Cost Of Grain Research Articles

FEEDING PROCESSED Vitamin A CASSAVA ROOT MEALS TO BROILER CHICKENS: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, BLOOD INDICES AND ANTIOXIDATIVE STATUS

The emerging effects of climate change and the increasing cost of grains have been a serious issue to animal nutritionist in the tropics. This study evaluates the performance of broiler finisher chickens fed different processed cassava UMUCASS 36 (vitamin A) root meals (PCRM) as substitute for maize in the diets of 108 Arbor Acre (starter) finisher chickens for 21days. Six diets were formulated and the test diet was supplemented to the birds as partial and whole. The birds were fed T1 as the control, T2 had 25% each of oven-dried and sun-dried cassava root meal, T3 had 25% maize and 25% oven-dried cassava root meal, T4 had 25% maize and 25% sun-dried cassava root meal, while T5 had only 50% oven-dried cassava root meal, and T6 also had only 50% sun-dried cassava root meal respectively. Data were collected on the performance characteristics, blood indices and serum antioxidant of the birds. Performance characteristics of the birds revealed that T4 recorded significant (p<0.05) values of 2722.32 g, 1559.62 g and 1.61 final weight, weight gain and FCR respectively in comparison to the other treatments. The test diets did not show any adverse effect on the haematology and serum biochemistry of the birds. However, on the serum antioxidant status, T5 and T6 showed better values on the Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase of the birds. The result on Superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde of the birds revealed that T4 and T6 recorded higher and lower values respectively. It was concluded that broiler finisher chickens could be fed up to 50% processed cassava root meal, inclusion using both techniques without detrimental effects.

The effect of crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on economic and energy efficiency indicators when cultivating winter wheat in the Central Blackearth region

Economic efficiency is an integral method of analyzing agricultural technologies, especially against the rising prices for plant protection products, seeds, fertilizers, and fuels and lubricants. Identification and implementation of the most effective methods of field crops, growing using crop rotation and fertilizers remains an urgent task. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of crop rotations and doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity of winter wheat grain, to analyze the economic and energy efficiency of its cultivation in the conditions of the Central Blackearth region. The study was carried out in the conditions of the experimental field of the Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center in 2016, 2020. The soil of the experimental plot was typical medium-loamy, medium-humus blackearth (chernozem). The experimental scheme included such factors as grain-fallow-row crop, grain-grass-row crop, and grain-grass rotations; with doses of fertilizers or without fertilizers, N20P40K40 and N40P80K80. The weather conditions for the rotations of the studied crop rotations differed slightly. As a result of the study, there was found that winter wheat grain productivity in grain-grass and grain-grass-row crop rotations was 17.2 and 13.8 % lower than in grain-fallow-row crop rotation. When applying mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P80K80, the largest winter wheat productivity was 4.52 t/ha. The lowest cost of grain was established in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, which varied from 4.68 to 5.04 thousand rubles/t due to higher yields compared to other studied crop rotations and with a dose of N20P40K40 (4.68, 4.80 and 4.97 thousand rubles/t, respectively for crop rotations). A higher level of profitability of 113.7 % was observed in grain-fallow-row crop rotation with a dose of mineral fertilizers N20P40K40, a dose of N40P80K80 not allowing obtaining a high payback of fertilizers. The energy intensity of production increased with increasing doses of applied fertilizers; its minimum values were determined in grain-fallow-row crop rotation (1.35–2.77 GJ/t). Energy efficiency coefficients when applying a dose of N20P40K40 in crop rotations were higher than when applying N40P80K80.

