Correct Translation Research Articles

DECIPHERING METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES DURING MACHINE TRANSLATION POST-EDITING PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF AN INDONESIAN EFL LEARNER

The shift of paradigm from a machine translation (MT)-centred orientation to a human-centred orientation has increased the popularity of Machine Translation Post-editing (MTPE) practices in the last few years. As a result, a growing body of research has accentuated MTPE as a central investigative issue. Unfortunately, probing how an EFL learner employed metacognitive strategies during Machine Translation Post-editing (MTPE) practices remains underdeveloped, particularly in the Indonesian EFL context. Hence, this study aimed to fill the gap. A 24–year–old female learner of the English Education Department of a state university in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia was recruited as a participant in this scrutiny. To uphold ethical issues, the participant's name was made anonymous, namely Angel (pseudonym). Grounded in a descriptive case study, the present inquiry was intended to decipher how an EFL learner employed metacognitive strategies during MTPE practices. The data were audiovisual recordings of the think-aloud activities, transcript of TAP results and the input event loggings. These data were collected through Zoom-mediated Think Aloud Protocols (TAP). The data were analysed with Arndt’s categories of ESL writing strategies encompassing planning, global planning, rehearsing, repeating, re-reading, and questioning (Arndt, 1987; Mu, 2005). The findings reported that there were the predominant patterns represented by Angel's MTPE practices, namely the learner’s metacognitive strategies during MTPE practices in English-Indonesian output (rereading, questioning, editing, repeating, and planning). Pedagogically speaking, training learners to understand the underpinning concepts and practical use of MTPE encourages them to value the existence of an MT-centred task to a human-centred one in translating practices. Additionally, guiding learners to possess conceptual and procedural knowledge of how to undertake MTPE practices enables them to apply grammatically, syntactically, semantically and pragmatically correct translations, accurate punctuation, proper key terminology, culturally acceptable contents, added or omitted information, and acceptable formatting styles.

Validation of Kannada Version of the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS).

Preoperative anxiety is a complex and subjective phenomenon, most commonly observed in patients posted for elective surgery. The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety Information Scale (APAIS) has been widely used in preoperative settings to measure anxiety quickly. This study aimed to translate the APAIS into Kannada and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The study involved forward and backward translation of APAIS into Kannada followed by a cognitive interview of 10 patients by clinical psychologist to confirm the correct translation. The translated version was then administered to 240 patients who were posted for elective surgery along with the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A). Reliability and internal consistency were assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was assessed by principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Criteria validity was assessed by evaluating the correlation between APAIS and VAS-A. The Kannada-translated version of APAIS was completed by 224 patients posted for elective surgery. Cronbach's alpha was 0.82 and 0.83 for anxiety and need for information items, respectively. Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI),and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) were 0.07, 0.98, and 0.96, respectively, for three-factor model, indicating it to be best fit for Kannada version of APAIS. The Kannada version of APAIS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing elective surgery.

Unraveling DREAM-PL: A Case Report on Challenges and Management

An uncommon autosomal recessive condition called DREAM-PL syndrome is typified by dysmorphic facial features, renal agenesis, male ambiguous genitalia, microcephaly, polydactyly, and lissencephaly. The CTU2 gene, which is in charge of tRNA post-transcriptional modification, is mutated in the syndrome. This alteration is necessary for the correct translation of genes, and its disruption can result in several aberrant embryonic processes. The severity of DREAM-PL syndrome can vary from moderate to severe, and the clinical characteristics can be diverse. While some patients may exhibit only some of the distinguishing features, others may have all of them. The most common characteristics include ambiguous genitalia, dysmorphic facies, and microcephaly. Diagnosis of DREAM-PL syndrome is typically based on clinical signs and confirmed through genetic testing, which can identify mutations in the CTU2 gene. Material and methodology: In the case being referred to as a study, a 37-week-old male neonate was delivered by lower segment cesarean section. The baby's birth weight was 2.760 Kg, and a heterozygous CMP mutation of the CTU2 gene was confirmed through whole-exome sequencing (WES). Unfortunately, there is currently no known cure for DREAM-PL syndrome. Result: Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and providing supportive care. In some cases, surgical correction of birth defects may be beneficial.

