Control Variant Research Articles

Content of Toxic Elements after Introduction of Phosphogypsum and Litter into Slightly Eroded Agrochernozem

When using by-products and wastes of industrial and agricultural production (phosphogypsum (PG) and turkey litter (TL)) as a fertilizer, it is necessary to take into account not only the content of nutrients, but also environmental safety, including the presence of toxic elements. A small-plot field experiment was conducted on slightly eroded agrochernozem in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. PG was applied once at doses of 5, 10, and 20 t/ha; TL – in doses of 40 and 60 t/ha; organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) – 40 and 60 t/ha at ratios of PG and TL 1 : 10, 1 : 5 and 1 : 2. After applying of PG, TL, or OMF into the soil, the content of As, Cd, Hg, Se, Mo, Sb, W, and V remained at the trace level. The content of Zn, Ni, Cu, Ba, and Mn remained practically unchanged compared to the control variant, but was significantly higher than in the initial PG. The content of Pb and Sr increased mainly with the addition of high doses of PG, while those of Co and Cr increased with high doses of TL. In general, the content of elements of three toxicity classes did not exceed the MPC, the total effect of pollution was assessed as permissible.

Features of the expression of breeding traits in Linum usitatissimum L. somaclones

Aim. Determining the level of expression, variability and features of inheritance of the main breeding traits of flax somaclones (Linum usitatissimum L.) in connection with the possibility of their use as initial selection material was the aim of our research. Methods. Hypocotyl and epicotyl segments for the induction of callusogenesis and somatic embryogenesis were cultured in vitro on the nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog with the addition of 1.00 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.05 mg/l 1-naphthylacetic acid, 30 g/l sucrose, a photoperiod of 16 h, illumination 2500 lux, relative air humidity 60–80 %, air temperature 22–24°C. Somaclones were adapted in vivo, and their generations were studied in the field. Results. Somaclones of the Hlinum variety were tested in the field according to the main selection traits and were not significantly inferior to the control variant; however, among them it is possible to single out some valuable individual plants for further breeding. Conclusions. Peculiarities of correlations between traits indicate the possibility of creating breeding material with a high level of fibrousness and seed productivity at the same time, high fiber mass and its content, allow selection for fibrousness by indirect traits – total and/or technical stem length, stem mass. A promising direction is the use of somaclones as sources of a high level of manifestation of the trait of the number of capsules on a plant (up to 17 pcs.).

Enhancing Nutritional Value and Safety in Horse Meat Cutlets with Pumpkin Additives

This study introduces an innovative approach to meat cutlet production, integrating horse meat with a 20% pumpkin additive. To evaluate the nutritional impact of the pumpkin addition, two variants of cutlets were analyzed - a control variant devoid of pumpkin and an experimental variant supplemented with pumpkin. It was observed that the pumpkin additive enriched the cutlets with a significantly higher level of carbohydrates, minerals like calcium, and vitamins A and C (p<0.001). Simultaneously, critical control points (CCPs) in the production process were identified to mitigate potential hazards (biological, chemical, physical) at various stages, including raw meat receiving, storage, and preparation, grinding, mixing, packing, and freezing of the final product. The results underscore the potential of integrating vegetable additives like pumpkin into meat products not only for nutritional enhancement but also for effective hazard control and traceability throughout the production process, offering important implications for meat product innovation and safety protocols.

Influence of the sowing method and seeding rate on the formation of agrocenosis and seed yield of awnless brome

