Content Of Flavonoid Compounds Research Articles

Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat Tumbuh Terhadap Kandungan Fitokimia dan Antioksidan Ekstrak Akar Sawi Langit (Vernonia cinerea L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of altitude on the phytochemical and antioxidant content of sawi langit (Vernonia cinerea L.) root. Sawi langit is a herbaceous plant that has potential as a medicinal plant. This plant can thrive in the tropics. In this study, sawi langit were taken from three altitudes, namely <400 masl, 401-800 masl and >801 masl in the Banyumas, central Java. The sample used was sawi langit root which was extracted using 3 types of solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexan). Phytochemical tests showed positive results of the content of flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins compounds in the extract of sawi langit root from the three altitude with differences effectiveness of each solvent. At an altitude of <400 masl and extraction using methanol resulted strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value 78.56 ± 3.2 μg/ml compared to an altitude of 401-800 masl and >801 masl

Effect of different cooking methods on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and sensory properties of wild Boletus edulis mushroom

The effect of different culinary treatments (confit, grill, roast and marinate) on the nutritional composition, the content of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the antioxidant activity (evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays) and the sensory properties (colour, texture and sensory analysis) of wild Boletus edulis (stipe and cap) was studied. The raw cap samples showed twice the protein content and 25% less carbohydrates than the stipe ones. All culinary treatments led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) on phenolic compounds content and DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity of the mushroom. This effect was even more pronounced when mushrooms were roasted or marinated. Similarly, most of the culinary treatments reduced the values for luminosity, hardness, gumminess and chewiness, except for grilled stipe and cap samples, which showed higher values of hardness and chewiness. Finally, marinated mushrooms were the worst scored samples in the sensory analysis for smell, flavor and texture attributes. Moreover, the samples of grilled stipe and those of confitted cap, presented in general, the highest scores.

Physicochemical Parameters, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of a New Beverage Formulated with Xique-Xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) Cladode Juice.

This study elaborated different formulations with xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) cladode, passion fruit and lime juice and sugar cane syrup. The formulated beverages were subjected to physical and physicochemical analysis, determination of total carotenoid, total flavonoid and total phenolic compound contents, as well as of their antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP method), organic acid, sugar and phenolic compound profile during 21 days of refrigeration storage (4 °C). Significant variations were found among formulated beverages for most of the measured parameters during storage. Beverages with xique-xique juice were less acidic (7.90–10.27 g/100 mL) than beverages without this juice (11.66–12.76 g/100 mL). Beverages with xique-xique juice had overall higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant activity when compared to the control formulation. Beverages with the highest xique-xique juice concentrations had the highest contents of carotenoids (51.51–59.27 µg/100 mL), flavonoids (1.39–2.15 mg CE/100 mL), phenolic compounds (68.49–115.66 mg EGA/100 mL) and antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS (0.71–0.84 µmol Trolox/mL) and FRAP (0.33–0.39 µmol Trolox/mL). These results indicate that the incorporation of xique-xique cladode juice in these mixed beverages enhanced their bioactive properties, especially of antioxidant compounds, enabling the development of a new product with potential functional properties to the beverage industry.

Phytochemical Screening and Antihypertensive Testing of Traditional Medicinal Ingredients of Indonesia

Traditional medicinal ingredients originating from the Province of East Kalimantan (Indonesia) with the composition of meniran leaves (Phyllanthus niruri L.), cat whiskers leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus), ceplukan leaves (Physalis minima L.), and lempuyang emprit rhizome (Zingiberis amaricana Bl.) are used to help lower blood pressure by the local community. This study aimed to analyze the content of chemical compounds, determine the levels of chemical compounds, and the antihypertensive effect of these traditional medicinal ingredients. This traditional medicinal herb is made into a fine powder and then brewed with boiling water. Phytochemical screening and determination of levels of phytochemical compounds were carried out on these traditional medicinal ingredients. Testing the antihypertensive effect of these traditional medicinal ingredients was carried out on white male rats. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the chemical compounds contained in the traditional medicinal ingredients were flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and carbohydrates. Quantitative analysis of the traditional medicinal ingredients showed that the content of flavonoid compounds was 0.6375%, phenolic compounds were 3.2412%, and tannin compounds were 0.6593%. Testing the antihypertensive effect of this traditional medicinal herb on rats can reduce systolic, diastolic, and arterial blood pressure. The conclusion is that this traditional medicinal herb contains phytochemical compounds that can help lower blood pressure in rats.