The interpretation of field and LEAP potentials recorded from cardiomyocyte monolayers

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Multi-electrode arrays (MEA) are the method of choice for electrophysiological characterization of cardiomyocyte monolayers. The field potentials recorded using a MEA are like extracellular electrograms recorded from ventricular myocardium using conventional electrodes. Nevertheless, different criteria are often used to interpret field potential and extracellular electrogram, which hampers correct interpretation and translation to the patient. To validate criteria for extracellular electrograms analysis applicable to field potentials, we used neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to generate monolayers. We recorded field potentials using a MEA and simultaneously recorded action potentials using sharp micro-electrodes. In parallel we recreated our experimental setting in silico and performed simulations. We demonstrate that the amplitude of the local RS-complex of a field potential correlated with conduction velocity, but only in the lower ranges of conduction velocities. The time of the peak of the T-wave of the field potentials correlated well with APD90 and the time of the steepest upslope with APD50. By injecting current into the monolayer, we could record a local extracellular action potential (LEAP). The LEAP was of low amplitude and highly depolarized, and the shape differed markedly from the shape of the local action potential. Criteria for interpreting extra cellular electrograms should also be applied to field potentials. This will provide a strong basis for analysis of heterogeneity in conduction velocity and repolarization in cultured monolayers of cardiomyocytes especially at low conduction velocities. A LEAP is not a recording of the local action potential but is generated by intracellular current provided by neighboring cardiomyocytes.

Приключения кекса ″Мадлен″ в России: заметки о переводах романа М. Пруста В поисках утраченного времени

″The powerful joy″ (une puissante joie), ″the delicious pleasure″ (un plaisir délicieux) is a very important motive of Marcel Proust’s novel A la Recherche du temps perdu. It is represented in the famous episode of the novel, that is the narrator’s remembrances initiated by the Petite Madeleine. The narrator analyses this ecstatic gastronomic experience and creates a new form of retrospective reflection which is considered as one of the aesthetic inventions by M. Proust and as one of the foundations of the novel’s project. The article describes how this retrospective gastronomic reflection is represented in Russian translations. There are at least three unfinished Russian versions of the novel but nevertheless the completely correct translation of the Petite Madeleine episode doesn’t exist. As a starting point and as a model of the M. Proust’s novel this episode seems to be an important material for analyzing peculiarities of a reception of the French writer’s work in Russia and for developing an interpretation of A la Recherche du temps perdu.

Automatically Testing Functional Properties of Code Translation Models

Large language models are becoming increasingly practical for translating code across programming languages, a process known as transpiling. Even though automated transpilation significantly boosts developer productivity, a key concern is whether the generated code is correct. Existing work initially used manually crafted test suites to test the translations of a small corpus of programs; these test suites were later automated. In contrast, we devise the first approach for automated, functional, property-based testing of code translation models. Our general, user-provided specifications about the transpiled code capture a range of properties, from purely syntactic to purely semantic ones. As shown by our experiments, this approach is very effective in detecting property violations in popular code translation models, and therefore, in evaluating model quality with respect to given properties. We also go a step further and explore the usage scenario where a user simply aims to obtain a correct translation of some code with respect to certain properties without necessarily being concerned about the overall quality of the model. To this purpose, we develop the first property-guided search procedure for code translation models, where a model is repeatedly queried with slightly different parameters to produce alternative and potentially more correct translations. Our results show that this search procedure helps to obtain significantly better code translations.

