Content Of Flavonoid Compounds Research Articles

Comparison of the Content of Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Six Different Medicinal Plants under Extraction Conditions with Different Solvents

Background: In the present study, the solvent effect (aqueous and hydroalcoholic) of the extraction on the content of phenol, flavonoid, and the antioxidant activity of six medicinal plants, including Persian oak fruit hull (Quercus brantii), Zataria multiflora, German Matricaria chamomilla, Teucrium polium, Rosa foetida Herrm, and mountain barberry (Berberis integerrima) was investigated. Materials and Methods: To measure phenol and flavonoid content, folin ciocaltio and aluminum chloride reagents were used, respectively, and to measure the antioxidant potential, the DPPH method was used. The content of phenol and flavonoid compounds was calculated as mg equivalent of gallic acid and catechin per gram of dry weight of the plant, respectively. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software (version 14). Results: According to the obtained results, the amount of phenol and flavonoid in the hydroalcoholic extract of oak fruit hull Quercus brantii, Zataria multiflora, German Matricaria chamomilla, and mountain barberry was more than the aqueous extract, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The highest content of phenol and flavonoid were related to the hydroalcoholic extract of oak by 310.2 ± 2.5 mg/g and 241.2 ± 1 mg/g, respectively, and the lowest amounts were related to the aqueous extract of Matricaria chamomilla (53.1±1.1 mg/g) and the aqueous extract of acorn (23.9±1.5 mg/g), respectively. The highest antioxidant activity (IC50) was related to oak fruit-hull hydroalcoholic extract (39.1±4.4 µg/ml), and the lowest was related to the aqueous extract of Matricaria chamomilla (315.3±3.3 µg/ml). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the solvent used to extract plants is a significant factor in separation of phenol and flavonoid compounds as well as their antioxidant activity.

Biocompounds from Green Algae of Romanian Black Sea Coast as Potential Nutraceuticals

Three green algae, collected from the Romanian Black Sea coast, are studied: Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and Cladophora vagabunda, which were collected from six different coastal areas. This paper aims to identify the bioactive compounds of these green algae and their beneficial properties, in order to use them as potential nutraceuticals using different analytical methods. Pharmacognostic, microbiological, and physico-chemical methods used for the analysis of algal materials revealed a rich and diverse array of biocompounds with nutritional value. In the case of green algae, a high percentage of sulphates, carbohydrates and dietary fibers were identified. Moisture, ash, total nitrogen, protein and lipid contents were determined. The contents of pigments, vitamins, and metals determined complement the nutritional qualities of the three seaweed species studied as future nutraceuticals. The content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds identified in the composition of seaweeds justifies their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The antioxidant capacity was tested by means of DPPH, reducing power, and TEAC methods, and the algae studied exhibit important antioxidant properties that can be used to enhance their potential as nutraceuticals. The studied algae show good antibacterial activity on both Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria, with slightly better activity on Gram (−) bacteria. Biocompounds from green algae from the Black Sea coast may represent an important source of marine nutraceuticals with medical and nutritional potential.

Alleviating the toxic effects of Cd and Co on the seed germination and seedling biochemistry of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using Azolla pinnata

One of the most significant environmental challenges in the twenty-first century is heavy metal pollution. The potential use of fresh Azolla pinnata to alleviate the toxic effects of Cd and Co on the germination measurements of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) and the biochemistry of seedlings was studied. Two concentrations (80 and 100 mg L−1 solutions) of CdNO3 and CoCl2 were used before and after treatment with A. pinnata. The highest removal efficiency (RE) by A. pinnata was obtained on the fifth day, with a Cd RE = 55.9 and 49.9% at 80 and 100 mg L−1, respectively. Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity. In contrast, the presence of A. pinnata in the germination medium increased all the measured variables and decreased radicle phytotoxicity. At 80 and 100 mg L−1, Cd significantly reduced the fresh and dry biomass, and height of wheat seedlings after 21 days of cultivation compared to Co. Cadmium and high concentrations of cobalt increased the contents of H2O2, proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds. The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H2O2, proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control. This study showed the positive role of A. pinnata in alleviating the metal impacts, particularly Cd, on the seedling growth of wheat and its germination.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Air Kombinasi Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) dengan Metode DPPH dan FRAP