Economic efficiency of growing winter barley in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine under the influence of variety and biological preparations

The relevance of the article lies in the determination of the most optimal varieties and biopreparations that ensure high yield and profitability of growing winter barley. The purpose of the research was to determine the main indicators of the economic efficiency of the elements of the technology of growing winter barley for foliar fertilizing of plants in the main periods of vegetation with biological preparations. When conducting research, generally accepted methods were used: systematic approach and systematic analysis, field and statistical. The article provides data on the economic efficiency of the elements of winter barley cultivation technology based on the results of research conducted with four varieties of the crop in the conditions of the Educational and Scientific Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University in 2016-2019. The impact of variety selection, foliar fertilizing with modern bacterial preparations on the main indicators of the economic efficiency of growing winter barley was analysed. It was established that the cost of the grown grain depended on and changed under the influence of the features of the variety, biological preparation and the number of fertilizing. Obtaining the maximum cost of grain ensured the cultivation of winter barley varieties Valkyrie and Oscar for carrying out foliar feeding in the phase of tillering and emergence of plants in the tube with the biological preparation Organic Balance: 26.5 and 26.3 thousand hryvnias/ha, respectively. The same varieties, in case of two-time fertilization with Azotophyt, formed the value of grain at 25 thousand UAH/ha, and in controls – 20.1 and 21.1 thousand UAH/ha, respectively. Indicators of conditional net profit and level of profitability also changed with a similar dependence. Values of the cost of growing a unit of production of winter barley had the opposite dependence. The obtained scientific research results and definitions will contribute to the cultivation of winter barley on the basis of resource conservation with the use of biological preparations to increase productivity and the main factors of economic efficiency

Резервный потенциал и перспективы повышения эффективности производства зерна в Российской Федерации

The study identifies and examines the process of intensification in grain production as a potential and reserve for increasing the production of grain sub-sector products, prospects for the development of crop production along an intensive path, how the intensification process affects the efficiency of grain production. The main factors that significantly affect the production potential and prospects for the development of grain production in the country are highlighted and justified. The assessment and analysis of the main indicators of cereal crops production, such as: acreage, gross grain harvest, yield of cereals and legumes, are given. The article presents and analyzes promising directions for the development of the crop industry due to the intensification process: chemicalization of grain production by applying organic and mineral fertilizers, gypsum, liming and phosphorization of soils to increase the economic fertility of land. It is shown what role intensification plays in reducing the cost of grain and increasing the profitability of production.

Improvement of organisation for road transport functioning in a multimodal logistics system for grain delivary from Volgograd region to Iran

Introduction. The paper has developed a new scheme of a multimodal logistics system for grain transportation for export to Iran using links and graphs. It is proposed to consider the functioning of road transport in a multimodal logistics system for grain export from the standpoint of a systematic approach at the micro, meso and macro levels based on the newly introduced concept of transport capacity of the simulated graph. To determine the optimal modes of road transport functioning (with the further aim of increasing its efficiency of functioning) in the logistics links of export grain supplies at the micro level, it is proposed to perform using the ‘Sowing fields – regional barn-floors’ graph, at the meso level – the ‘Regional barn-floors – regional grain storages’ graph, at the macro level – the ‘Regional grain storages – port grain storages’ graph. Graphs modelling, determining the transport capacity of vertices, fixing vertices for barn-floors, regional grain storages and port grain storages make it possible for agro–industrial enterprises to plan the volume of grain exports, to use their acreage rationally considering crop yields while fulfilling an important condition - ensuring food security for the population of the Russian Federation. Road transport planning at the micro level is directly linked to the operation of agricultural enterprises, and at the meso level to grain storages. At the macro level, road transport serves the three largest port grain receiving points of the Volgograd region. Multimodal transportation of grain from a specific farm in the region to the port of Enzeli in Iran has been organized using road transport and VOLGO-BALT 239 river-sea vessel.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical analysis of winter wheat supplies for export to Iran from the Volgograd region. At the micro level, graphoanalytic methods are used to model the location schemes of filling bunkers when working in a team of one, three or nine combines, indicating their number of appearance on the field in the xOy coordinate plane. The methods of system analysis were used to correctly divide the international multimodal logistics system for the transportation of export grain into micro, meso and macro levels with the definition of the place and role of transport. Methods of solving the linear programming problem are the optimization of the assignment of consumers to suppliers at all levels under consideration.Results. It is revealed that complex international multimodal logistics systems for the delivery of export grain must be considered using a systematic approach. It is proposed to consider the system at the micro, meso and macro levels. At each of the levels, it is necessary to plan the operation of transport based on calculations of the ‘transport capacity’ of the ‘Sowing fields – regional barn-floors’, ‘Regional barn-floors – regional grain storages’, ‘Regional grain storages – port grain storages’ graph nodes. OOO Progress, the agro-enterprise of the Volgograd region, has been given the opportunity to plan its work taking into account new information technologies that ensure higher efficiency of agricultural activities in the cultivation of winter wheat with partial sale for export to Iran.Discussion and conclusions. The improvement of the organisation of road transport functioning in the international multimodal logistics system of grain export supplies cannot exist without the use of precision farming technologies in harvesting and transport processes. The use of the right logistics technologies in road transport and in the organisation of winter wheat cultivation has a great impact on the final cost of grain and on the guaranteed food security of the Russian Federation. Research in this direction is currently relevant.

