Abstract
Annona muricata L. is a tropical tree that is used in traditional medicine around the world. The high content of flavonoid, alkaloid, acetogenin, phenolic and lipophilic compounds of this tropical tree forms the basis of its traditional medical uses. Our objective was to study soursop leaf extracts to support their use as antiviral therapies and investigate their protective effects against oxidative damage. The aqueous extract (AE) and acidified ethanolic extract (AEE) of soursop leaves were characterized by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and their effects on human erythrocytes and in vitro antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, were investigated. The antiviral effects were evaluated using a bacteriophage surrogate. AEE showed the highest phenolic content, with rutin as the predominant compound. This extract showed higher values in the DPPH and ABTS assays, with 23.61 ± 0.42 and 24.91 ± 0.16 mmol of Trolox equivalent per gram, respectively. Inhibition of hemolysis was 34% and 51% for AE and AEE, respectively. AEE was selected for the antiviral study because of its higher antioxidant activity. The viral reduction ranged from 5–6 log10 plaque-forming units/volume (PFU) at contact times of 15–360 min. Soursop leaves have a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and viral infections.
Highlights
Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) is commonly known as “Soursop” or “Graviola.” It is a terrestrial deciduous tree and produces an edible fruit
It is well known that the species of the Annonaceae family besides producing polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids, produces large quantities of acetogenins, a secondary metabolite derived from long-chain fatty acids [3,4] that have been found to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties [3,5]
It is observed that in the antioxidant capacity for Acidified Ethanolic Extract (AEE) measured by DPPH and ABTS, it was higher than Aqueous Extract (AE). These results indicated that the phenolic compounds in the AEE (Table 1) contributed positively to their antioxidant capacity by reducing the levels of free radicals
Summary
Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) is commonly known as “Soursop” or “Graviola.” It is a terrestrial deciduous tree and produces an edible fruit. (Annonaceae) is commonly known as “Soursop” or “Graviola.” It is a terrestrial deciduous tree and produces an edible fruit This species of Annona has been grouped with the “cherimoya” plants of the Annonaceae family. Plants 2020, 9, 1650 types of cancer due to the chemopreventive properties presented by A. muricata extracts, which can induce apoptosis of cancer cells [3], along with the synergistic effects of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and lipophilic antioxidant compounds [4]. It is well known that the species of the Annonaceae family besides producing polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids, produces large quantities of acetogenins, a secondary metabolite derived from long-chain fatty acids [3,4] that have been found to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties [3,5]. Bacteriophages Av-05 and Av-08 have been characterized by Amarillas et al [10]
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