The development of science-based technologies of cultivation makes it possible to reveal the productive potential of new varieties of perennial grasses. In 2021-2022 in the conditions of the Penza region, there were studied the seeding rates and methods of sowing of a new variety of awnless brome Udalets when cultivated for seed. According to the hydrothermalcoefficient, the growing season of 2021 was characterized as dry (HTC = 0.8), 2022 – as normal in terms of moisture supply (HTC = 1.0). The best indicators of the development of brome plants (mass of plants and roots) by the end of the first year of life were obtained using a wide-row sowing method with row spacing of 30 cm at a seeding rate of 5.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha. In terms of the yield of green mass and the collection of dry matter from 1 m2 in the first year of life, the wide-row sowing method with a row spacing of 30 cm had an advantage. During the year of awnless brome grass use the best indicators of seed yield were obtained by wide-row sowing method with row spacing of 30 cm at a seeding rate of 5.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha. At the same time, the number of productive stems was 106 pcs/m2, the length of the inflorescence was 19.0 cm, the number of spikelets in the inflorescence was 182 pcs., the weight of seeds from a productive shoot was 0.78 g, the weight of 1000 seeds was 4.26 g, which was 8.2; 8.0; 11.0; 13.0; 0.9 %, respectively, higher than the control variant with a row sowing method with row spacing of 15 cm at a seeding rate of 6.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha. The highest seed yield of awnless brome in the first year of use was formed with a wide-row sowing method with row spacing of 30 cm at a seeding rate of 5.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha (824 kg/ha), the increase over the control was 146 kg/ha, or 21.5 %. By a row method of sowing with row spacing of 15 cm, a high yield was obtained in the control variant (6 million viable seeds/ha) – 678 kg/ha. With a seeding rate of 5.0 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, the seed yield decreased by 7.6 %.

The application of mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations in the cultivation of oil flax on ordinary chernozem in the conditions of the Lower Don

Field experiments were carried out in 2020-2022. on chernozem soils in the Azov zone of the Rostov region. They cultivated a variety of oilseed flax Heavenly. The predecessor is winter wheat. The following types of mineral fertilizers were used in the experiment: ammonium nitrate (34.4 % N), ammophos (12-52), potassium chloride (K2O65). The use of mineral fertilizers was carried out in the autumn period for plowing the soil, in the spring for continuous cultivation and for sowing oil flax. Bacterial preparations are intended for the treatment of flax seeds in the pre-sowing period: Mizorin, Flavobacterin, Extrasol. Average for 2020-2022 the maximum increase from the use of agro-chemicals was achieved in the variant with the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers under continuous cultivation at a dose of N60P60. The increase in the yield of flax oilseeds was 0.74 t/ha, or 51.7 % compared to the control. A high effect was achieved from the treatment of seed material with the biological preparation Extrasol (200 ml per sowing rate of seeds). The increase in the yield of oilseeds reached 0.19 t/ha to the variant without the use of fertilizers. With the combined use of fertilizers and bacterial preparations, the best effect on the yield of flax was achieved from the treatment of seeds in the pre-sowing period with bacterial preparations Flavobacterin and Extrasol. The increase in comparison with the control variant was 0.51 t/ha, or 31.5 %. On average, over 2 years, the largest oil yield in the crop was obtained in the variant using N30P30. The increase in oil harvest was 371 kg/ha, or 63.4 %.

The effectiveness of autumn application of the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD depending on the consumption rates and phases of development of winter wheat on dark gray forest soils of the Ryazan region

As a leader in the development of high plant protection technologies, Bayer CropScience was the first in Russia to introduce the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD, specialized specifically for autumn use on winter grain crops. Experiments to study the effectiveness of the herbicide were laid in the fields of the ISA, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FNATS VIM in the Ryazan Region in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil. Under pre-sowing cultivation, 1.0 c/ha of azofos was applied. In the phase of spring tillering, winter wheat crops were fertilized with ammonium nitrate of 1.0 c/ha. Herbicide Alistair Grand, MD was applied in doses of 0.8 and 1.0 l / ha (spraying) in the phase of 1-3 leaves of the culture. In the same doses, Alistair Grand, MD (spraying) was used in the tillering phase of the crop. On the control variant, the herbicide was not used. Two-year tests of the autumn application of the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD in the phase of 1-3 leaves and in the tillering phase with a rate of application of 0.8 and 1.0 l / ha on winter wheat crops showed its high efficiency in the destruction of annual dicotyledonous and annual cereal (common broomstick) weeds. Annual dicots were inhibited to 97.9% in number and up to 96.6% by weight. tenacious bedstraw – by 11.5–12.5 pcs/m2, wild spin – by 17–19 pcs/m2, field and shepherd's purse violets – by 5.5–6.0 pcs/m2, common broom – by 14–15 pcs/m2. Surveys at the resumption of vegetation and before harvesting showed the complete destruction of the common broomstick. From the use of the drug, an additional grain yield of 106.9–114.7% was obtained.