Ecological and energy assessment of the technology of processing chestnut soils of fallow lands in Central Siberia

Relevance. The disadvantages of steppe environmental management include soil degradation, high cost of grain, feed and other adverse phenomena. Similar processes are observed in Siberia. Currently, the re-development of fallow lands is starting and soil degradation is again manifesting itself in the steppe regions of Khakassia. For the efficient use of land resources, it is necessary to develop a resource-saving technology for tillage of fallow lands in the arid steppe zone of the south of Central Siberia.Methods. The study of the effectiveness of soil tillage technologies of the erosive agroecological group of fallow lands was carried out in the arid steppe agro-landscape region of the Republic of Khakassia, located in the south of Central Siberia. Research for four years was carried out in the feed crop rotation link: a long-term (20–25 years) grain– grass fallow land — oats (corn) for green mass, by the method of field experiment of B.A. Dospekhov. Mеthods of water-physical, agrochemical, economic and energy research were used in the performance of the work.Results. It has been established that on long-term fallow lands (20–25 years) soil compaction, low moisture content and mineral nutrition elements are noted. The influence of the complex application of continuous herbicides (Tornado 500, Sprut Extra) and tillage technology on environmental and energy indicators was revealed. During the summer tillage of the soil of a long-term fallowland, the introduction of a herbicide, an increase in the yield of agricultural crops is noted. In the arid steppe zone, with the technology with the processing of chestnut soilof the long-term fallow land net conversion efficiency was 2.10–2.84.

Formulation and Development of a Feed Stock Code-Named Musarpoms from Locally-Derived Non-Conventional Feed-Stuffs for Animal Production

Plantain peels and palm oil mill slurry are discarded as waste from the processing industry in our locality, which accumulates and thereby constituting menace to the environment. The current rising cost of grains and concentrates used in the production of livestock feeds, has led to the alternative use of non-conventional feed stuffs such as ripe plantain peels and palm oil mill slurry, amongst others. The objective of this study was to formulate and develop a feed stock from locally derived non-conventional feed stuffs for animal feeds production code-named MUSARPOMS using appropriate standard technique. The major ingredient for MUSARPOMS is ripe plantain peels and palm oil mill slurry. The results revealed that MSP25% recorded highest crude protein (CP) value of 22.17 %, it was not significantly (P>0.05) different from the CP values (20.42 %) obtained from MSP50% but significantly (P<0.05) different from MSP75% value of 19.25 %. The crude fibre (CF) values were not significantly (P >0.05) different among the different grades. Ash and NFE values differ significantly amongst treatment. MSP75% recorded highest Ash and NFE value of 8.28 % and 515.60 % respectively. It was observed that the reducing levels of MUSARPOMS fermented mixture grade formulations, resulted in proportional increase in the crude protein of the emerging ingredients. 25% MUSARPOMS grade had a higher crude protein value of 22.17 % compare to 50% MUSARPOMS value of 20.42 and 75% MUSARPOMS value of 19.25 % and far above the 10.69 % of the plantain peels.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АГРАРНОГО БИЗНЕСА ОТ ВНЕШНИХ И ВНУТРЕННИХ ФАКТОРОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН)