Teaching Large Language Models to Translate with Comparison

Open-sourced large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various tasks with instruction tuning. However, these models can sometimes struggle with tasks that require more specialized knowledge such as translation. One possible reason for such deficiency is that instruction tuning aims to generate fluent and coherent text that continues from a given instruction without being constrained by any task-specific requirements. Moreover, it can be more challenging to tune smaller LLMs with lower-quality training data. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework using examples in comparison to teach LLMs to learn translation. Our approach involves output comparison and preference comparison, presenting the model with carefully designed examples of correct and incorrect translations and an additional preference loss for better regularization. Empirical evaluation on four language directions of WMT2022 and FLORES-200 benchmarks shows the superiority of our proposed method over existing methods. Our findings offer a new perspective on fine-tuning LLMs for translation tasks and provide a promising solution for generating high-quality translations. Please refer to Github for more details: https://github.com/lemon0830/TIM.

CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN PHARMACEUTICAL TEXTS

The article examines the peculiarities of translating medical instructions from English into Ukrainian. The medical terms in the instructions for medicinal products were analyzed. The article emphasizes the necessity of the translator’s knowledge in the field of medical sciences, in particular, pharmacology, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry. Problems that hinder the correct translation of medical instructions are emphasized, the main of which are difficulties in translating abbreviations, eponyms, synonyms, Latinisms, and Greekisms.

The Identity Controversy in Literary Translation

Literary texts display many linguistic features, as well as social and cultural aspects of human lives, and thus we can assert that literary translation is one of the main ways of communication across cultures. Translating literary texts has been always viewed as a hard task. It constitutes an obstacle in the translating process. Therefore, translation in this context is not just a transfer of textual material from one language to another, but rather a cultural transfer, and even more, it is a transfer of identity. It is a process of cultural transfer that involves more than simple search for a semantic equivalent. Translators, therefore, have to take the sociolinguistic aspects of language into consideration, being aware of how these concepts are manifested in each culture. It makes a great challenge to the translator who is sometimes torn between the aesthetics and cultural components of both languages. Moreover, he finds himself lost between various identities. Which one should be kept? What is the role of the translator in achieving a settlement between all identities? He may be tempted to one identity and neglect another, so translation will lose its function. Accordingly, it depends on how he decodes the original text and interrogates its meaning through his view, the target culture and his profession. To clarify the issue, the study examines a novel translated from Arabic into English, For Bread Alone by the Moroccan novelist Mohamed Choukri. It is a novel in which the manifestations of identity between religious and social are differently manifested. Consequently, by strategies of foreignization and localization, the translator attempts to achieve a correct translation that preserves some of the characteristics of the original and respects the eligibility of the target reader. Translation does not create identity, but rather seeks to create a kind of harmony between the self and the other.

Definite or Indefinite? The Case of Arabic Product Names as Judged by Student Translators

Product names in Saudi Arabia are mostly written in both Arabic and English, whether they are imported or locally produced. Numerous errors in using the Arabic definite article are currently very common. This study aims to examine a sample of Arabic product names consisting of single and multi-word names to find out the percentage of indefinite and definite product names, the types of compound product names with the highest frequency in faulty definite article attachment, and whether they faulty {al-} attachment is a result of transfer from their English equivalents which in most cases are printed on the product boxes or bottles. A sample of 187 product names (food, teas, coffee, herbs, spices, supplements, and beauty products) was collected from supermarkets, shops, and pharmacies. A sample of undergraduate student translators made judgments about the correctness of the definiteness and indefiniteness of all the product names in the sample. A product name was confirmed as definite or indefinite if it received the same response from 70% of the participants. Results showed that 60% of the product names are definite and 40% are indefinite. 49% were judged correct ((38% indefinite and 11% definite) as برجر بقري Beef burger; توت مشكل mixed berries & كبة دجاج chicken kibbeh. 51% were judged incorrect (49% definite and 2% indefinite) as (الزنك *the zinc). مربى المشمش apricot fruit spread; شيش طاووق الدجاج shish tawook). In some cases, definite and indefinite forms of the same product names are used due to differences in the manufacturer. Few faulty indefinite forms should be definite ( بهارات السمكfish spices instead of بهارات سمك ), and few definite forms were considered correct (توابل المشويات BBQ spices). The highest frequency of faulty {al-} occurred in two-word product names. It seems that manufacturers are unaware of the rules of making product names definite/indefinite, especially those with a generic and ubiquitous reference as opposed to those referring to specific and unique entities as in oil names. Analysis revealed no transfer of definiteness/indefiniteness from English, in which product names are usually indefinite. Recommendations for the correct labelling and translation of product names are given.