FACTORS ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMYLOLITIC ENZYMES OF STREPTOMYCETE ORIGIN

Modern enzyme biotechnology is a promising and rapidly developing field that requires the latest research on the conditions of enzyme biosynthesis. Optimizing the composition of the nutrient medium depending on the needs of microorganisms and physicochemical factors directly affect the increase in the efficiency of the biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes, namely the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15. Modulation of the biosynthetic activity of strains producing amylolytic enzymes will allow to significantly increase their economic yield. Aim. The purpose of this work is to optimize the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15 in terms of the synthesis of amylolytic enzymes and the study of the dynamics of the influence of physical and chemical factors on optimization. Methods. The object of the study is the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15, obtained by three-stage selection of the producer. The simplex method of selecting the composition of the environment was used for the research. The ratio of amylolytic activity to the level of biomass accumulation was taken as the biosynthetic capacity of the strain. A photocolometric method was used to determine amylolytic activity. The level of biomass accumulation was determined by the weight method. Results. It was established that as a result of optimizing the composition of the simplex nutrient medium by the method of mathematical modeling, the biosynthetic capacity increased by 3.63 compared to the control variant. It was also investigated that the optimal concentration of such a component of the nutrient medium as monosodium glutamate С5Н8NO4Na・H2O is 1.5%, which increases the amylolytic activity by 2.63 and increases the accumulation of biomass. Separately, it should be noted the obtained results of the study of the optimal concentrations of heavy metal ions added to the optimized version of the nutrient medium, which allow further research in this aspect to be continued and the use of Co, Mo, Cd ions in the composition of the nutrient medium. With the obtained results, there is an increase in amylolytic activity in the best response by 3.54. The obtained results have theoretical and practical significance for further research in the biotechnology of enzymes. Conclusions. The prospect of further research into the optimization of the biosynthesis of actinomycetes by the simplex method of other aspects of its regulation will be to increase the biosynthetic capacity of the studied strain, which will have a positive effect on the economic output of the production of amylolytic enzyme preparations by obtaining microbial synthesis.

Influence of rejuvenating pruning on the potential productivity of the apple tree

The period of operation of intensive orchards is 15 years. At the age of 6-7 years, the quality of fruits decreases sharply and the frequency of fruiting increases. In order to extend the productive period of the orchard, an experiment was laid on the effect of rejuvenating pruning on the productivity of an apple tree, depending on the variety-rootstock combination. In the course of this scientific study, in the period from 2020 to 2022, results were obtained indicating the presence of the potential for productivity of apple varieties of the Kazakhstani selection Voskhod and Talgarskoe on the introduced forms B 7-35, Arm 18 and the rootstock of the Kazakhstani selection Zhetysu 5 in which the solar radiation transmittance was from 0.45% to 0.77%. On this basis, all the studied varieties are superior to the control variant. It also improved the light space inside the tree crown, which increased the number of young growth points and contributed to the awakening of reserve buds. Young growing fruits, located in the middle and central parts of the crown, are better supplied with nutrients after pruning than before pruning.

Influence of the antioxidant astaxanthin in the composition of feeds on the physiological state of heat-water objects of aquaculture

This scientific study examines the experience of using astaxanthin in tilapia feeding, and its effect on the physiological state of individuals. The work used a set of methods used in fisheries research — variation statistics and physiological and biochemical tests. The reliability and validity of the scientific provisions and conclusions contained in this work are determined by a significant amount of factual material; in total, 150 tilapia individuals were studied. The data obtained during the study indicate that the use of astaxanthin at a concentration of 20.0; 30.0; 40.0 and 50.0 mg gives the best physiological and biochemical parameters of cultivated individuals, in comparison with the control variant. However, taking into account the maximum input of astaxanthin in feed for warm-water fish species, the most effective and safe concentration of astaxanthin in the diet of warm-water aquaculture objects is 40.0 mg/kg of feed, which is also confirmed by the results of the physiological state of individuals obtained during the experiments. One of the main stages of metabolism in the body is the digestibility and assimilation of feed nutrients, the effectiveness of which to a certain extent depends on the use of biologically active substances in diets that have antioxidant properties and have a stimulating effect on the vital functions of the body. An important criterion for the choice of feed additives is environmental safety. As a result, after feeding, the indicators of total protein in the experimental variants (1, 2, 3 and 4) were higher by 27.8; 58.5; 59.5 and 52.2%, respectively, of the control group. Analyzing the data obtained after the completion of the experimental work, a significant increase in the level of hemoglobin concentration in the experimental variants was found to be 1.2–1.3 times, respectively, compared with the control variant.