In 2020, exports from Russia amounted to about 79 million tons of agricultural products and food worth $ 30.7 billion, which is 20% more than in 2019. By 2024, the volume of exports of agricultural products should grow to $ 45 billion, which indicates export opportunities and its prospects. The drought of the growing season of 2021, together with internal factors, caused a shortfall in crop production in the Republic of Tatarstan in the amount of about 43 billion rubles, and a 48% increase in the cost of grain led to a shortfall in profit in the amount of 3 billion rubles. Unfavorable external economic factors, imperfection of state regulation in terms of organizational and administrative nature, lead to a decrease in production efficiency, which could be observed on the example of the beet industry, manifested in an increase in prices for its final products in 2020. Studies have shown that under the same soil-climatic, economic conditions of management, the efficiency of grain production in the context of municipal districts of the Transcamian zone of the Republic of Tatarstan differed significantly (the average level of profitability for 3 years ranged from 13% to 24%). An analysis of the financial results of agricultural enterprises of the republic for 2015-2020 showed that four out of six years, agricultural producers, excluding subsidies from budgets, had a negative financial result, which necessitates an increase in government measures aimed at compensating for the loss of income to agricultural producers. In order to make more complete use of internal reserves, it is necessary to study and implement the technology and organization of production from commodity producers who, under the same soil and climatic conditions, show a high level of production efficiency. State executive authorities, represented by line ministries and departments, should take measures to stimulate production volumes, strengthen intervention measures in the market of agricultural products, raw materials and food, regulate imports and exports, and ensure price parity measures in agricultural industries

In‐depth adaptation of winter wheat cultivation technology in the Central Chernozem region

Aim . The purpose of the research is to determine the method of soil cultivation and the dose of NPK, based on in‐depth adaptation of winter wheat cultivation technology, ensuring the minimum cost of producing grain of the crop of the required quality in the Central Black Earth Region (CBER). Materials and Methods . The efficiency of winter wheat production largely depends on the adaptation of the technology of its cultivation to soil and climatic conditions, which are identified at the level of the agroecological province. But the main object of farming systems ‐ the soil cover within the agroecological province is distinguished by a high territorial diversity in fertility, which is not taken into account when developing agricultural technologies and thus lowers the level of their adaptability. Therefore, it is proposed to minimize the use of resources in intensive technologies due to in‐depth adaptation of tillage and fertilization in accordance with the initial state of the soil of a particular field. Results . It was found that for the conditions of the CBER, the optimal values of the factors are the dose N 19 P 39 K 39 and the combined method of tillage for winter wheat, which correspond to the minimum cost of grain of 5.38 thousand roubles/t with a yield of 3.38 t/ha and a 12% protein content in grain of 3 rd class. Conclusion . In addressing agricultural problems when there is an interaction between the factors, the effectiveness of in‐depth adaptation increases with the complex optimisation of factors according to innovative methodology using the mathematical method of indefinite Lagrange multipliers. Comprehensive optimisation of the factors made it possible to determine the method of tillage and the dose of fertiliser that would ensure the minimum cost of producing grain of a given quality under the conditions of the CBER.

Digital precision farming technologies

A systematic approach to the use of digital technologies in precision farming is proposed. The scientifically grounded transition to digitalization of production processes in crop production includes two stages. The first is the formation of comprehensive data on terrestrial and space factors in the production of agroecosystems. The natural potential of the Northern Trans-Urals (1.6 - 2.2) has been established, which indicates satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for growing crops. The biopotential of agrocenoses was calculated for photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The potential yield of spring wheat is 13.75 t / ha. In long-term experiments (1977-2020), the really possible crop yield was determined. The mathematical model of the formation of soil fertility parameters shows the intensity of growth or decline in the productivity of agrocenoses. At the second stage, in order to optimize life-supporting factors, innovative technologies for growing crops using space systems are being developed. The practical implementation of digital technologies begins with the digitization of fields, monitoring of soil fertility in elementary areas with reference to geographic coordinates. The use of precise technologies for sowing, differentiated application of fertilizers, pesticides, and yield mapping made it possible to reduce the cost of grain by 140 rubles / c and increase the profitability of its production by 24%.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ДОЗ УДОБРЕНИЙ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ЧЕРНОЗЁМЕ ТИПИЧНОМ