Подготовка будущих переводчиков к передаче слов и словосочетаний, репрезентирующих кинесические движения персонажа в художественном произведении

The study aims to justify the need to train future translators to render words and phrases representing characters’ kinesic movements in fiction from one language to another, as well as to propose a corresponding training methodology. The article specifies what a kineme is, indicates its role in fiction and substantiates the importance of its correct translation. An algorithm for translating such words and phrases is presented for the first time. The scientific novelty of the study lies in describing a methodology for training students how to translate words and phrases representing characters’ kinesic movements in fiction. As a result, the article lists the difficulties faced by translators when rendering kinemes from one language to another, presents the algorithm for translating such words and phrases and provides examples of tasks for its successful integration into the educational process, describes the results of testing the developed methodology.

Challenges in developing therapies in fragile X syndrome: how the FXLEARN trial can guide research.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and the single-gene cause of autism, is caused by decreased expression of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein protein (FMRP), a ribosomal-associated RNA-binding protein involved in translational repression. Extensive preclinical work in several FXS animal models supported the therapeutic potential of decreasing metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling to correct translation of proteins related to synaptic plasticity; however, multiple clinical trials failed to show conclusive evidence of efficacy. In this issue of the JCI, Berry-Kravis and colleagues conducted the FXLEARN clinical trial to address experimental design concerns from previous trials. Unfortunately, despite treatment of young children with combined pharmacological and learning interventions for a prolonged period, no efficacy of blocking mGluR activity was observed. Future systematic evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches should evaluate consistency between human and animal pathophysiological mechanisms, utilize innovative clinical trial design from FXLEARN, and incorporate translatable biomarkers.

A STUDY OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS WHEN USING TRANSLATION SOFTWARE FOR STUDENTS IN ECONOMIC CONTRACTS

Along with the strong development of the ongoing fourth industrial revolution, automatic translation software also plays a very important role in helping people get closer together without being hindered by language. Google Translate software is one of the early software and is gradually improving itself. The birth of this software has helped people who do not know each other's languages to communicate and read documents to get closer. However, the correct translation is still a problem due to many reasons. In order to clarify grammatical errors when using google translate software to translate from English to Vietnamese, the author will conduct a study on the situation in economic contracts through 100 English contracts collected from foreign companies. cooperation between vnguowif Vietnam and foreigners. The purpose of this study is to point out common mistakes and suggest ways to prevent students from using the software. Besides, it also helps software developers have a scientific basis to perfect it in the future.

Measuring the English vocabulary acquisition of Japanese learners

The measurable vocabulary knowledge of Japanese learners of English (JLEs) has yet to be fully investigated. This study, therefore, attempts a detailed investigation of JLEs’ vocabulary knowledge to clarify the relationship between the frequency of words and their difficulty level and to identify the factors that affect the difficulty of vocabulary learning. We tested 192 university-level JLEs on 1,035 verbs, requesting that they choose a correct Japanese translation. The average number of correct answers for each verb was compared with its frequency ranking. Moreover, the characteristics of verbs that received high and low percentages of correct answers were examined. The three major findings were as follows. First, the average number of correct answers was 751.97 (72.65% of the verbs investigated). Second, the average number of correct answers decreased as the frequency of the verb decreased. However, this tendency diminished beyond the 4,000-word level. Finally, not a few low-frequency verbs garnered a high percentage of correct answers; these were verbs that included affixes or were English loanwords that were possibly known to JLEs. However, other low-frequency verbs received a low percentage of correct answers because they had abstract or multiple meanings and lacked clues that could facilitate an understanding of the word’s meaning. We concluded that these were the main factors affecting the degree of difficulty in learning each vocabulary item. Regarding this study’s pedagogical implications, efficient use should be made of English-based loanwords and affixes, and university-level JLEs should intentionally learn low-frequency words.