Banana kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) are types of fruit that are widely consumed by the community. However, the skin is only disposed of as waste, where the waste of the fruit skin reaches 30% of the whole fruit. Kepok banana peels and pineapples contain phenols and flavonoids which are proven to function as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the IC50 value of the combined sample using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The extract samples were divided into 2 groups, namely the combination of kepok banana peel extract and pineapple with a ratio of 1:1 and 1:3. Extraction is done by infusion method. Analysis of the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was carried out by the TLC method on single samples of kepok banana peels and pineapple peels. Antioxidant activity test was carried out by 2 methods, namely DPPH and FRAP. The yield of the extract in the 1:1 combination was found to be 48% and the 1:3 combination was 47%. The chromatogram profile showed that each single sample was positive for phenols and flavonoids. The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method showed the IC50 value in the 1:1 combination group was 1188.27 ppm while in the 1:3 combination group it was 740.98 ppm. In the FRAP method, the IC50 value in the 1:1 combination group was 1251.85 ppm, while in the 1:3 combination group it was 2218.94 ppm. Based on the results of the test, there are differences in the measurement of antioxidant activity with 2 different methods based on the antioxidants action that contains in the sample, so that the more recommended method is DPPH based on the type of antioxidant compounds contained in the sample.

Differentiation of Medicinal Plants According to Solvents, Processing, Origin, and Season by Means of Multivariate Analysis of Spectroscopic and Liquid Chromatography Data.

Effects of processing and extraction solvents on antioxidant properties and other characteristics were evaluated for ten medicinal plant species originating from two different localities and two production years. A combination of spectroscopic and liquid chromatography techniques possessed data for multivariate statistics. Water, 50% (v/v) ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were compared to select the most suitable solvent for the isolation of functional components from the frozen/dried medicinal plants. DMSO and 50% (v/v) ethanol were evaluated as more efficient for phenolic compounds and colorants extraction, while water was more useful for element extraction. Drying and extraction of herbs with 50% (v/v) ethanol was the most appropriate treatment to ensure a high yield of most compounds. The satisfactory differentiation of herbs (61.8-100%) confirmed the significant effect of the processing, geographical, and seasonal factors on target functional component concentrations. Total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds content, total antioxidant activity expressed as TAA, yellowness, chroma, and browning index were identified as the most important markers for medicinal plant differentiation.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Susu Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Peel Methanol Extract and The Total Contents of Flavonoid and Phenolic Compounds

Banana peels contain antimicrobial properties. The objectives of this study are to determine the antibacterial efficacy of the methanol extract of susu banana peels and to quantify the total amount of phenolic and flavonoid components present. Maceration techniques were used for the extraction. The agar diffusion method was applied to determine antibacterial efficacy. The UV-Vis Spectrophotometry technique was performed to determine the amounts of phenolic and flavonoid. S. aureus and E. coli were severely inhibited by the methanol extract. With an increase in extract concentration, the antibacterial activity increased. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was 4 and 15%, but the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 3 and 10%, respectively. The methanol extract had a total of 1883,73 mg QE/100 g extracts of flavonoids and 273,09 mg GAE/100 g extracts of phenolics, respectively.

Optimized preparation and dyeing of Pterocarpus santalinus waste extract for enhancing healthy and environmental care performance of wool fabric

P. santalinus waste powders were utilized to prepare the aqueous extracts for the dyeing of wool fabric. The extraction and dyeing processes of P. santalinus were optimized for obtaining the dyed fabric with high color strength and flavonoids content. The antibacterial, antioxidant and aqueous Cr(VI) removal capacity of the dyed fabric was then examined and compared with other two plant (P. tinctorius and Lycium ruthenicum Murray) material extract dyed wool fabrics. The results indicated that the addition of ethanol in aqueous solvent could increase the content of colorants and flavonoid compounds in P. santalinus extract when soxhlet apparatus was used. The highest extraction effectiveness of P. santalinus was achieved at ethanol concentration of 80%. High dyeing temperature or low pH level caused an almost linear increment in color strength and flavonoid content of the dyed fabric. Optimum dyeing of wool fabric could be conducted when 35 mL of P. santalinus extract was used to prepare 100 mL of dyeing bath. The dyed fabric not only showed unique color, but also presented better antibacterial, antioxidant and Cr(VI) removal capacity, which were higher than those of the other two dyed fabrics. Increasing color strength or flavonoid content could enhance their functionalities.