Obtaining of Water-soluble Complex Salts of Various Fractions of Synthetic Petroleum Acids and Alcoamines, Investigation of Their Effect on Triticum, Zea mays and Pisum sativum, and Comparative Analysis With Natural Petroleum Acid Complexes

The purpose of our research is to summarize information about oil, the use of various fractions of natural and synthetic petroleum acids (boiling away in the ranges of 125-175°C; 175-225°C; 125-225°C, the synthesis of their water-soluble complex salts with alkanolamines (mono-, di-, tri-) by the reaction of their interaction with monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine, determination of their IR spectra, melting point and refractive index, preparation of solutions with different percentage concentrations (0.05; 0.01; 0.005; 0.001; 0.0001% solutions), the study of the electrical conductivity of solutions, laboratory and field studies of these compounds as growth compounds for Triticum, Zea mays and Pisum sativum. First, the seeds are soaked in the appropriate solutions in Petri dishes. Then the seeds taken in a plastic container are planted into the ground in accordance with the depth of planting and the number of seeds. The degree of germination is calculated from the number of germinated seeds. To determine the effect of salt solutions on the growth dynamics of the aerial parts of plants and roots in laboratory conditions, observations and measurements are carried out for 14-15 days. At the next stage, experiments are carried out in the field and the final results are obtained. Comparing the obtained results of the effect of complex salt solutions synthesized on the basis of natural and synthetic petroleum acids on plants both with each other and with the control variant (that is, with seedlings obtained from seeds soaked in irrigation water), it is determined which complex salts have better effect on plant development.

Nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil with long-term use of different types and combinations of mineral fertilizers

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on the fractional composition of nitrogen in soddy-podzolic soil in a long-term stationary experiment and compare it with a virgin analogue. The studies were carried out in 2016 and 2018 on the experimental field of the Perm Research Institute of Agriculture after harvesting barley in an eight-field crop rotation deployed on soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil. The experiment scheme: without fertilizers: N90; Р90; К90; N90P90; N90K90; P90K90; N90Р90К90. To assess the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers and their combinations on the nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil, the arable soil was compared with the virgin analogue. The nitrogen fund of soddy-podzolic soil of a long-term stationary experiment is represented by 64…71 % non-hydrolyzable and 17…22 % hardly hydrolyzable forms of nitrogen. Long-term use of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers did not significantly change the ratio of nitrogen fractions characteristic of virgin soils of this type. Nitrogen fertilizers, both with one-sided application and in combination with potassium chloride (N90К90) and superphosphate (N90P90), contributed to an increase in the total nitrogen content in the arable soil layer by 10…20 % relative to the control, mineral nitrogen compounds - by 2…3 times. Unilateral application of potash fertilizer provided an increase in the content of total nitrogen in the soil by 12 %, the introduction of superphosphate did not have a signi cant effect on the nitrogen regime of the soil. Long-term use of complete mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90) only in this way: (N90P90К90) contributed to maintaining total nitrogen at the level of virgin soil - 1490 mg/kg. Long-term unilateral application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil over the entire meter layer by 1.5-2.5 times, ammonium - by 1.5-14.6 times. The reserves of mineral nitrogen in the variants N90P90, N90K90, and N90P90K90 in the 0-20 cm layer increased 2-3 times, in the 0-100 cm layer - 2 times relative to the control variant.

A Predictive Vaccination Strategy Based on a Swarm Intelligence Technique for the Case of Saudi Arabia: A Control Engineering Approach

The COVID-19 pandemic caused high damage to health, social, and economic systems globally. Saudi Arabia has conducted a relatively successful experience in mitigating the virus. Saudi authorities have started a vaccination campaign by the end of 2020 with more than 60 million doses being administered to citizens and residents by February 2, 2022. The objective of this study is to propose an optimal vaccination strategy in short and medium terms in order to help the local health authorities to first assess the vaccination campaign and to propose a predictive vaccination plan for eradicating the disease. For this purpose, a control engineering approach was used where the disease dynamics was identified and an optimal control law using the daily number of vaccines as input and the daily number of new infections as output was proposed and evaluated. The vaccination process was modeled as a discrete-time transfer function. The parameters of the transfer function were identified based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm while considering the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion for analyzing the system stability. The final step of this study was dedicated to synthesize three controller variants (P, PI, and PID) for the case study of Saudi Arabia. The obtained results for the modeling and the controllers’ design were found to be promising. The results were found to be generic and can therefore be used to control other diseases or any other occurrence of COVID-19 or similar viruses.