Interpretation of field and LEAP potentials recorded from cardiomyocyte monolayers.

Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are the method of choice for electrophysiological characterization of cardiomyocyte monolayers. The field potentials recorded using an MEA are like extracellular electrograms recorded from the myocardium using conventional electrodes. Nevertheless, different criteria are used to interpret field potentials and extracellular electrograms, which hamper correct interpretation and translation to the patient. To validate the criteria for interpretation of field potentials, we used neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to generate monolayers. We recorded field potentials using an MEA and simultaneously recorded action potentials using sharp microelectrodes. In parallel, we recreated our experimental setting in silico and performed simulations. We show that the amplitude of the local RS complex of a field potential correlated with conduction velocity in silico but not in vitro. The peak time of the T wave in field potentials exhibited a strong correlation with APD90 while the steepest upslope correlated well with APD50. However, this relationship only holds when the T wave displayed a biphasic pattern. Next, we simulated local extracellular action potentials (LEAPs). The shape of the LEAP differed markedly from the shape of the local action potential, but the final duration of the LEAP coincided with APD90. Criteria for interpretation of extracellular electrograms should be applied to field potentials. This will provide a strong basis for the analysis of heterogeneity in conduction velocity and repolarization in cultured monolayers of cardiomyocytes. Finally, a LEAP is not a recording of the local action potential but is generated by intracellular current provided by neighboring cardiomyocytes and is superior to field potential duration in estimating APD90.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present a physiological basis for the interpretation of multielectrode array-derived, extracellular, electrical signals.

Переклад як інструмент комунікації фахівців з міжнародних економічних відносин

The communication skills of specialists in international economic relations determine the ease of overcoming linguistic and cultural boundaries in today’s globalized world. As businesses expand into international markets, the demand for professionals with a high level of language competence, including translation and interpretation skills, is high. The article substantiates that translation competence is an integral part of the professional competence of applicants for economic direction, since integration processes and international cooperation increase the requirements for foreign language proficiency not only in the interpersonal sphere, but also in the economic, especially in the field of international business. In the course of the study, the main key challenges and barriers to effective communication in international business are identified and characterized, namely: cultural differences, language barriers, non-verbal communication signals, technological challenges, time zone differences, cross-cultural misunderstandings, translation and interpretation. Emphasis is placed on translation and interpretation, as it is an important tool for facilitating communication between speakers of different languages. Correct translation and interpretation requires not only knowledge of the language, but also cultural competence, understanding of the context and knowledge of the subject. The authors identify the main areas of application of translation and interpretation in international business, including: legal and regulatory documents; financial reports and market analysis results; marketing and promotional materials for international markets; translation of technical specifications, instructions and documentation for products; diplomatic negotiations, international conferences and diplomatic correspondence on economic issues. Thus, translation is an effective tool for effective communication, cooperation and negotiations in international economic relations. By overcoming language barriers, fostering intercultural understanding, and the exchange of information and ideas, translation plays a vital role in promoting economic cooperation, trade liberalization, and sustainable development on a global scale.

The role of tRNA identity elements in aminoacyl-tRNA editing.

The rules of the genetic code are implemented by the unique features that define the amino acid identity of each transfer RNA (tRNA). These features, known as "identity elements," mark tRNAs for recognition by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs), the enzymes responsible for ligating amino acids to tRNAs. While tRNA identity elements enable stringent substrate selectivity of ARSs, these enzymes are prone to errors during amino acid selection, leading to the synthesis of incorrect aminoacyl-tRNAs that jeopardize the fidelity of protein synthesis. Many error-prone ARSs have evolved specialized domains that hydrolyze incorrectly synthesized aminoacyl-tRNAs. These domains, known as editing domains, also exist as free-standing enzymes and, together with ARSs, safeguard protein synthesis fidelity. Here, we discuss how the same identity elements that define tRNA aminoacylation play an integral role in aminoacyl-tRNA editing, synergistically ensuring the correct translation of genetic information into proteins. Moreover, we review the distinct strategies of tRNA selection used by editing enzymes and ARSs to avoid undesired hydrolysis of correctly aminoacylated tRNAs.