Nanoemulgel Activity of Binahong Leaf Extract (Anredera cordifolia) againts Wound Healing of Hyperglycemic Rats

Hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, leading to the onset of wounds. The content of flavonoid compounds, steroids and saponins in Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten). Steenis) plays a role in the healing of diabetic wounds. The effectiveness of the active substance of the natural material is influenced by the large size of the particles, due to the presence of barier skin membranes. Nanoemulgel is an emulsion preparation with a droplet size of 1-100 nm which is suspended in a hydrogel. This study aims to determine the wound healing activity of diabetes in nanoemulgel preparations of binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) with its extract in male rats wistar hyperglycemia. The study was divided into 4 groups each consisting of 6 mice with diabetic wounds who got each a negative control group (glucose + nanoemulgel base), a positive control group (glucose + Madecassol 1%), a test group 1 (glucose + nanoemulgel, and a test group 2 (glucose + EDB). Treatment is carried out 2 times a day for 16 days. KGD measurements are carried out on the 0th, 1st, 5th, 14th and 21st days, and measurements of the diameter of the wounds are carried out on the 1st, 5th, 14th and 21st days. The KGD measurement results of the EDB nanoemulgel group decreased KGD by 52.91% on day 16 compared to the extract group which decreased by only 30.51% until the 16th day. The closure of the diabetic wounds of the EDB nanoemulgel group experienced closures of up to 52.91% compared to extracts that experienced closure of only 30.51% on day 16. The results of the one-way anova statistics showed a significant difference in the value of the decrease in kgd of the nanoemulgel preparation and its extract with the sig value. 0.045 and significant differences to the wound closure diameter of the diabetic EDB nanoemulgel group and its extract.

Effect of the Growth Regulator Gibberellins and Nano Iron Spraying on the Content of Oils, Phenolic Compounds and Flavonoids in the Roots of Fennel Plant

A field experiment was carried out for the autumn season 2021 in Al-Watifia area - Al-Musauib project / Babylon province, with coordinates (longitude (44°22′ and 44°31′ east) and latitudes (32°32′ and 32°36′ north) and in a loamy soil to study gibberellin and spray Nano iron fertilizer in the roots of the local cultivar Foeniculum vulgare Mill. it used 4 levels of gibberellin growth regulator (0, 50, 100, 150 mgm L-1) with four levels of nano-iron (0, 25, 50, 75 mgm L-1). A factorial experiment was conducted by Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, and the averages of parameters compared with the LSD test of 5%. The results indicated that: The treatment of gibberellin growth regulator at a level of 100 mgm L-1 significantly increasing value of root content of the volatile oil Estagole, Carene and - Pinene α gave highest averages amounted to 318.10, 66.16 and 56.50 mg L-1, respectively. While the treatment of spraying nano iron with a level of (75 mgm L-1) was increased and gave the highest averages of 319.67, 65.26 and 47,53 mgm L-1. In terms of the best interaction treatment between them, the interaction between the two factors (gibberellin at a level of 100 mgm L-1) + Iron sprayed at level of 75 mgm L-1) was increased and it gave the highest averages of the above oily compounds, which were 488.08, 110.25 and 81.60 mgm L-1, respectively.As for the roots’ content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the concentration of gibberellin (100 mgm L-1) was significantly increase in the roots’ content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds Rutin, Eriocitin, and Quercetin, by giving them the highest averages amounted to 74,68, 64,24, 359,35 mgm L-1, respectively. As for the phenolic compound Ellage acid, it did not differ significantly from the 150 level of gibberellin, as it gave average of 41.97, and the level of 100 mgm L-1 had an average of 41.70, As for iron spray, the level (75 mgm L-1) was increasing the roots’ content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids Rutin, Ellage acid, Eriocitin and Quercetin by giving them the highest averages of 74.24, 44.31, 62.67 and 365.60 mgm L-1, respectively. While the interaction between the two factors (gibberellin at a level of 100 mgm L-1 + iron spray at a level of 75 mgm L-1) gave the highest averages of the above phenolic compounds amounting to 89.17, 52.13, 65.32 and 449.33 mgm L-1, respectively.