Productivity of corn Ross 140 depending on the level of the chemicalization of zonal soils of the republic of Tatarstan

It is known that one and the same corn plant material can be used to produce silage, cornage, milled grain, or grain for fodder. Each of them contains completely different amounts of nutrients and a wide range of gross yield of fodder units. The results of the research show the direct dependence of the choice of corn use on zonal features of the soil cover and the existing level of chemicalization of agricultural formations of the Republic of Tatarstan, which are considered in detail in this paper. Thus, in order to produce the ploughed grain or corn with the gross harvest of fodder units 7.94–8.82 t/ha and profitability of 78.7% on leached chernozems, which account for 38% of soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is recommended to cultivate corn using the complex application of agromeliorants and calculated norms of mineral fertilizers. Liming of acidic dark gray and gray forest soils with phosphorite and zeolite application in combination with NPK provides increase in gross harvest of fodder units of corn silage from 4.22 to 6.13 and 3.34 to 5.86 t/ha respectively. The high efficiency of agrochemicals application on corn crops and forage harvesting of different types of fodder taking into account zonal features of soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan is also confirmed by economic indicators. The profitability of production of rolled grain reaches the maximum value (78.8%) in the variant with liming and phosphating of leached chernozem combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in rates calculated for obtaining the planned 35 t/ha of green mass. At the same time, on dark gray and gray forest soils as the yield of green mass increases under the influence of agromeliorants the total costs of silage production increases by 13.1 and 16.5 thousand rubles/ha compared with the control variants of the experiment (without agrochemicals). However, the costs of production of 1 000 fodder units are reduced to 9.9 and 10.4 thousand rubles respectively, provided that the sale price is about14 thousand rubles.

Impactul ambalajelor cu atmosferă modificată asupra concentrației de CO2 și O2 în perioada post-recoltare la două soiuri de cireșe

Sweet cherry fruits are considered to be highly perishable, with a short shelf life and very often cannot reach the final consumer at optimum quality after a longer period of transportation. In this research, four types of modified atmosphere packages were studied related to gas concentration dynamics during the post-harvest period to maintain fruit quality in Kordia and Regina varieties grafted on Gisela 5 rootstock. To determine the effectiveness of modified atmosphere packaging in contrast to normal atmosphere the following experiment was carried out: V1 - normal atmosphere (control); V2 - Trendlife; V3 - Decco; V4 - ESL; V5 - Xtend. Sweet cherries were stored for 42 days at the temperature of -0.5°C. At intervals of 0; 2; 4; 5 and 6 weeks after storage, the CO2 and O2 concentrations were determined using the gas analyzer for CO2 and O2 (Gas Analyzer Avi-Gas, TEXA, Poland). The results were compared to the control variant. Modified atmosphere packages had a positive effect on CO2 and O2 concentrations during storage. The concentration of carbon dioxide increased significantly and the concentration of oxygen decreased, which created favourable conditions for extending the storage life of sweet cherries. The most rational CO2 and O2 concentrations were in the variants where sweet cherries were stored in Decco and Xtend packages.

The Content of Various Forms of Potassium in the Soil Profile of the Sod-Podzolic Soil of the Pre-Urals