Characterization, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsions of Lavandula spica essential oil and its main monoterpenes

The present study compares the stability, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil (Lavandula spica) and its major constituents camphene and α-terpinyl acetate with their nanoemulsions (NEs). Oil-in-water (O/W) coarse emulsions were firstly formed by adding the product to an aqueous solution containing 10 % Tween 80 under constant stirring. Then a 15-min high-energy ultra-sonication was performed to get the NEs. The thermodynamic stability, viscosity, pH, droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were examined. The NEs of lavender oil, camphene, and α-terpinyl acetate have 104.55, 117.23, and 105.23 nm droplet diameters, respectively. The products recorded high negative zeta potentials (−22.26, −27.10, and −18.14 mV for lavender oil, camphene, and α-terpinyl acetate NEs, respectively). Through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the essential oil contains a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The products indicated high antioxidant activity, and the NE of lavender oil exhibited a significant scavenging capacity (IC50 = 261.66 mg/L). The antimicrobial activity was tested against bacteria of Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, and yeast Candida albicans. α-Terpinyl acetate NE was superior active (MIC = 725 and 550 mg/L against S. typhimurium and S. aureus, respectively). Lavender oil NE exhibited the highest inhibitory action against C. albicans with the lowest EC50 value (107.70 mg/L). The antifungal data revealed that all NEs were superior active against both fungi than pure lavender oil and monoterpenes. This work describes bio-products with potential use against infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and yeast as eco-friendly antimicrobials and antioxidants.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Anti Proliferative Studies in Different Extracts of Artocarpus kemando Miq. Bark

In this study, the stem bark of Artocarpus kemando was used to find alternative antioxidants from natural sources with fewer side effects. A. kemando wasextracted successively using hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents, and evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative activities. The extracts were investigated for determination of their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Then, the antioxidant activities were evaluated using chemical based assays such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothia zoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), β-carotene-linoleic acid (BC) assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cell based assay. The cytotoxic study was done using four different cell lines namely human estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line (MCF7), human ovarian cancer cell line (CAOV-3), human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL60), and normal immortalised human ovarian surface epithelial cell line (TI074), and were evaluated using microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) before morphological change study was done on CAOV-3 cell. In this study, methanol extract displayed the most promising antioxidant activity compared to other extracts when tested with DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, TAOC, BC,ORAC, and cytoprotective assays. The remarkable activity showed by the methanol extract might be due to its high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds at 855.5 ± 0.01 GAE μg/mL and 145.45 ± 0.06 QAE μg/mL, respectively. Nevertheless, the chloroform extract displayed better scavenging activity compared to other extracts with IC50 value of 618 ± 0.04 μg/mL in DPPH assay. Each extract was analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry and the chemical constituents obtained were then analysed. In the cytoprotective activity, the methanol extract showed a comparable cytoprotection with ascorbic acid against the free radicals at the lowest effective concentration (EC50) value of 21.48 μg/mL. However, in the cytotoxicity study, only chloroform extract displayed significant toxicity against the cancer cells with IC50 value of 27.9 ± 0.03, 24.1 ± 0.02 and 9.0 ± 0.04 μg/mL after treatment at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The chloroform extract of A. kemando was found capable of inducing apoptosis as shown with cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. The results obtained from the study showed that A. kemando bark could be a potential antioxidant and antitumor agents particularly on human ovarian cancer cells.