Optimization of near-infrared reflectance models in determining flavonoid composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pods

Okra pods have been utilized as a functional food due to their rich active ingredient composition, especially the high content of flavonoid compounds. This study conducted near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) modeling optimization and external validation based on the flavonoid components of 219 pod samples. Spectral correlation analyses identified two types of spectral response patterns classified as quercetin-3-O-xylose (1–2) glucoside (QOXG) and total flavonoid content (TFC), consisting of six different spectral regions. Different modeling effects were observed for QOXG and TFC with various spectral region combination analyses, where the lower wave-number region contributed more to both flavonoids calibration models. The combination of standard normal variate / “1, 9, 3” / partial least squares was found to be the most effective for developing calibration models for both flavonoids. The resulting models had small root mean square errors of prediction for external validation and high determination coefficients, indicating their usefulness for rapid prediction of flavonoid composition in okra pods.

Media Growing Techniques and Different Soil Types to Increase Agronomic Characteristics and Content of Flavonoid Compounds on Dayak’s Onion (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr.)

Media Growing Techniques and Different Soil Types to Increase Agronomic Characteristics and Content of Flavonoid Compounds on Dayak’s Onion (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr.)

The Quality of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Is Effectively Affected by Lithology and Soil’s Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Concentration

The top-geoherb “Rehe Scutellaria baicalensis” was naturally distributed on Yanshan Mountain in Chengde city, Hebei Province, China. Exploring the influences of parent materials on the quality of the top-geoherbs in terms of micronutrient elements is of great significance for the protection of origin and for optimizing replanting patterns of Scutellaria baicalensis. In this study, three habitats of Scutellaria baicalensis with contrasting geopedological conditions, i.e., naturally grown habitats (NGHs), artificial planting habitats (APHs), and biomimetic cultivation habitats (BCHs), are taken as objects to probe the influences of parent materials on the quality of Scutellaria baicalensis in terms of rare earth elements (REEs) by testing on REEs concentrations in the weathering profiles, rhizosphere soil and growing Scutellaria baicalensis, as well as their flavonoid compound contents. Hornblende-gneiss was the parent rock in NGHs, whose protolith was femic volcanic rock. Loess was the parent rock in APHs and BCHs. REEs were more abundant in hornblende-gneiss than loess, and therefore, soils developed in NGHs contained higher REE concentrations than those in APHs, which was lower than BCHs after REE-rich micro-fertilizers application. The coefficient of variation (CV) of REEs concentrations in the rhizosphere soils of hornblende-gneiss was higher than that in loess. It possibly was attributed to the complicated minerals compositions and various minerals’ grain sizes of hornblende-gneiss, resulting in the variety of weathering intensity involving eluviation, leaching, adsorption, etc., as well as weathering productions, dominated by clay minerals and Fe-(hydro)oxide, and ultimately the remarkable differences in the migrations, enrichments and fractionations within REEs. The biological absorption coefficients (BACs) of REEs for Scutellaria baicalensis decreased in the order of NGHs > APHs > BCHs. Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis contained similar ΣREE in NGHs (2.02 mg·kg−1) and BCHs (2.04 mg·kg−1), which were higher than that in APHs (1.78 mg·kg−1). Soils developed in hornblende-gneiss were characterized by lower clay fraction content and overall alkalinity with a pH value of 8.06. The absorption and utilization efficiency of REEs for Scutellaria baicalensis in NGHs was higher than in APHs and BCHs. Flavonoid compounds, effective constituents of Scutelleria baicalensis, showed more accumulations in NGHs than APHs and BCHs, implying their optimal quality of Scutellaria baicalensis in NGHs. Flavonoid compounds were remarkably correlated with REEs in the roots, suggesting the influence of REEs concentrations on the quality of Scutellaria baicalensis. It can be concluded that high REEs and micronutrient element concentrations of hornblende-gneiss favored the synthesis and accumulation of flavonoid compounds in Scutellaria baicalensis after the activation of endocytosis induced by REEs.

