Correct Translation Research Articles

An Analysis of Translation Error that Occurs among English Foreign Language Students

The quality of translation can affect the quality of information conveyed. However, errors often occur. It is evidenced by the various errors that can be found in this study. The objectives of this study are: 1) To check types of translation errors in Indonesian to English translation. 2) To find the possible explanations for the sources of errors made by the students in translation. The researcher hopes that it can help students to enrich their knowledge about learning translation. The methodology of this study was qualitative in case study design. The data was obtained from student tests. Researchers also conducted interviews to find out the source of the translation error. It analyzed the data and calculated each error with frequency and percentage. The respondents of this study were English Foreign Language students of Class TBI-E 2016 of UIN SMH Banten. They made some errors when they translated text from Indonesian into English. The researcher found that each error was a syntax error (68.13%), then a semantic error (31.87%). Researchers also found sources of translation errors: lack of linguistic understanding, translation procedures, unconfident, and inattention. The recommendation from the researcher is to inform students about the correct translation procedure. Moreover, more tasks about vocabulary and structure hope to be able to increase their English skill

Dynamic Variations of 3'UTR Length Reprogram the mRNA Regulatory Landscape.

This paper concerns 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of mRNAs, which are non-coding regulatory platforms that control stability, fate and the correct spatiotemporal translation of mRNAs. Many mRNAs have polymorphic 3′UTR regions. Controlling 3′UTR length and sequence facilitates the regulation of the accessibility of functional effectors (RNA binding proteins, miRNAs or other ncRNAs) to 3′UTR functional boxes and motifs and the establishment of different regulatory landscapes for mRNA function. In this context, shortening of 3′UTRs would loosen miRNA or protein-based mechanisms of mRNA degradation, while 3′UTR lengthening would strengthen accessibility to these effectors. Alterations in the mechanisms regulating 3′UTR length would result in widespread deregulation of gene expression that could eventually lead to diseases likely linked to the loss (or acquisition) of specific miRNA binding sites. Here, we will review the mechanisms that control 3′UTR length dynamics and their alterations in human disorders. We will discuss, from a mechanistic point of view centered on the molecular machineries involved, the generation of 3′UTR variability by the use of alternative polyadenylation and cleavage sites, of mutually exclusive terminal alternative exons (exon skipping) as well as by the process of exonization of Alu cassettes to generate new 3′UTRs with differential functional features.

Sürja traditsioon Põhja-Venemaa ja Siberi käsitöönduses ja rahvakunstis

The article deals with the term “Zyryanskoe” in the traditional designations of the material objects and art technologies among the people who live in the boundary territories with Komi-Zyryan’s. The article considers the ethnographic material that was gathered under the research project “The nomadic ornament: ethnic identity in the ornamental tradition of Izhma and Nenets reindeer herders”. The article is based on the published and contemporary field data. The author supposes that widely spread “Zyryan designations” among the Northern Russian, Nenets and Ob-Ugric people is the result of the high level of development and uniqueness of some traditional technologies of Komi-Zyryan. Also, this article presents recent field data on the ornamental tradition in the technique of decorating fur products among those modern Izhma Komi and Nenets, who live together in reindeer-herding settlements of the Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The article discusses the ideas of Komi and Nenets masters about what represents the ethnic and cultural specifics in the artistic decoration of fur products. Also, this article focuses on the question of the reasons for loss of ethnic identity in the modern arts and crafts of the Komi. Special attention is paid to how Komi ethnicity is visualized in modern folk art. Finally the possibility of a correct translation of the ethnocultural heritage in the works of modern masters of Komi Republic is discussed.

Meaningful Translation and Transliteration for Marathi Language

Meaningful translation and transliteration is NP problem in case of languages like Marathi language as there are so many word disambiguation and multiple use and meaning of single word in different context is available. That is why identifying correct informational need and translating text into meaningful information is a tedious and error prone task. Google translate works on machine neuron network and WorldNet is an online reference system works on psycholinguistic theory of human memory. Both approaches are promising tools for language translation. Complete translation of Marathi text to English or English to Marathi also having problem of more complicated meaningless or tedious translation. Proposed algorithm is taking into consideration meaningful translation or transliteration as per user’s informational need. This novel approach consider machine neuron network for meaningful formation of translated sentence and morphological structure for correct translation of word based on ontological analysis of word.

Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation

Machine translation is important application in natural language processing. Machine translation means translation from source language to target language to save the meaning of the sentence. A large amount of research is going on in the area of machine translation. However, research with machine translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target languages as they differ syntactically and morphologically. Appropriate inflections result correct translation. This paper elaborates the rules for inflecting the parts-of-speech and implements the inflection for Marathi to English translation. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives are carried out on the basis of semantics of the sentence. The results are discussed with examples.

Minimal Translations from Synchronous Communication to Synchronizing Locks

In order to understand the relative expressive power of larger concurrent programming languages, we analyze translations of small process calculi which model the communication and synchronization of concurrent processes. The source language SYNCSIMPLE is a minimalistic model for message passing concurrency while the target language LOCKSIMPLE is a minimalistic model for shared memory concurrency. The former is a calculus with synchronous communication of processes, while the latter has synchronizing mutable locations - called locks - that behave similarly to binary semaphores. The criteria for correctness of translations is that they preserve and reflect may-termination and must-termination of the processes. We show that there is no correct compositional translation from SYNCSIMPLE to LOCKSIMPLE that uses one or two locks, independent from the initialisation of the locks. We also show that there is a correct translation that uses three locks. Also variants of the locks are taken into account with different blocking behavior.

Responding to Students’ Errors in Online Practical Translation Classes

In practical translation classes it is inevitable that students make translation errors. Making errors is in fact a characteristic of translation training process, and the role of the teacher is to respond and offer timely and appropriate correction/feedback so that students are able to differentiate between correct and erroneous translations. Training students to develop the ability to produce correct and accurate translation is part and parcel of any practical translation classes. This paper, which has a pedagogical nature, investigates the treatment of students’ errors in online practical translation classes. It extends the area of ‘responding to errors’ to translation studies, on the one hand, and to online classes, on the other hand. Following Thompson’s (2007) model of responding to errors, the paper attempts to find out when and how teachers respond to translation errors made by students in online English-Kurdish practical translation classes. The results show that the teachers respond to the vast majority of translation errors occurred in the course of the online classes. In terms of time, the teachers never interrupted students instantly but waited until the end of translation units or utterances and then responded to the errors. In terms of the method of responding, the results revealed that the teachers mostly focused on meaning and used various techniques of error responding, including students’ involvement and offering their own corrections (with or without feedback). These results, coupled with critical comments provided, are hoped to offer useful insights to would-be translation teachers and trainers to better understand how and when to respond to students’ errors in online practical translation classes.

Legal and linguistic theory as a component of general and theoretical legal science: propedeutic aspect

The article is devoted to the topic of application of provisions and conclusions of legal linguistics in the field of law. The purpose of the study is to focus the attention of legal scholars on the necessity to consider legal and linguistic theory as a component of general and theoretical legal science.
 It is drawn attention that in the research of domestic scholars the connection between law and language is mainly highlighted by focusing on one of the aspects: either the legal basis of language functioning, or the linguistic features of law terminology system. It is emphasized that legal and linguistic theory (as well as legal linguistics) provides not two subjects of knowledge with an emphasis on one of them, but it is a dual subject - language and law; symbolic nature of law.
 The factors that influenced the genesis and development of legal and linguistic theory as a component of modern jurisprudence are presented and analyzed. First, it is globalization and integration processes, providing for the necessity to harmonize regulations, the correct translation of legitimate rules of conduct into the appropriate language, etc. Secondly, it is the borrowing of forreign concepts into the national legal system, which also stipulates an adequate understanding of their content, and phenomena denoted by the term. Partly in this context, the interdisciplinarity of modern knowledge is noted (processes of integration and differentiation of knowledge, is a factor in the interdisciplinary borrowing of concepts and categories). Secondly, it is a “linguistic turn” that marked the rejection of the prevalence of the metaphysics of consciousness and the intention of thinkers on the linguistic quintessence of cogito. Language began to be perceived as the basis of cognitive activity, thinking; the attention of scientists has shifted to the epistemology of senses and meanings.
 It is concluded that in response to the challenges of society, since the second half of the twentieth century, a new field of interdisciplinary research - legal linguistics - has been conceptualized. This interdisciplinary field is crucial in the field of law, based on the social and cultural essence of this regulator of social relations. Language, as well as law, being an element of the culture of the society, influence the perception of social values, their formation. In the context of globalization, a significant part of legal phenomena and processes can be known precisely by means of the use of epistemological tools of legal linguistics.