The effect of long-term use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers and their combinations (N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK) on chang in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil (Albic Retisol (Abruptic, Aric Loamic)) was studied the content of gross potassium and its easily exchangeable, exchangeable and non-exchangeable compounds. The research was carried out in a meter layer of soil under the conditions of a long-term stationary experiment laid down in the Perm Region in 1978. In the experiment, ammonium nitrate or urea, double or simple superphosphate and potassium chloride were used. The dose of fertilizers was 90 kg/ha in the primary plant food. Long-term application of potassium chloride in pure form and in combination with superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizers (K90, (PK)90, (NK)90, (NPK)90) provided an increase in the gross content of potassium in the arable soil layer by 1.1–1.2 times and its various compounds by 1.1–2.8 times (relative to the control variant). A narrowing of the ratio of non-exchangeable forms of potassium to exchange forms is noted here. Changes in the meter layer of soil depended on the combination of fertilizers, the studied form of potassium compounds in the soil. The introduction of only nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (N90, P90, (NP)90) without compensation for potassium removal during five rotations of the eight-field field crop rotation led to a decrease in the reserves of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium compounds in the 0–40 cm layer by 15–20%. The minimum level of potassium exchange compounds in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a layer of 0–20 cm was 108–112 mg/kg.

Effectiveness of the Use of Fertilizers with Trace Elements on Spring Barley Crops in the Conditions of the Kursk Region

As a result of the research conducted in 2020–2022, the high efficiency and environmental feasibility of using complex fertilizers with microelements MicroFid Complex, MicroFid Zinc, microFid Boron with Zinc Chelate Reagent and Boron Chelate reagent in the cultivation of spring barley on chernozem soils of the Kursk region was established. The use of complex fertilizers MicroFid Complex, MicroFid Boron and MicroFid Zinc in the form of seed treatment and sowing in the phases “tillering” and “exit into the tube” provided an increase in the yield of spring barley – 0.29–0.45 t/ha (on 7.6–11.7%), protein growth in grain by 0.7–0.9%, grain size by 0.9–1.2%, relative to the control variant. The use of mono-fertilizers Zinc Chelate Reagent and Boron Chelate Reagent in comparison with complex micronutrients was less effective. The increase in the yield of spring barley from their use increased by 0.29–0.34 t/ha (7.6–8.9%), the amount of protein in the grain – by 0.1–0.2%, grain size – by 0.2–0.4%. There was a tendency of higher efficiency of microelement fertilizers containing boron: the yield of spring barley from the use of monoselate fertilizer Reakom-Boron Chelate was 0.05 t/ha higher than from fertilizer Reakom-Zinc Chelate, and complex fertilizer MicroFid Boron – 0.03 t/ha higher than MicroFid Zinc. The use of trace element fertilizers on spring barley crops was economically profitable and environmentally sound.

The treatment of potato tubers with growth stimulants during planting contributes to an early harvest

Relevance. Potatoes occupy a dominant place in the Republic of Ingushetia, along with grain crops and feed production. And the use of growth stimulators makes it possible to regulate the process of growth and development in a more targeted way, as well as to use the potentials of potato varieties more fully.Methods. The studies were carried out in 2018–2020. on the southern chernozems in the conditions of the peasant farm «Khashagulgov A.T.» (Yandare, Republic of Ingushetia). The object of research: potato varieties Juvel anResults. The treatment of tubers with growth stimulants during potato planting contributed to an increase in the number of both stems and tubers. The largest number of stems of the Juvel variety was noted when treated with Biodux growth stimulants and nettle infusion, respectively, 5.2 pcs. and 5.0 pcs. per plant, which is 20% higher than in the control variant. The Ramona variety had the following values: in the control variant, the number of stems was 4.2, the number of tubers was 10.8 pcs., which, respectively, was 1.2 pcs. and 5.5 pcs. less than when using the Biodux growth stimulator, and by 1.0 pcs. and 4.8 pcs. less than when using nettle infusion. The highest value of the average weight of the tops of the Juvel variety was also noted when using Biodux growth stimulants (15.7 t/ha) and nettle infusion — 16.2 t/ha. Such a value of the mass of the tops when using nettle infusion can be explained by the bushiness of the Juvel variety.The treatment of tubers with growth stimulators during potato planting had a beneficial effect on the height, the number of main stems and the aboveground mass of plants, and ultimately on the yield in all variants of the experiment, especially those treated with nettle Infusion and Biodux.