Traditional mouldboard plowing, resource-saving nonmouldboard and combined systems of main tillage for winter wheat were studied in the grain-grass-tilled crop rotation. The application levels of mineral fertilizers for soil cultivation were the following: without fertilizers, single (N20P40K40) and double (N40P80K80) dose. The soil of the experimental plot is typical black soil, medium loamy. As a result of the research, it was found that the main factor affecting the yield increase, gluten and protein content in winter wheat grain was mineral fertilizer. The highest yield of winter wheat (3.77 t / ha) was obtained during mouldboard tillage with a dose of mineral fertilizers of N40P80K80. Grain yield decreased to 3.74 t / ha with non-mouldboard tillage, as for combined tillage, it was 3.57 t / ha. Gluten content was 19.3 ... 22.0%, protein - 11.2 ... 12.5% in variants without application of mineral fertilizers. In case of application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N20P40K40, gluten content increased to 22.8 ... 23.8%, at a dose of N40P80K80 - up to 23.5 ... 24.9% and it was higher with mouldboard tillage; the protein content was 12.8 ... 13.0% and 13.0 ... 13.4%, respectively. Primary tillage systems did not have a statistically significant effect on gluten and protein content of winter wheat grain. The most effective was cultivation of winter wheat with application of fertilizers at a dose of N20P40K40. In case of combined tillage, direct costs amounted to 15.85 thousand rubles / ha, the cost of grain was 4.80 rubles / ton; as for non-mouldboard, - 16.22 thousand rubles / ha, 4.98 thousand rubles / ton, respectively; whereas, mouldboard - 17.94 thousand rubles / ha, 5.37 thousand rubles / ton.

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ МОДЕЛИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

Studies to study the effectiveness of various resource-saving models of spring wheat cultivation, which allow forming stable yields with the lowest costs, were carried out in Ulyanovsk region in a stationary field experiment in 2017-2019. The soil of the experimental site is leached chernozem, medium-sized with a humus content of 6.35 %, mobile P2O5 and K2O (according to Chirikov) – 225 and 119 mg/kg, respectively, pHsalt - 6.8, the sum of absorbed bases - 48.6 mg.-eq./100 g. The scheme of the experiment provided for the study of variants of technologies for spring wheat, differing in the main tillage, the number of operations in the technological process against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products: traditional technology-plowing to a depth of 23 ... 25 cm (control); resource-saving technology − non-fall processing at 23 ... 25 cm; minimum technology-without autumn main processing, sowing was carried out on treated stubble in spring. The yield of spring wheat in wet 2017 according to the traditional technology was 4.21 t/ha, according to the resource − saving one – 4.15 t/ha, according to the minimum one-4.12 t/ha, or 0.09 t/ha lower than according to the traditional one. In the dry year of 2018, the yield for the resource – saving technology was 2.72 t/ha, for the traditional one – 2.08 t/ha, for the minimum one – 2.03 t/ha, which is 0.64 and 0.69 t/ha lower than for the resource-saving one. In a moderately dry 2019, according to traditional and resource-saving technologies, the wheat yield was the same-3.39 and 3.40 t/ha, and at the minimum it was lower by 0.14 and 0.15 t/ha. The developed models of resource-saving and minimal agricultural technologies allow to preserve soil fertility, reduce costs by 3.0...5.5%, reduce the cost of grain by 2.5...8.4 %, increase the efficiency and profitability of spring wheat grain production by 65 ... 75%

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE GRAIN MARKET OF UKRAINE FOR EXPORT

