Cost Of Grain Research Articles

THE CATTLE TRADE OF SHROPSHIRE IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES

The rapid growth of population in the period from the mid-16th century stimulated internal trade by increasing consumer demand in a wide range of commodities. Inevitably, the food market was one of the first and most thoroughly affected and prices rose rapidly in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Whilst the increase was particularly noticeable in the cost of grain, a similar pattern can be seen in the movement of prices for livestock and animal products. If the inflationary spiral indicates that the supply did not keep pace with demand, nonetheless, various developments in agriculture and in marketing institutions did help to alleviate the situation. Farmers, especially the larger ones, became more market oriented and tended to develop a specialization in those products best suited to the area. Thus, the north Shropshire Plain became a very important dairy producing region in the 17th century, transporting cheese all round the country. Fairs, too, began to specialize and this attracted people from further afield. With the growth of long distance trade there emerged a class of specialist middlemen who alone had the time and the expertise to organise the market on more than a local level. The cattle trade was not exempt from these influences with large numbers of animals moving between breeding, rearing, and fattening areas and it is the purpose of this paper to illustrate these trends by reference to the trade in Shropshire.

Drylot Wintering of Range Cows: Adaptation to the Ranching Operation

The progressive rancher always looks for ways to cut cost without reducing production. He also looks for ways to improve his range. Drylotting offers one way of doing both. Recent work on drylotting with silage (Marion et al., 1965) and with all-concentrate rations (Thomas and Durham, 1964) indicates the possibility of integrating, either of these drylot techniques into the ranching operation. In a five-year study, Marion et al. (1965) found that drylotting a cow herd with sorghum silage and grain compared favorably with maintaining a cow herd on native range throughout the year. Their studies suggest that drylotting can be successfully integrated into the ranching operation to increase ranch production without increasing ranch size. Thomas and Durham (1964) reported studies which show distinct advantages of limited feeding of all-concentrate rations for cattle maintenance. They pointed out possibilities of integrating all-concentrate feeding into the ranching operation, the need for further study of all-concentrate feeding, and its place in ranching operations. The cost of grains is often such that net energy obtained per dollar spent for concentrate feed, such as sorghum grain or corn, may be greater than for roughage. Ellis (1965) reviewed recent developments in the use of allconcentrate rations in commercial feedlots. The pros and cons of all-concentrate feeding are about evenly divided, and in the fin al analysis economic factors will determine whether roughages or concentrates should be used. When local surpluses of grains occur, maintenance rations of concentrates may be cheaper than roughage rations. Too, the ease of handling and transporting concentrated feedstuffs give them a distinct advantage for isolated ranches. Because of these factors, more information is needed on the adaptability of range cattle to all-concentrate feeding. This study was designed to determine whether pregnant beef cows could be wintered successfully on limited all-concentrate rations and whether they could readjust back to the native range environment. The drylot technique was compared with commonly used methods of wintering the brood cow herd. Procedures The study was initiated on November 30, 1964 on the Edwin Forrest Ranch, Slaton, Texas. The 144 grade Hereford cows used for the study were maintained on a sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) stubblefield for 45 days prior to beginning the study. After an overnight shrink the cattle were weighed, tagged individually, and randomly separated into four groups of 36 each. The following feeding treatments were established: 1. Pasturing on native range supplemented with 1.0 lib. of 20% protein range cubes per head daily (native range). 2. Pasturing on a combination of

BEHIND THE MARKETS

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTBEHIND THE MARKETSWide price spread between fermentation and synthetic butyl alcohol results from mounting cost of grain and molasses . . . Latter now 35 cents a gallon against 6.5 last year . . . Corn has gone up from $1.30 to $1.75 per bushelHARRY STENERSONCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1951, 29, 14, 1364Publication Date (Print):April 2, 1951Publication History Published online5 November 2010Published inissue 2 April 1951https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v029n014.p1364Copyright © 1951 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views3Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (92 KB) SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Fermentation,Materials Get e-Alerts