleeding disorders (BDs), a set of patient-relevant outcomes has been also defined that overlap substantially those of haemophilia, including bleeding, side effects and complications, and PROs, such as pain, physical functioning, impact on daily life including school and work and mental health. There is a growing focus on addressing women-specific outcomes in BDs, reflecting an increased awareness of the unique challenges faced by women in this context. However, the development of tailored tools is imperative to further advance the progress in managing women with BDs, ensuring more accurate monitoring and personalized care. How incorporating these outcome measures in the process of approval of novel treatments for these disorders by regulatory authorities remains to be established.

Country Living.

Philip Alexander, MD, is a native Texan, retired physician, and accomplished musician and artist. After 41 years as an internal medicine physician, Dr. Phil retired from his practice in College Station in 2016. A lifelong musician and former music professor, he often performs as an oboe soloist for the Brazos Valley Symphony Orchestra. He began exploring visual art in 1980, evolving from pencil sketches-including an official White House portrait of President Ronald Reagan-to the computer-generated drawings featured in this journal. His images, which first appeared in this journal in the spring of 2012, are his own original creations. If you would like to see your art published in the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, submit your creation online at journal.houstonmethodist.org as a "Humanities" entry.

Pancultural nostalgia in action: Prevalence, triggers, and psychological functions of nostalgia across cultures.

Nostalgia is a social, self-relevant, and bittersweet (although mostly positive) emotion that arises when reflecting on fond past memories and serves key psychological functions. The majority of evidence concerning the prevalence, triggers, and functions of nostalgia has been amassed in samples from a handful of largely Western cultures. If nostalgia is a fundamental psychological resource, it should perform similar functions across cultures, although its operational dynamics may be shaped by culture. This study (N = 2,606) examined dispositional nostalgia, self-reported triggers of nostalgia, and functions of experimentally induced nostalgia in young adults across 28 countries and a special administrative region of China (i.e., Hong Kong). Results indicated that nostalgia is frequently experienced across cultures, albeit better valued in more-developed countries (i.e., higher national wealth and life-expectancy). Nostalgia is triggered by psychological threats (especially in warmer countries), sensory stimuli (especially in more-developed countries), and social gatherings (especially in less-developed countries). The positive or negative affect prompted by experimentally induced nostalgia varied by country, but was mild overall. More importantly, recalling a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) memory increased social connectedness, self-continuity, and meaning in life across cultures. In less-developed countries, recalling an ordinary memory also conferred some of these functions, reducing the effect size of nostalgia. Finally, recalling a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) memory augmented state satisfaction with life in countries with lower quality of living (i.e., lower life-expectancy and life-satisfaction). Overall, findings confirm the relevance of nostalgia across a wide range of cultures and indicate cultural nuances in its functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The aim of the article is to define the level of potential for the continuous development of the tourism industry and close interaction with various sectors of the economy, making it a significant component in the social and economic life of countries and peoples (communities). Methodology of research. Both general scientific and specialized methods were utilized in the research process, including: induction and deduction – during the collection, systematization, and processing of necessary information; analysis and comparison – in reflecting the development of international tourism in Ukraine compared to other countries worldwide and within the region; abstract and logical – for forming theoretical conclusions; monographic and comparative – for systematizing scientific approaches of scholars to the theoretical aspects of tourism business development; graphical – for visualizing research results. Findings. The article discusses a scientific investigation into various aspects of international tourism development. It differentiates various definitions of "tourism" found in publications, which help identify the direction of further research in this field. It is determined that international tourism is one of the key sectors of foreign economic activity, demonstrating the highest growth dynamics. Seven main factors contributing to the growth of international tourism are outlined. An analysis of the situation in the domestic market of tourist services for the years 2019-2022 is conducted, supported by statistical data and the State Agency for Tourism Development (SATD). Challenges are assessed, including the pandemic and full-scale military aggression by Russia against Ukraine. It is identified that tourism could become one of the sectors enabling Ukraine to recover after the crisis. Originality. The author's approach to the interpretation of the main approaches to understanding the tourism industry has been further developed. The main factors of growth of international tourism against the background of strengthening quarantine measures in individual countries and regions are identified. An in-depth assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and full-scale war on the tourism market of Ukraine is carried out. Practical value. The proposed proposals for assessing the dynamics of international tourism development in Ukraine can be used by public authorities, travel companies and other stakeholders to develop a strategy for the development of international tourism in Ukraine. Key words: international tourism, tourist industry, foreign economic activity, tourism potential, recreation, tourist flows, infrastructure, influencing factors.

ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ВИКЛИКИ В ПРОЦЕСІ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

Changes in the geopolitical context, political movements within countries, new trade agreements, or integration processes create new scenarios and challenges for countries aspiring to Eurointegration. European integration, which has become a key factor in the political, economic, and socio-cultural life of European countries, brings numerous challenges and opportunities. In the process of forming a single market and economic cooperation, participating countries face various challenges that impact social and economic development. Eurointegration entails a country's entry into the European economic space, requiring the implementation of innovative approaches to adapt to European market standards and requirements. Integration into European structures demands an increase in the competitiveness of national economies through innovation in production, services, and management. The Eurointegration processes typically accompany political and legal changes within a country. Innovation can be a crucial factor in implementing necessary reforms and modernizing systems. Eurointegration often involves adaptation to new technological standards and infrastructure, with innovation enabling countries to adjust to these changes. Integration into European structures opens up new opportunities for international cooperation and trade. Innovation can foster the development of collaboration with other countries and regions. The relevance of scientific research lies in the need to address complex challenges arising Вісник Чернівецького торговельно-економічного інституту. 2024. Вип. І (93) 20 from the integration process into European structures, utilizing innovative approaches and innovations. Researching the impact of Eurointegration processes on stimulating innovation in EU member countries is vital. This research could encompass evaluating the effectiveness and adoption of joint innovative policies. Key aspects of innovation challenges in the context of Eurointegration and their impact on the effectiveness and process of integration have been analyzed. This helps to understand the significance of innovation in the entry of countries into European structures and their subsequent development.

The Effect of Social Cohesion on Subjective Individual Quality of Life in European Countries

Many scholars have studied the effects of economic conditions on subjective well-being, but scarce attention has been paid to the effect of cultural and social determinants on quality of life. This study aims to analyse the effect of social cohesion considered as a characteristic of a country on subjective quality of life. In addition, we also tested the moderating effect of social cohesion on the relationship between income and placement in society with quality of life. To test our hypotheses we estimated a multilevel regression model. First, we estimated the null model, which showed that almost a quarter of the variance in quality of life is located at country level. Second, we included in the model all the level-1 predictors. This model highlighted that self-evaluated position on the social ladder has a larger positive effect than income on quality of life. In the third step, we added country-level predictors. Controlling for other macro factors—GDP, Life Expectancy, Gini coefficient and Homicide rate—and individual-level variables, we shows that Cohesion exerts a positive effect on subjective quality of life. The model also points out that country’s economic conditions (measured by GDP) do not affect quality of life when we control this relationship for social cohesion. Interestingly, also the within-country economic disparities (measured by Gini coefficient) do not seem to affect quality of life when cohesion is taken into account. Finally, we also shows that the positive effect of income on quality of life is moderated by cohesion. In other words, income is a relatively less important factor in determining quality of life in countries with higher levels of cohesion. In the same way, individuals’ position and perception of their placement on the social ladder affects in a lesser extent their quality of life in those countries that have higher degrees of cohesion.

The Russian Diaspora in Africa. History and Modernity

The article is devoted to the history of the Russian diaspora on the African continent. Russia is a country with a relatively long emigration tradition. Having taken on a massive scale at the end of the XIX century, emigration from Russia continues to this day, representing a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has always had a great impact on the life of Russian society, regardless of the position that the state authorities took in relation to it at one time or another in history. The article traces its formation at different stages – from its inception at the beginning of the twentieth century to the middle of the twentieth century, marked by the beginning of the national liberation struggle of African peoples for their independence. An independent section of the article is devoted to the current state of the Russian Diaspora in the countries of the African continent., which highlights the problems of the formation of the Russian Diaspora at the present stage, comprehensively analyzes the civil and socio–cultural characteristics of the female Russian contingent - the main source of replenishment of the Russian Diaspora in modern Africa, the specifics of this group of compatriots and their descendants from Afro- Russian marriages de jure and de facto, its role in the social and cultural life of recipient countries and relations with the historical homeland. the unique potential of the “soft power” of the Russian Federation, concluded in its interaction with Russian-speaking communities on the African continent.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on multilingual families in the Netherlands.

As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, public life in many countries ground to a halt in early 2020. The aims of this study were (i) to uncover the language practices of multilingual families during the pandemic, in general and especially regarding homeschooling; and (ii) to determine to what extent the changes in circumstance caused by the pandemic impacted children's language use and proficiency, and family well-being. Parents from 587 families completed an online survey for 1051 children. Data were analysed using ordinal logistic regression. Our results showed that for most children, there were no changes in language use, proficiency or well-being. When there were changes, these were more likely for (families with) preschool children. Using the heritage language for homeschooling (some or all of the time) did not have a negative impact on Dutch language proficiency, but it did have a positive impact on the heritage language proficiency.