The grain market is a sphere of grain circulation, strategic interests for multinational corporations, which includes its processing. The growth in demand for wheat is due to the growing population in the world and other factors that affect the country’s food security. Communication interaction between producer and consumer creates an organizational system in the form of various forms of markets: markets, fairs, auctions, exchanges and more. The trend of increasing the cost of grain is observed around the world because production volumes are insufficient to meet all the needs of the population. The grain market is the main lever in the Ukrainian market. The strategy for the development of grain crops affects the reproduction of the country’s economy as a whole and changes in macro and microeconomic indicators. The climatic conditions of the regions are important factors for the prosperity of the grain market and ensuring yields. A favorable political climate is impossible without the export of domestic products, namely grain. Many countries cannot produce enough grain and import it. A significant share of grain production is concentrated in developed countries, so ensuring it is an important issue around the world, the solution of which is to finance the import of grain crops, including wheat. Ukraine has a huge land potential (chernozems), as well as the prospects and opportunities to expand areas for sowing, thus increasing grain production and strengthening its position in the world market. Grain is an important type of product and has its own versatility, a number of countries around the world annually purchase significant volumes of sourdough products. Ukraine fully meets its domestic needs and is one of the exporters of grain to the EU and the world. Increasing grain yields will help increase production. Due to its uniqueness and long storage time, grain remains a necessary component of the population’s life. Not every country is able to increase production, for this it is necessary to apply strategic measures, in particular in agricultural policy. This is intervention in the grain market, agricultural subsidies and others. Grain resources consist of stocks of previous periods, production and imports. In Ukraine, grain production is increasing. Demand for quality products exists in both domestic and foreign markets. High commodity grades of wheat can be produced under favorable natural conditions, so additional investment in growing quality products is a significant economic lever that ensures the economic growth of the country. Methodology. The purpose of the article is to analyze the grain market and study the role of the state in building a strategy for the development of grain exports. Empirical research methods were used in the study. A comparison of the main indicators of the world grain market and Ukraine’s place in it was made. Due to the use of theoretical research methods, in particular analysis and synthesis, the main features of the grain market were identified and characterized. The main factors influencing the development of the world grain market were identified. High quality of grain production and processing increases the country’s competitiveness on the world market. Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that over the past year, despite the trends of coronavirus in the country, Ukraine has strengthened its position and taken a leading position in the production and export of cereals. Factors that affect grain yields in the world also affect yields in Ukraine. Practical implications. During the strategic analysis in our case, we found that the world grain market is affected by many factors: reducing the area for planting in developing countries, increasing grain use, wheat is beginning to occupy a leading position as a food crop, increasing cereal consumption by traditional rice producers, especially in China. The volume of export resources and competitive products is an important advantage of Ukrainian products on the world market. Practical studies have shown that the volume of production and export of Ukrainian grain to international markets also depends on the world grain market. Value/originality. These studies make it possible to determine the country’s place in grain exports to international markets and factors influencing the development of international trade.

ROLE OF ROOT FEEDING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATING GRAIN CORN

The article presents the results of studying the impact of foliar fertilization with Ekolist Mono Zinc microfertilizer on the complex of economically valuable traits and productivity of maize hybrids of different maturity groups. The research has been conducted for studying the dependence of the timing of foliar fertilization on the level of productivity of corn. Field research was established during 2019-2020 in the research field of the Department of Plant Breeding, Breeding and Bioenergy Crops of SE "Kordelivske" IC NAANU Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. The soil of the experimental site - dark gray is characterized by the following agrochemical parameters: humus content - 3.27%, nitrogen supply (by the method of Cornfield) low - 116 mg / kg of soil, mobile phosphorus compounds (by Chyrykov method) average - 95 mg / kg of soil , and high potassium - 137 mg / kg of soil, pH - 6.5. A two-factor experiment with corn was established by the method of split plots. The study was performed in quadruplicate. The sown area of the plot is 50 m2, the accounting area is 25 m2. Observations and crop accounting were performed according to generally accepted methods. Studies have shown that the largest increase in plant height (11-18 cm) and the height of attachment of cobs was observed in variants with two foliar feeding of corn with microfertilizer Ecolist Mono Zinc. Application of Ekolist Mono Zinc microfertilizer in the phase of 5-7 and 10-12 corn leaves provides the highest value of cob length: DKS 2971 (FAO 200) - 22.0 cm, DKS 3476 (FAO 260) - 25.2 cm and DKS 3511 330) - 26.0 cm, increases the weight of 1000 grains by 7.5-12.4%, protein content by 0.07-0.15%, reduces the fat content by 0.01-0.20% compared with the control. The highest value of yield of the studied maize hybrids was obtained by double application of microfertilizer Ecolist Mono Zinc in the phase of 5-7 and 10-12 leaves of corn, and on average for two years it was: DKS 2971 (FAO 200) - 7.5 t / ha, DKS 3476 (FAO 260) - 9.8 t / ha and DKS 3511 (FAO 330) - 10.4 t / ha, while the control yield was 6.6; 8.8 and 9.0 t / ha, respectively. Taking into consideration the results of the analysis of economic indicators of cultivation of maize hybrid DKS 3511 (FAO 330), the highest value of gross production per 1 ha - 41.44 thousand UAH / ha - was obtained on the option with double application of microfertilizer Ecolist Mono Zinc in phase 5-7 and 10-12 leaves of corn, the lowest cost of grain is set - 156.5 UAH / c. The final indicator of economic efficiency - the level of profitability - was the highest and amounted to 254.5%. Thus, foliar fertilization increases the yield of maize hybrids of different maturity groups, improves the quality of grain in terms of chemical composition and optimizes the value of economically valuable traits.