Physicochemical, antioxidant capacity and color analysis of six honeys from different origin

Six honey samples from different origin were examined and compared for their physicochemical proprieties (pH, moisture content, TSS, water activity, amino acid and refractive index), antioxidant activity (total phenolic and total flavonoids) and antioxidant content. In addition, colore intensity ABS635, Hunter color values, lycopene, β – carotene and HMF were also studed. (Clover honey, Egypt) was the most acidic (pH 3.26). (Sider honey, Yemen) and (Sider, Saudi) showed the lowest moisture content (16.81 and 16.91) respectively. Among all the samples, acacia honey showed the lowest HMF content (3.6 mg/kg) while sider honey-Saudi recorded the highest HMF content (22.47 mg/kg). All the tested samples showed high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Out of the six tested honey, Sider-Saudi honey recorded the highest phenolic and flavonoid content and color intensity flowed by pine honey, Germany). The results of the antioxidant proprieties of the different honey samples as assed by DPPH method showed strong positive correlation between the antioxidant activity, the polyphenolic content and the color of the honey. The darker honeys (sider honey, Saudi and pine honey, Germany) recorded higher antioxidant activity.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND ALKALOID CONTENT IN HYDROALCOHOLIC CONTENT IN RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA

The objectives of this study are to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of flavonoid and alkaloids compounds and determine the antioxidant capacity of the Rauwolfia serpentina stem. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The hydro alcoholic extract of stem of Rauwolfia serpentina was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids. The total flavonoids and alkaloids content of Rauwolfia serpentina stem of hydroalcoholic extract was 1.086 and 2.364mg/100mg respectively. Ascorbic acid used as standards was also evaluated for comparison. The extract showed dose dependent free radical scavenging property in the tested models. Rauwolfia serpentina stem extract showed IC50 value 68.10?g/ml for DPPH method, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68?g/ml). The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Rauwolfia serpentina which will further used for medicinal applications.

Effect of hot air drying temperature on the quality and antioxidant activity of Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.

In this study, the effects of different hot air drying temperature on the physical properties, chemical components, and bioactive components of dried Boletus edulis were studied. The results showed that higher drying temperature had negative influences on the physical properties and chemical compounds of dried B. edulis, such as dim color, low rehydration ratio, and protein content. There were not significant influences on the content of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and total flavonoids compounds at 50, 60, and 70°C. In addition, the chemical structure of polysaccharide, polyphenol, and total flavonids could be damaged when the drying temperature was over 70°C. At the same time, the antioxidant activities of the three extracts were all decreased. This study indicated that 70°C was the appropriate temperature for hot air drying considering the drying efficiency and quality of B. edulis. Therefore, the results in this paper could provide technical guidance for the practical application of the drying of B. edulis. Practical applications Hot air drying is the most common processing technology in edible mushrooms industry, and it has the advantages of simple operation and low investment. It has some negative effects on the sensory quality and nutritive value of dried edible mushrooms at high drying temperature. Therefore, the results provided a technical reference for the commercial process of dried Boletus edulis.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans on male wistar rats

Enhydra fluctuations an edible semi-aquatic vegetable plant are widely used in the traditional system of medicine. Ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans was screened for analgesic &amp; anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was evaluated by the hot plate method and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by formalin induce paw edema in Wistar rats (male). Ethanolic extract dose of 300 mg/kg reduce formalin induce paw inflammation and also increased the pain threshold in rats evidenced by hot plate method. The experimental results concluded that Enhydra fluctuans have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity may due to flavonoid and phenolic compound content.

Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative, Anticoagulant and Mutagenic Effects of a Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tuscan Rosmarinus officinalis.

This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of an ethanolic extract of Tuscan Rosmarinus officinalis (Roex) and to determine its in vitro bioactivity. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and triterpenoids was determined, and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis revealed that rosmarinic acid and other hydroxycinnamic derivatives were the main constituents of the extract. Roex demonstrated to have both antioxidant activity and the capability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 viability was influenced by the extract with an IC50 of 2.4 × 10−1 mg/mL and 4.8 × 10−1 mg/mL, respectively. The addition of Roex to the culture medium of both the above cell lines, resulted also in the reduction of cell death after H2O2 pre-treatment. The Ames test demonstrated that Roex was not genotoxic towards both TA98 and TA100 strains, with and without S9 metabolic activation. The extract, by inactivating thrombin, showed to also have an anti-coagulating effect at low concentration values. All these biological activities exerted by Roex are tightly correlated to its phytochemical profile, rich in bioactive compounds.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СКЛАДУ ПОЛІФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК У ТРАВІ ДЕРЕВІЮ МАЙЖЕ ЗВИЧАЙНОГО ТА ДЕРЕВІЮ ЩЕТИНИСТОГО