Evaluation of the nature of honeysuckle fruiting in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan

Relevance. Evaluate varieties of honeysuckle with stability of fruiting in the climatic conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan with the stability of biotic and abiotic stressors.Materials and methodology. The objects of research are 8 introduced varieties of blue honeysuckle, located in the Kushnarenkovskiy breeding center for fruit and berry crops and grapes of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research is carried out in accordance with the program and methodology of selection and variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops.Results. All studied varieties of honeysuckle had a high level of adaptation to the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. Over the entire period of research, honeysuckle showed good winter hardiness. As a result of a 15-year study, it was revealed: in the 4th year after planting, it enters fruiting, until the 6th–8th year, the yield increases, from the 9th to the 12th year it stabilizes, from the 13th year it decreases. Varieties Bakcharskaya, Chelyabinka, Cinderella, Berel, Pamiati Gidzyuka differed in average precocity. The yield of varieties Bakcharskaya, Chelyabinka, Berel in the 11th year of fruiting exceeded the control by 13–20%. Blueberry and Tick were characterized by stable fruiting and yield — 1.32–4.5 kg/bush, in the control variety Blue spindle yield of 1.5 kg/bush was noted on the 11th and 12th year after planting. Rejuvenating pruning with the removal of perennial branches at a height of 30 cm from the soil level showed that most varieties had an increase in yield in the third or fourth year, and a decrease in the future. When pruning the varieties Bakcharskaya, Galochka, Chernichka, the yield decreased by 27–60% of the control variant (before pruning).

Revisiting changing climatic conditions in the North Ossetia mountainous zone and their impact on erosion processes

Currently, there are many scientific publications concerning changes in climatic conditions of individual regions, countries, continents and the entire earth as a planet. This fact has led us to consider these changes regarding their impact on the development of erosion processes in mountain conditions. The basis was the research presented in S.E Kuchiev’s PhD thesis of 1996-1998, as well as the verification of hypotheses put forward in the research on the development of erosion processes. The above mentioned required the continuation of research in the second period from 2008 to 2013. On average, 605 mm fell during the years of research, 478 mm in the first period 1996-1998, 668 mm in the second 2008-2013, and from 2 to 8 rains with an intensity of more than 20 mm fell in different years.The correlation analysis shows that with the increase in precipitation observed in recent years, there is a correlation with the amount of heavy rainfall. During the period under review, there were 27 to 48 rains with an intensity above 5 mm. In 2009 heavy rainfall was characterized mainly by an intensity of 20 to 40 mm per day, but in August 2009 and 2010, 71 and 73 mm each fell. The peak of heavy rains was noted in 2012, when in June it rained two days in a row with an intensity of 121 and 101 mm.The indicator of surface runoff has significantly increased, both in the control variant (pure steam) and in rotation crops, which can be arranged in ascending order of their erosion resistance: row crops, cereals of the continuous sowing method and perennial grasses. The research was carried out at the mountain long-term station of the SCNII–GPSH – a branch of the VNC RAS in the village of Dargavs.

Improving technology of eincorn cultivation in the central part of the North Caucasus

In production technology to create a highly productive sowing of grain crops, careful regulation of numerous factors that determine the formation of a high yield is required. In various soil and climatic conditions of crop cultivation optimization of technological methods determine the crop size and its quality indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the highest yield, it is necessary to create conditions for growth and development, under which the largest number of productive stems with the maximum grain mass should be preserved until harvest [1, 8, 13].The yield of the studied variety of Yarovaya spring eincorn is directly dependent on the satisfaction of crops with mineral nutrition elements. The level of efficiency of mineral fertilizers is increased by optimizing the timing of sowing and the selected predecessor.Optimization of mineral nutrition makes it possible to increase the yield of this crop by an average of 16.1%. The early sowing of eincorn after the predecessors of peas and corn for silage makes it possible to maintain the optimal number of productive stems of more than 4.6 million. plants per hectare with the highest grain weight per plant.At the same time, the interaction of the number of plants and different levels of mineral nutrition has led to a significant change in the quantitative indicators of eincorn productivity by changing the mass of grain from one plant, which significantly increases the yield to 2.87 t/ha, which is 200% higher than the worst case and 67% higher than the control variant in our studies.The introduction of mineral fertilizers does not have a great effect on the content of spikelets in the ear, while it has an effect on the quality indicators and the physical weight of the grain in the ear. The weight of seeds from 1 productive ear when mineral fertilizers are applied reaches 0.8 g compared to the control variant.With an early sowing period with a predecessor of peas and corn for silage, the efficiency of mineral fertilizers increases.