Improving of spring wheat grain quality when using the water-soluble fertilizer “Akvarin 5”

The study of the effect of the chelate complex “Akvarin 5” on grain productivity and quality was conducted on sodpodzolic soil in 2017-2019. The objects of the study were the spring wheat varieties ‘Daria’ (a standard), ‘Sudarynya’, ‘Ladya’, ‘Kamenka’. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of the water-soluble mineral fertilizer with a complex of microelements “Akvarin 5”, produced by the local industry, on grain productivity and quality of various spring wheat varieties. The highest grain productivity was obtained with the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with additional fertilizing of 3 kg/ha of “Akvarin 5”. The productivity increase was 0.53–0.64 t/ha with 0.19–0.24 t/ha of НСР0.5 in comparison with the control. Spring wheat additional fertilizing with water-soluble fertilizer in its pure form increased protein in grain on 0.27–0.94% in comparison with the control, and when fertilizing “Akvarin 5” according to the N26P38K38 background, this indicator increased to 9.69–11.09%. When treating sowings with 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha of “Akvarin 5” in its pure form, gluten content in grain increased to 18.71–20.30% in all varieties (in the control it was 17.71–18.91%). Treating of growing plants with “Akvarin 5” against the background of mineral fertilizers promoted the varieties to form grain with 19.89–21.26% of gluten. When treating spring wheat sowings with the water-soluble complex “Akvarin 5”, the cost of grain reduced by 14.4–17.5%, profitability raised on 17.7–22.6 in comparison with the control.

Liquid biofuels from food crops in transportation – A balance sheet of outcomes

The production and utilization of biofuels from food crops have been reviewed. Developments in Brazil, the United States, the European Union and China have been assessed in relation to the aims of biofuels policies, their costs and outcomes. The energy input for making biofuels has been compared with energy released during their combustion. The effect of using crops for fuel on the cost of grain for food and of arable land have been examined. There is evidence that current international policies have caused environmental degradation greater than the fossil fuels they were purported to replace. However, policy choices are difficult to reverse. Despite vast effort and expense, the actual scale of biofuels production is small compared to the resources that have been mobilized. As these processes have evolved, new groups of commercial interests have coalesced internationally, to take advantage of the subsidies with little recognizable benefit to the environment.

Resource-saving grain husking technology

The paper presents technical solutions aimed at increasing the efficiency of the technological process of grain seed husking by the method of step-by-step removal of fruit and seed coats. For grain seeds, it is not required to perform calibration. The author resource-saving technology and new equipment are described. They involve a multi-stage effect on grain seeds by changing the working technological gap created by the lined elastic material of the inner surface of the body and rotating movable husking hemispheres lined with elastic material, combined into one unit of patented technological equipment. A comparison of the developed resource-saving technology with the technology used for the active action of an abrasive tool by stripping fruit and seed casings is carried out. Key technical solutions were identified. They increase the production efficiency of using a multi-stage process of husking grain seeds by 14%, reduce energy consumption by reducing the amount of equipment used for calibrating seeds by 15%, reduce the amount of waste in the form of bran with a multi-stage resource-saving effect of lined elastic materials for fruit and seed casings by 18%, and increase the yield of uncrushed hulled grain to 91%. The technical devices developed are intended for implementation schemes for processing grain seeds by micro and small farms. The use of the resource-saving technology reduces the cost of grain seed husking by 8-10%, depending on the variety of grain seeds.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЧЕЧЕВИЦЫ НА ЧЕРНОЗЕМЕ ОБЫКНОВЕННОМ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ НОРМЫ ВЫСЕВА И ДОЗ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ

Purpose: to reveal the efficiency of the Donskaya variety lentils cultivation on ordinary chernozem at different seeding rates and doses of mineral fertilizers. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in Aksai district Rostov region on the experimental field of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre” (FSBSI FRARC). The objects of research are the yield and protein content in lentil grain, depending on the seeding rate and the mineral fertilizers dose. The experiments setting, recording and mathematical processing of the data obtained were carried out according to B. A. Dospekhov. Results. It has been found that the yield of Donskaya lentils is significantly influenced by both mineral fertilizers and changes in sowing rates. The maximum yield was obtained at sowing seeds at a rate of 2.2 million pcs/ha, while the plant stand and the feeding area were optimal for development. The maximum yield increase was obtained in the N20P40 variant, amounting to 0.55 t/ha. As the seeding rate increases, the protein content in the lentil grain decreases. The application of mineral fertilizers leads to a significant increase in the protein content at all studied seeding rates. The combined use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers leads to an increase in protein content compared to the application of only phosphorus fertilizers. Calculation of the agrochemical efficiency of the applied fertilizers showed that the highest payback of lentils at rates of 2.2 and 2.8 million pcs/ha was obtained with the introduction of 20 kg of active agent of phosphorus, amounting to 1.5 and 11.5 kg/kg active agent respectively. When sowing at a rate of 1.6 million pcs/ha, the maximum payback was obtained with the introduction of 40 kg active agent of phosphorus. Conclusion. It was found that it is economically efficient to cultivate lentils when sowing seeds at a rate of 2.2 million pcs/ha with the introduction of 20 kg of active agent of nitrogen and 40 kg active agent of phosphorus, this allows you to get the maximum net income (44.3 thousand rubles/ha) and payback of direct costs (3.1 rubles) with the lowest cost of grain produced (9.6 thousand rubles/ton).

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ БЕЗОТВАЛЬНОЙ ОБРАБОТКЕ ПОЧВЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ДОЗ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ В СЕВООБОРОТАХ ЦЧР

In modern agriculture, resource-saving technologies for cultivating grain crops and their optimization are becoming more and more relevant. The use of scientifically-based crop rotations, tillage methods and doses of mineral fertilizers allow increasing economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation. The purpose of the research was to assess the yield and quality of winter wheat grain depending on different doses of mineral fertilizers under non-moldboard soil tillage in the crop rotations of the Central Chernozem Region. The research was carried out in 2012-2020 in a stationary multifactorial field experiment in Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center. The experimental design included the following options: Factor A – crop rotations (grain-fallow-row, grain-grass-row, grain-grass); Factor B – mineral fertilizers (without fertilizers, N20P40K40, N40P80K80 kg ha-1). The soil of the experimental site is represented by typical, medium-loamy chernozem. The paper shows that the yield of winter wheat grain in the context of non-moldboard soil tillage was higher in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation and amounted to 3.34 t ha-1. In the grain-grass-row and grain-grass crop rotations, yield decreased by 6.6 % and 10.2 %, respectively. The maximum grain yield (3.98 t/ha-1) was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation with N40P80K80. An increase in fertilizers doses led to protein and gluten content increment from 12.6 to 13.3 % and from 22.8 to 25.6 %, respectively; however, the differences in crop rotations were within the limits of experimental error. The grain nature varied according to the studied factors from 708 to 735 g/l-1 and was higher in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation with a dose of mineral fertilizers N40P80K80. Despite more significant net income after increased fertilizers dose (N40P80K80), the increase in the winter wheat grain yield did not allow obtaining a higher level of profitability compared to N20P40K40. Winter wheat cultivation in grain-grass-row crop rotation with N20P40K40 was the most cost-effective. In this variant, the cost of grain was the lowest (4.92 thousand rubles t-1); the profitability, on the contrary, was the highest (103.4 %).