Key words: flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, herb, achillea setacea Waldst. et Kit., a. submillefolium Klok. et Krytzka, HPLC. Plants of the genus achillea L. are rich in polyphenolic compounds, which play an important role in the prevention of chronic diseases, slowing down aging processes as well as reducing the risk of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The most studied is the chemical composition of Achillea millefolium, while other plant species growing in Ukraine have not been studied enough. The aim of our work was researching the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds in the herb of achillea setacea Waldst. et Kit. and a. submillefolium Klok. et Krytzka. Materials and methods. The shredded air-dry raw materials of Achillea submillefolium Klok. et Krytzka and A. setacea Waldst. et Kit. were used for the study. Thin-layer chromatography was used to identify flavonoids and hydroxycoric acids. The method of high-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the sum of polyphenolic compounds into individual components. Results and discussion. Qualitative identification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic substances by TLC revealed the presence of chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, luteolin in both species, and rutin in a. setacea Waldst. et Kit. The content of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoid compounds were determined by HPLC method. The predominant components are luteolin-7,3’-di-O-β-D- glycoside, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, apigenin-7,4’-di-O- glucopyranoside. The obtained results make to predict the antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts of the studied plants.

Vasorelaxant and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants from Campeche, Mexico

Context: Brosimum alicastrum, Cnidoscolus chayamansa, Tradescantia spathacea, Turnera diffusa, Manilkara zapota, and Jatropha gaumeri are medicinal plants recognized in Mexican Mayan Culture. Aim: Methanol leaves extracts of these plants were use as raw material to develop a phytochemical, spectroscopy, and pharmacological analysis. Subjects and Methods: Methanol maceration was carried out and were compared in terms of yield extraction, chlorophyll, simple phenolic and flavonoids content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and β-Carotene bleaching models), as well as isolated aorta rings (E+), precontracted with noradrenaline. Results: Best content of simple phenolic and flavonoids compounds was recorder in B. alicastrum, J. gaumeri and T. diffusa. J. gaumeri extract exert an antioxidant (β-carotene bleaching: EC50: 0.8 ± 0.1 μg/mL, Emax: 85.7% ± 0.4%; DPPH: EC50: 60.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL, Emax: 60.4% ± 1.8%; P

Metabolic characterization of Achillea millefolium L. through ultraviolet absorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

BACKGROUND: Achillea millefolium L. is an aromatic herbal plant of family Asteraceae having characteristically finely divided leaves that give a fern-like appearance and corymbose cluster inflorescence that gives a flat-headed appearance to the plant. OBJECTIVES: To study absorption patten of mature and immature plant extract using UV spectroscopy, to study the different functional groups present in mature plant extract using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and to study various compounds present in the mature plant extract using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immature and mature A. millefolium have been collected from Pathanteer, Mendhar, Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir. For metabolic characterization of A. millefolium, ultraviolet (UV) absorption, FT-IR, and GC-MS have been used. RESULTS: UV spectroscopy of immature and mature plants reveals the clear difference in their absorption pattern with high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the mature plant. FT-IR analysis of the mature plants reveals the presence of different functional groups including alkyl-substituted ether, secondary amine, and carboxylic acid. GC-MS analysis reveals the presence of 70 compounds including 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy, neophytadiene, phytol, ethyl oleate, vitamin E, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, and α-amyrin, which are reported to have different medicinal properties. CONCLUSION: Achillea millefolium has shown versatile metabolic composition, which contributes to its different medicinal activities in the literature.