The linguistic landscape of the Neryungrinsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): an analysis of bilingual signs of educational institutions

According to Article 35 of the Law on Languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), state and municipal institutions are required to have official signs for both official languages of the Republic, Yakut and Russian, and for districts densely populated by indigenous northern minorities, for their languages, which are defined by the law as official languages. The aim of this research is to analyse the errors made in translating the official signs of educational institutions in the Neryungrinsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). To accomplish this objective, the following tasks were carried out: 1. Collecting and sorting photographs of signs of educational institutions; 2. Analysing the source text in Russian, i.e. highlighting the order of presentation of information about the institution; 3. Analysing the translated text, i.e. evaluating the accuracy of the translation and identifying translation errors; 4. Categorising translation errors into five groups: graphic errors, spelling errors, errors in translating abbreviations, word order errors and grammatical errors; 5. Linguistic analysis of the identified errors; 6. Development of the correct version of the translation of the signs. The research uses statistical counting and comparison methods to identify the schemes of presentation of information about institutions on signboards, methods of observation and comparison of signboard texts to develop the most optimal translation option in the presence of several translation options for the same information, and methods of analysis and synthesis to describe translation errors and justify the correct translation option. Practical recommendations in the form of schemes and vocabulary developed in the course of this study are universal and can be applied to other organisations of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia); this is the reason for the relevance of the study. The analysis outputs are applicable for training translators at M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, citing the scientific, practical, and linguodidactic potential of this work.

КӨРКӨМ КОТОРМОНУН ӨЗ АРА БӨЛҮНҮШТӨРҮ ЖАНА АЛАРДЫН СПЕЦИФИКАЛЫК ӨЗГӨЧӨЛҮКТӨРҮ

The article states that grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, sentence symmetry, syntactic figures, rhythmicity of poetic and prose speech, repetitions, parallelisms, etc. in the text have their own national and cultural specifics. Due to the absence or underdevelopment of fundamental works on translation studies, translation criticism, translation history and translation theory in the native language in the native language, we are not able to select and present to the general reader the best translations that clarify the qualitative characteristics, specific features and mutual differences of a true literary translation. Literary translation requires the highest level of equivalence, which can only be achieved by a creative, diligent, experienced translator, overflowing with translation skills. Indeed, in the history of literature there are poets and writers who became famous for their free translation. One of the main tasks of the translator is to provide the full content of the original, where the content of the original and the translation is identical, compatible and the correct translation is very important. Equivalence is the component that fulfills and implements this unity.

CULTURAL-SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF LEGAL TEXTS TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is to investigate culturally specific problems of legal texts translating from German into Ukrainian and vice versa. Methods. Solving the set tasks is carried out using such methods as analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of translation studies; system analysis, and the continuous sampling technique was used to collect language facts. Results. The problem of translating terminology is one of the main problems of legal texts translating. The main difficulty lies in the ambiguity of German legal terms. Another difficulty is related to the fact that different countries have unequal characteristics in the same spheres of life, and, accordingly, inevitably differ in the sphere of law. This concerns, first of all, the differences between the legal systems of Ukraine and Germany. Therefore, during translation, attention should be paid to the fact that certain facts do not always find an equivalent in another language, because they do not exist in this form. Similarly, the same terms in two languages do not always have the same meaning or scope. Also because in so-called specialized texts, due to their subject matter and frequent linguistic and formal standardization, the influence of cultural features is less than in literary or advertising texts. Therefore, in order to carry out a correct translation of a legal text from German into Ukrainian, it is necessary to take into account the cultural and specific features of both countries, to have knowledge of linguistic and regional studies, history, as well as to possess professional and branch knowledge. Because insufficient knowledge of the history of the people, its culture, customs, social order, features of political life can lead to an inadequate translation. On the other hand, the translation of specialized legal texts should not focus exclusively on linguistic aspects, otherwise a "functionally adequate" translation will not be achieved.