Grammatical Errors Made By Students’ on the Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation in the Politic Texts

English is an important role in education or technology since it functions as one of the international languages. The aim is to describe a type of grammatical error and find out the causes of errors in translating vocative text based on the idiomatic translation. The research was conducted at SMP Swasta Al-Maksum. The research design used descriptive quantitative. The population of this research was students consist of 41 students. The technique sampling was purposive sampling, sample is 41 students. The test was teacher-made. The data were acquired by administrating an objective test was a text which consisted of 10 items to test their knowledge in translating the text based on idiomatic translation, each correct translation has scores one and the incorrect translation was scored zero. The findings showed that 71% of samples were able and 29% of samples were unable in translating the text based on idiomatic translation. It means that students were able to translate the text-based on idiomatic translation.

Problems Students Face in Translating Discourse Markers from English into Kurdish

This paper investigates the problems are found in the translation of discourse markers from English into Kurdish. One of the main problems that discourse markers cause for translators is that discourse markers may have various possible translation choices. Moreover, a discourse marker has many functions, i.e. it may have more than one function. It can be thus used to show a variety of relations between several written discourse parts. Accordingly, a translator has to decide the function that a discourse marker has in a definite context to give the correct translation. In this paper Fraser's Model of discourse markers analysis (1999) has been chosen for investigating discourse markers. As for the data analysis, four students of the Department of Translation at the University of Duhok have been chosen to translate the same text from English into Kurdish to show the difficulties in choosing the correct discourse markers in these four different translations. The results showed that there are no equivalents in choosing the correct discourse markers when translating them into Kurdish.

Problems and Improvement Strategies of Tourism English Translation under Cultural Differences

As English for special purposes, tourism English plays a very important role in China's tourism industry. However, in the process of real tourism service, due to the great differences between English speaking tourists and Chinese people in the aspects of thinking mode, cultural tradition, religious belief, aesthetic taste and so on, the English introduction of tourist attractions can not accurately convey tourism information. Therefore, according to the stylistic functions of tourism materials, translators should flexibly apply correct and appropriate translation strategies.

Improving protein domain classification for third-generation sequencing reads using deep learning

BackgroundWith the development of third-generation sequencing (TGS) technologies, people are able to obtain DNA sequences with lengths from 10s to 100s of kb. These long reads allow protein domain annotation without assembly, thus can produce important insights into the biological functions of the underlying data. However, the high error rate in TGS data raises a new challenge to established domain analysis pipelines. The state-of-the-art methods are not optimized for noisy reads and have shown unsatisfactory accuracy of domain classification in TGS data. New computational methods are still needed to improve the performance of domain prediction in long noisy reads.ResultsIn this work, we introduce ProDOMA, a deep learning model that conducts domain classification for TGS reads. It uses deep neural networks with 3-frame translation encoding to learn conserved features from partially correct translations. In addition, we formulate our problem as an open-set problem and thus our model can reject reads not containing the targeted domains. In the experiments on simulated long reads of protein coding sequences and real TGS reads from the human genome, our model outperforms HMMER and DeepFam on protein domain classification.ConclusionsIn summary, ProDOMA is a useful end-to-end protein domain analysis tool for long noisy reads without relying on error correction.