Potential of Breadfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus altilis) As Functional Beverage for Patients with Hepatitis

Breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) are often used as ingredients of traditional medicine for treatment so it is recommended as a natural alternative medicine for patients with liver disease such as hepatitis. The purpose of this study is the use of breadfruit leaf extract for making syrup as a functional drink for people with hepatitis and see the panelists acceptance of the products made. Tests carried out were tests of the total content of flavonoid compounds and sensory tests on breadfruit leaf syrup. The results showed the highest total content of flavonoid compounds found in the leaves of breadfruit syrup PM (warming) 60 minutes amounted to 290.00 µgQe/mL and PM 90 amounted to 263.33 µgQe/mL while the lowest for the breadfruit leaf syrup PM 30 amounted to 240.00 µgQe/mL. The flavonoid content of all treatments showed a high amount. Based on a sensory test, the panelists preferred the syrup leaves of breadfruit PM 90 with average of 7.01. Therefore, of the three roots, PM 90 was the treatment recommendation. But to know the healing effect more than the consumption of flavonoids in syrup breadfruit leaves against hepatitis patients need to be tested in vivo.&#x0D;

EFEK PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK KAYU SECANG (Caesalpinia sappan L.) DAN MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DALAM RANSUM PAKAN TERHADAP HEN DAY PRODUCTION, KONVERSI PAKAN, DAN MORTALITAS PUYUH PETELUR

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of giving levels of secang wood extract and lemuru fish oil on the appearance of laying quails which included feed consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP), feed conversion of quail egg mortality. This study used Autumn strain quail with a population of 168 individuals with basal feed supplemented with several levels of secang wood extract. This research method is an experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with 4 treatments with 6 replications with each repetition consisting of 7 quails aged 10-15 weeks. The treatment was as follows: P0 = basal feed without the addition of secang wood extract P1 = basal feed + 0.2% EKS + 4% MIL, P2 = basal feed + 0.4% EKS + 4% MIL, P3 = basal feed + 0 , 6% EX + 4% MIL. The addition of a combination of secang wood extract and fish oil was carried out according to the level of quail feeding. The variable being measured; feed consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP), Feed conversion, mortality. Addition of secang wood extract with a level of 0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; 0.6%, and 4% lemuru fish oil had no significant effect on feed consumption, hen day production, feed conversion, mortality, this was due to flavonoids, polyphenols and active compounds in oil. lemuru fish does not affect the appearance of quail egg production. Flavonoid compounds in low concentrations have no effect on chicken feed consumption, because the content of flavonoid compounds can still be tolerated by the chicken body. The use of lemuru fish oil with a concentration of up to 6% in quails does not affect the consumption of quail feed, because the addition of lemuru fish oil does not affect the palatability of quail feed. The conclusion of this study was that the addition of secang wood extract. The addition of secang wood extract and lemuru fish oil did not affect hen day production, feed conversion and mortality of laying quails

CABBAGE KALE – A NEW FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCT: GROWING CONDITIONS AND REGULATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the specific effects of natural growth hormones (gibberellic acid, 10-6М and brassinolide, 10-6М) and commercial growth bio-stimulator (Novosil, 5 g/ha) on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants activities of cabbage kale plants, under different growing conditions. The treatment of growth regulators was imposed by soaking cabbage kale plant seed in various growth regulators for 24 hours. The results were recorded at 85, 115 and 145 days after planting, at +80С, 00С and -60С temperature, respectively. Among the studied growth regulators, terpenoidal compounds of Novosil and gibberellic acid improved the antioxidant activity, activating enzymatic antioxidant systems and increasing the content of carotenoids and proline in leaves of cabbage kale. The steroidal compound of brassinolide raises the content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds which increased antioxidant activities. The results obtained from the study indicated that the use of growth regulars increases the synthesis of protective compounds, which developed resistance of cabbage kale plants against adverse environmental factors and improve the biomedical properties of cabbage kale. Further, the results of the study also suggested that freezing temperatures (-60С) enhanced the protective effect of growth regulators against lipid peroxidation and their antioxidant activity.

Bioactive Components and Radical Scavenging Activity in Selected Advance Lines of Salt-Tolerant Vegetable Amaranth.