The Impact of ‘Migration Potential’ on the Economic and Demographic Development of Donor and Recipient Countries

The phenomenon of global migration exerts a substantial impact on nations, organizations, and individuals, yet the focus of scholarly discourse on the potential of migrants has historically not paralleled the magnitude of this phenomenon. This study brings into focus the often-neglected dual nature of immigrant potential, impacting both countries that receive migrants (recipient countries) and those from which migrants originate (donor countries). Prior research within the Russian context predominantly examined the potential of compatriots in post-independence neighboring countries or the potential related to internal migration and the redistribution of human and labor resources regionally. Prevailing perspectives have largely been confined to examining the migration potential of specific socio-demographic groups within defined territories, often characterized by distinct ethnic features. This research illuminates the dual aspect of external migrant potential. It elucidates how migrants contribute significantly to the development of host countries, while donor countries also reap considerable benefits from the migratory capabilities and engagements of their citizens in foreign employment.The objective of this article is to augment theoretical paradigms in the study of "migration potential," conceptualizing it as an integrative system that combines quantitative and qualitative attributes of a highly mobile and motivated populace. The paper seeks to delineate the conceptual framework of migration potential, establish its structural composition, and elucidate the mechanisms and factors through which migrant potential influences the economic and demographic progress of both recipient and donor nations.Findings: The study delineates the constituent components of the functional sub-potentials (subcomponents) within the broader construct of "migration potential," synthesizing these through a meticulous examination of extant Russian and international academic literature. Migration potential is approached as a variable that is both fluid and subject to modification. The research critically analyzes the multifaceted impacts – both advantageous and adverse – of migration on diverse sectors of life in donor and recipient countries. A case in point is the correlation between the educational potential and the intellectual prowess of highly skilled migrants, which significantly contributes to innovation within the host regions. Conversely, a deficiency in the integration potential of external migrants may precipitate xenophobic tendencies among native populations. From the perspective of donor countries, the influx of remittances stands out as a pivotal and transformative element within the broader context of global migration.

Self‐service bans and gasoline prices: The effect of allowing consumers to pump their own gas

AbstractMost of the world's population lives in countries that ban the self‐service sale of gasoline. Causal effects of this regulation can hardly be assessed in these countries due to a lack of policy changes, but a recent quasi‐experiment in the state of Oregon allows us to analyze the impact of the ban. From 1992 to 2017, the state of Oregon was one of two U.S. states that banned self‐service at gasoline stations. Oregon adjusted regulations at the start of 2018 to allow self‐service at gasoline stations in counties with populations below 40,000 individuals. I examine the repeal of this self‐service ban and its effects on gasoline prices. I apply a difference‐in‐differences design using high frequency data of gasoline prices and find that repealing the self‐service ban reduced gasoline prices by 4.4 cents per gallon in affected Oregon counties. This effect represents approximately $90 in expected annual savings for a household with three licensed drivers.

СТАН РИНКУ ПРАЦІ ТА МОТИВАЦІЯ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

In the article, the current state of the labor market in Ukraine and employee motivation are analyzed, existing problems regarding these issues are identified, and ways to address them are outlined. Materials prepared by the Razumkov Center, administrative data from the State Employment Service, data from recruitment agencies and job search resources, as well as information from the European Business Association, and the results of surveys of HR specialists from various sectors of the country's economy were used for the analysis of the Ukrainian labor market in wartime conditions. Based on the works of Kolot A.M., Nazarova G.V., and others, the practical significance of increasing work motivation in crisis conditions is revealed. The interest of scholars and researchers in the chosen topic confirms its relevance and the need for further analysis. The following methods were used for the analysis of the labor market and work motivation: mass statistical observation, comparative and abstract-logical methods to formulate conclusions and proposals. As a result of the research, the authors concluded that the labor market in Ukraine has undergone significant influences in wartime conditions, significantly altering its structure and dynamics. Currently, it is characterized by the following specific features: instability and uncertainty, rising unemployment, changes in the sectoral structure, mass migration of labor force from Ukraine abroad, increased demand due to military needs for specialists in defense and medical fields, etc. Identifying current problems in the Ukrainian labor market allows identifying ways to stabilize it, including rapid restoration of destroyed objects, creation of new jobs, providing support to the unemployed and displaced persons, as well as implementing retraining, qualification improvement programs and work motivation to ensure population adaptation to changed conditions. Measures to stabilize the labor market and increase work motivation in wartime conditions are of great importance both for the effectiveness of solving military tasks and for supporting stability and development in all areas of the country's life.