Danish translation of the Neck Dissection Impairment Index

Background Shoulder pain and impairment are known complications to neck dissections (NDs) as part of the surgical management of head and neck cancer (HNC). The Neck Dissection Impairment Index (NDII) is a validated shoulder function-related quality-of-life instrument and an important patient reported outcome measure after head-neck surgery. The correct translation of questionnaires into other languages is important for both individual assessment of patients and future research. Aims Translation of the NDII into Danish. Methods The NDII was translated from English into Danish using forward and backward translational procedures. Pilot-testing was performed on the pre-final version of the translated questionnaire. Results Pilot-testing found the translation easily comprehensible, but a few changes were made to improve language flow. Conclusions NDII was successfully translated into Danish using forward and backward translations. Further validation on a larger scale is warranted. Significance NDII is an important aid to identifying patients with impairments and optimize the aftercare following ND for HNC. Translation of validated questionnaires into other languages is important for future research and international comparison of surgery outcome.

International military cooperation as an impetus for enriching terminological dictionaries: the English-Ukrainian context

The article focuses on the problem of successful communication in the course of military translation. The significant part of this process is a translation of numerous military terms, acronyms, and abbreviations where a translator must consider the context of the military document to ensure the right translation, which is as close as possible to the original text meaning. The research is based on the method of scientific observation during the classes and practical exercises in cooperation with NATO officers, the descriptive method, the method of comparison, which was used in the analysis of many textbooks and scientific articles. The use of the specific method of distributive analysis allowed the consideration of the context-dependent military terms and abbreviations. This paper presents the results of the research, including, in particular, the outlining of the classification of military terms and abbreviations, accentuation on the skills and knowledge which are important for producing a correct translation of the military terms and abbreviations which, in its turn, may have correspondents in a target language or may not have ones. Last but not least, the article provides the most striking instances of translating military terms and abbreviations grouped by their types. Reviewing the results, one can consider military translation as a context-based linguistic activity to a significant degree. The translator should have wide knowledge in the military sphere generally and in a concrete object of translation in part: artillery, ammo, IT-technologies etc. Besides English, itself is a language that develops exponentially, which invokes the growth of a variety of military terminology. As known, English is one of the two official languages of NATO. However, there are some differences in vocabulary and stylistic usage between the native languages of the Alliance member countries and English, so translators must take it into account in order to avoid misunderstandings

مصطلح (كلمة) في القرآن الكريم بين الترجمة والتفسير

لا شك في أن الترجمة الصحيحة والدقيقة للمصطلحات والمفاهيم الدينية أمر في غاية الأهمية لمن يسعى الى توخي الدقة في ترجمته ويجتهد في إيصال المعاني إلى قراء اللغة المنقول إليها بدقة متناهية وسلاسة لغوية مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار المخزون اللغوي والثقافي للغة المنقول إليها، لأن ذلك شرط رئيسي لإنجاح الترجمة.
 يسعى هذا البحث إلى إبراز بلاغة القران من خلال التطرق إلى تعدد معاني المصطلح الواحد في الترجمة، ولقد تم في، هذا البحث، التطرق إلى مصطلح (كلمة) لورودها في 22 اية في سور مختلفة من القران. 
 بعد توضيح ماهية الترجمة والتأويل ومن ثم إعطاء لمحة عن تاريخ ترجمة القران وذكر أول من ترجم القران إلى اللغة الفرنسية وتحديد المدونات الثلاث (تراجم القران الى اللغة الفرنسية) التي تم اختيارها لثلاثة مترجمين وتتم المقارنة، في ترجمة المترجمون الثلاثة لمصطلح (كلمة) في كل اية من الآيات ال 22. من اجل بلوغ النتيجة الدقيقة لهذه التراجم تتم استشارة نسختين من تفسيرات هذه الآيات.
 من اجل رصانة البحث، تم تمثيل النتائج بصيغة رسوم بيانية.
 خلاصة البحث التي تم التوصل إليها، إن استعانة مترجم الآيات القرآنية بكتب تفسير القران ضرورية جدا من اجل مجاراة بلاغة القران وللحصول على ترجمة دقيقة.
 في ختام القول من المؤمل ان يساهم هذا البحث البسيط في دعم جهود بحوث الترجمة بصورة عامة وترجمة القران بصورة خاصة.