Four selected advance lines of salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth were evaluated for proximate, nutraceuticals, pigments, phytochemicals, and antioxidants components antioxidants activity in completely randomized block design (RCBD) design in three replicates. Salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth contained adequate carbohydrates, protein, moisture, and dietary fiber. The remarkable contents of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, sodium, molybdenum, boron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, betacyanins, betalains, betaxanthins, chlorophylls, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant potentiality were found in salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth. The genotypes LS7 and LS9 had abundant proximate, nutraceuticals, pigments, phytochemicals, and antioxidants compared to the genotypes LS3 and LS5. Salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth demonstrated high content of flavonoid compounds including flavonols such as rutin, kaempferol, isoquercetin, myricetin, hyperoside, and quercetin; flavanol, such as catechin; flavone such as apigenin; and flavanone, such as naringenin. For the first time, we identified one flavonol such as myricetin; one flavanol, such as catechin; one flavone such as apigenin; and one flavanone, such as naringenin in salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth. Across six flavonols, rutin and quercetin were identified as the most prominent compounds followed by isoquercetin and myricetin in selected salt-tolerant vegetable amaranths. Across the genotypes, LS7 exhibited the highest flavonols such as rutin, kaempferol, isoquercetin, myricetin, hyperoside, and quercetin as well as the highest flavanols, such as catechin; flavones such as apigenin; and flavanones, such as naringenin. It revealed from the correlation study that antioxidant components of salt-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes exhibited good radical quenching capacity of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl equivalent to Trolox. The two genotypes LS7 and LS9 of vegetable amaranth containing excellent sources of proximate, nutraceuticals, pigments, phytochemicals, and antioxidants components could be used as potent antioxidants to attaining nutrients and antioxidant sufficiency in the saline prone area of the globe. We can extract colorful juice from the genotypes LS7 and LS9 as drink purposes for consuming the nutraceuticals and antioxidant deficient community in the saline prone area around the world. However, further detail experimentation is required to confirm the standardization and stabilization of functional components of vegetable amaranth for extraction of juice as drinks.

Antiviral, Antioxidant, and Antihemolytic Effect of Annona muricata L. Leaves Extracts.

Annona muricata L. is a tropical tree that is used in traditional medicine around the world. The high content of flavonoid, alkaloid, acetogenin, phenolic and lipophilic compounds of this tropical tree forms the basis of its traditional medical uses. Our objective was to study soursop leaf extracts to support their use as antiviral therapies and investigate their protective effects against oxidative damage. The aqueous extract (AE) and acidified ethanolic extract (AEE) of soursop leaves were characterized by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and their effects on human erythrocytes and in vitro antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, were investigated. The antiviral effects were evaluated using a bacteriophage surrogate. AEE showed the highest phenolic content, with rutin as the predominant compound. This extract showed higher values in the DPPH and ABTS assays, with 23.61 ± 0.42 and 24.91 ± 0.16 mmol of Trolox equivalent per gram, respectively. Inhibition of hemolysis was 34% and 51% for AE and AEE, respectively. AEE was selected for the antiviral study because of its higher antioxidant activity. The viral reduction ranged from 5–6 log10 plaque-forming units/volume (PFU) at contact times of 15–360 min. Soursop leaves have a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and viral infections.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction for flavonoid compounds content and antioxidant activities of India Moringa oleifera L. leaves: Simultaneous optimization, HPLC characterization and comparison with other methods

In this work, the performance of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) in simultaneously enhancing the total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities of India Moringa oleifera L. leaves (MOLs) was analyzed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the results of the single-factor experiment, a three-factor five-level central composite design (CCD) was proposed. RSM results indicated that the liquid to solid ratio had an evident effect on all responses, while the ultrasonic powder had no significant influence on them. The measured parameters obtained under the optimal conditions were consistent with the predicted results. The analysis of variance results revealed that TFC and antioxidant activities reached the optimal values under ultrasonic power of 188 W, liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 40:1, and ethanol concentration of 52%. Moreover, it was verified via a comparative study that the extract extracted by optimized ultrasonic extraction (OUAE) exhibited higher TFC and antioxidant activities than that extracted by stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), soxhlet-assisted extraction (SOAE) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The results showed that compared with the extracts obtained by using other extraction methods, OUE extracts included eight flavonoid compounds with the high levels of d-(+)-catechin (10.92 mg/g MOLs DW), hyperoside (10.26 mg/g MOLs DW) and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (4.85 mg/g MOLs DW). In conclusion, UAE could effectively enhance the TFC and antioxidant activities of MOLs, which provides theoretical basis for upgrading the large-scale industrial and medicinal applications.