Effective Leadership Amidst Crises: A Critical Review of Leadership Role During COVID 19 Pandemic

This review examines whether a particular type of leadership is more effective in containing critical crises situation like the COVID-19 Pandemic that affected the world a few years ago. An x-ray of the peaceful business life of various countries, communities and organizations and the sudden attack of the pandemic was reviewed. A critical look at the way leaders took decisions to enable them cope with the pandemic and the manner in which its devastating effect was curtailed was considered. In addition, an attempt at conceptualization of leadership that can best be prescribed during crises was reviewed. It was realized that the world is yet to get a one fit leadership approach that can handle crises of this magnitude. It also became clear that at least early decisive decisions and policies helped many countries such as in Africa and Asia in spite of their lack of preparedness compared to America and Europe. It was also realized that gender sensitivity can be a solution to leadership, as female leaders were seen more apt to deal with the matter than their male counterparts. (Luoto & Varella, 2021) An area recommended for more studies to establish if gender sensitivity can be developed into a theory in leadership to mitigate crises. In conclusion of the critical review, it was realized that, no any single leadership style was viewed as sufficient in handling COVID 19 Pandemic.

The Impact of International Students’ Social Media Use on Their Intercultural Adaptation: Insights from In-depth Interviews

The existence of social media provides a convenient chance for people to communicate with their families or make new friends without the limitation of time and space, which facilitates the process of globalization to some extent. Recent research has demonstrated that many international students use social media to adapt to their new lives in foreign countries because it can help them connect with families and friends back home and in their host countries. This essay aims to explore the impact of international students’ social media use on their intercultural adaptation and provide valuable implications for language teaching and learning.

Revolutionizing Data Transmission Efficiency in IoT-Enabled Smart Cities: A Novel Optimization-Centric Approach

In the modern era, IoT-based smart cities play a crucial role in enhancing the development and quality of life in advanced countries. As digital technologies and advanced metering systems become increasingly integrated with IoT devices in smart city applications, efficient data transmission strategies are essential. This paper introduces a novel approach, the Deep Belief-based Optimal Moth Flame Routing Protocol (DB-OMRP), designed to improve data transfer and extend the lifetime of IoT networks in smart cities. The proposed method leverages Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) to identify the optimal cluster head (CH), while the Deep Belief Network (DBN) further optimizes energy consumption across the system. The DB-OMRP algorithm is implemented in MATLAB, demonstrating a 14mJ reduction in energy consumption per millisecond and a 10% decrease in packet loss compared to traditional methods.

Омск как культурный центр в отражении городской топонимии

The article characterizes urban toponymy associated with the cultural development of Omsk. It examines the names of city streets in honor of cultural figures - poets and writers, scientists, artists, composers, represented in the cultural landscape of the city. The main stages in the development of the “cultural” toponymy of the city are highlighted, as well as the factors that determined its evolution in different periods of the country's history. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. the city had a small number of godonyms - street names associated with its cultural development. As a rule, these are streets that got their name from the location of city educational institutions and religious institutions. In the 1920s in the toponymy of the city there is a revolution as a consequence of the political revolution, the formation of a new Soviet statehood and ideology. In Omsk, streets appeared in memory of the classics of Russian literature, whose works were distinguished by a democratic orientation, narrated about the life of the people, as well as in honor of famous Soviet writers and public figures. In the 1930s commemorative practices in the field of toponymy were determined by the guidelines of the Stalinist “cultural revolution”. During this period, streets appeared on the city map that immortalized the names of writers, literary critics, democratic revolutionaries, socialists, popular Soviet writers, national cultural figures, outstanding Russian and Soviet scientists. In the 1950s - 1980s. The formation of the city's toponymy was greatly influenced by such processes in the country's socio-political life as the “thaw”, de-Stalinization and the debunking of the “cult of personality”. A new trend of this time was the expansion of the repertoire of urbanonymic foundations by naming streets in honor of local cultural figures. The social order of the era for science was also reflected in the toponymic space of the city: many streets appeared on the map of Omsk during this period in honor of the great Russian scientists, inventors, and founders of astronautics. In the post-Soviet period of history in the 1990s - 2000s. in the conditions of the collapse of the previous ideological system, the search for a new identity was expressed in turning to Russian and Soviet culture, updating its heritage in toponymy. The trend of naming city streets in memory of local cultural figures has also intensified as an expression of the desire of the city community and local authorities to gain local identity and create a positive, unique, recognizable, investment-attractive image of the city.

VARIABILITY AND DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Currently, globalization presents mankind with positive changes and such processes that the countries of the world can't solve any problems alone, that is, all peoples have to solve the emerging problems together. Globalization initially penetrated the economic life of countries, but now it affects politics, spirituality, and even ordinary daily processes of people. This process is an objective reality that occurred at a certain stage of the development of nations, and it did not appear by the will of any individual or state. However, this objective process is now turning into a negative point of view when one country conflicts with the interests of other countries for its hegemony, political power, and economic stability, and this causes them to be deprivedof the positive aspects of this process, for example, based on the research of the French scientist T. Fabre, “at the end of the 20th century, 20% of the richest countries accounted for 86% of global GDP, 82% of exports, and 68% of investments, while 20% of the poorest countries accounted for all three indicators are within one per cent”[1].