Man-Machine Translation—Future of Computer-Assisted Translation

The development of artificial intelligence has given birth to machine translation, which greatly improves translation efficiency. However, the quality of machine translation is not satisfactory, especially in terms of proprietary terms, cultural vocabulary, and text logic. Human-machine translation has become an innovative product of computer-assisted translation, which automatically saves corpus modified or stored by the translator and grows together with it, constituting a unique translation library. After that the machine can automatically identify and retrieve the correct translation in subsequent translation practices, maintaining quality while ensuring quantity and improving translation efficiency.

Techniques for Translating Military Vocabulary from English into Russian

This article devoted to the techniques of translation military texts, the importance of accuracy of translation. The given article considers the importance of the correct translation characteristic features of military materials. It summarizes the opinions of scientists who have drawn with considerable interest in describing the structure and main classes of special vocabulary in particular terminology, characteristic features of any military materials and the term problem. Translation is one way of transferring thoughts from one language to another. Qualitative and complete translation provides a true and complete transfer of all the specifics and content of the source language.

VP_TT: A value propagation based equivalence checker for testability transformations

Testability transformation (TT) is a source-to-source programme transformation that aims to improve the ability of a given test generation method to generate test data for the original programme. Herein, the correctness of testability transformations is shown. Translation validation is the process of proving that the transformed programme is a correct translation of the source programme being compiled. It is widely used to verify the correctness of various compiler optimizations and transformations during scheduling. The value propagation based equivalence checking (VP) method is an efficient translation validation approach proposed to verify the correctness of various compiler optimization applied during scheduling in high-level synthesis. VP-based translation validation of testability transformations is proposed. In particular, it is identified that the existing VP method fails to show the equivalence for some of the TTs. A dynamic cutpoint selection scheme and an enhancement to the VP method to overcome these limitations are shown. The enhanced VP method, called VP_TT, successfully shows the equivalence for the TTs where the VP method fails. Experimental results confirm the usefulness of VP_TT in the verification of testability transformations.

A Study on Chinese-English Translation of International Publicity of the Northern Shaanxi Tourism in China from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics

The Chinese-English translation of China’s Northern Shaanxi tourism international publicity has some problems that need to discuss, which brought certain negative effects on the development of Tourism in Northern Shaanxi. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, considered comprehension and perception of foreign tourists, the current version of international publicity translation should make some modifications. As a consequence, the translation version should guide foreign tourists to understand the geographical condition and historic culture of scenic spots so as to seek the correct translation version to widely spread tourism in the Northern Shaanxi of China.

К вопросу о переводе некоторых философских терминов в статье Г. Оберхаммера «Забытая тайна человеческой любви»

The article deals with the problem of translation of some Sanskrit, English and German philosophical terms found in the article of Austrian indologist G. Ober­hammer “The Forgotten Secret of Human Love. An Attempt of an Approach”, which is devoted to the phenomenon of human love in India of the ancient and medieval period in such texts as Kāmasūtra of Vātsyāyana, Sātvatasaṃhitā, Nyāyabhāṣya of Pakṣilasvāmin, Śaraṇāgatigadya of Rāmānuja, etc. (translation of the article is attached below). At the beginning of the article, brief information on Oberhammer and the study of his creative heritage in Russia is provided. In particular, such Sanskrit terms as “śṛṅgāra” (erotic mood), “kāma” (sexual de­sire), the English term “rest”, the German “Rest” are considered. The author poses the following questions: is it possible to translate the word “kāma” as “love”, “śṛṅgāra” (erotische Stimmungen) – as erotic mood, whether to translate the Eng­lish “rest” as “peace”, or as “remainder”: and replies that, basing on contextual use, for “kāma” it is better to use the translation “desire” (“sexual desire”) or leave the Sanskrit term as it is, as Oberhammer does for the most part, “erotic mood”, to be more precise, means “erotic feeling”, not “mood” and the English “rest” clearly means “the remainder”, more specifically – the abandonment of oneself to God. The author concludes that for the correct translation of English terms in articles devoted to Indological problems, it is necessary to refer directly to Sanskrit terms, in the case of translated articles, we must also check the text against the original language, and for translation of Sanskrit terms we should use specialized dictionaries, referring to cases of contextual use of that terms.