Effects of different re-fermentation methods on the quality characteristics of kombucha beverages.

The effects of different re-fermentation methods on the quality characteristics of kombucha beverages were investigated. The quality characteristics of kombucha beverages included the basic physicochemical indicators (pH, total acidity, reducing sugar, total sugar, organic acids, total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound), antioxidant activity, volatile flavor substance and sensory evaluation of the beverages. The results showed the re-fermentation methods including the mixed fermentation and the step-by-step fermentation significantly decreased total acidity and various organic acids (P < 0.05) than traditional kombucha with no re-fermentation. In addition, the contents of total phenol compounds and total flavonoid compounds for the step-by-step fermentation were 184.70 and 338.33mg/L respectively, and were higher compared with mixed fermentation and traditional kombucha with no re-fermentation. The antioxidant activity in the step-by-step fermentation was much stronger than that of mixed fermentation and traditional kombucha with no re-fermentation. Moreover, there were 53 kinds of volatile flavor compounds produced in the step-by-step fermentation, 14 of them were unique with good sensory quality. In conclusion, the re-fermentation methods for traditional kombucha (the step-by-step fermentation and mixed fermentation) had more active ingredients and better sensory quality, and the step-by-step fermentation was better than mixed fermentation.

Analysis of Total Flavonoid Content in the Extract of Bajakah Kalalawit Root (Uncaria gambir Roxb) Infunded Results

Bajakah kalalawit is one of the plants that has been empirically used in traditional medicine. The roots of Bajakah kalalawit (Uncaria gambir Roxb) have phenol and antibacterial content and have a high enough content of flavonoid compounds so that they have pharmacological activity as an anticancer. This article examines the content of flavonoid compounds contained in the extract of Bajakah Kalalawi root and also examines the total levels of flavonoids contained in the roots of Bajakah Kalalawi. Bajakah kalalawit root extract was obtained by the infundation extraction method using a water solvent (1:10). Examination of the characteristics of the sample is carried out by macroscopic and microscopic identification. The qualitative test of flavonoids was carried out by color reaction tests in two treatments. Determination of flavonoid levels in the root extract of bajakah kalalawi was carried out by the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. From the results of the study showed that the levels of flavonoids in the root extract of Bajakah Kalalawi in sample A were 33.2% and in sample B by 44.8%. The results showed that the roots of Bajakah Kalalawi were shown to contain flavonoid compounds.

UJI EFEK ANALGESIK EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH HIJAU BANYUWANGI (Piper betle L.) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus)

The content of flavonoid compounds in betel leaf is used as a protection as analgesic. The purpose of this study was to test the analgesic effects of Banyuwangi green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on male white mice (Mus musculus). The doses of green betel leaf ethanol extract that were used were 4.696 mg, 9.392 mg and 18.784 mg and the positive control were mefenamic acid. The test animals used in this study were white male mice (Mus musculus) that were adapted for about 3 days in experimental environmental conditions. Based on the results of the study, the analgesic effect test of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) can provide analgesic effectiveness on mice (Mus musculus). Ethanol extracts of green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) at doses of 4.696 mg/kgBW were able to provide a good analgesic effect with good responses to white male mice (Mus musculus). The percentage of analgesic power that was close to the percentage of analgesic power of the gold standard which is 69.23%.

HPLC-based metabolomics of Dendrobium officinale revealing its antioxidant ability.

Dendrobium officinale is an orchid with medicinal and nutritional properties that has received increasing attention because of its health benefits; however, there is limited information about the metabolic basis of these properties. In this report, secondary metabolites and the antioxidant activity of D. officinale stem samples from three provenances were analyzed, using a UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach. In total, 411 metabolites were identified including 8 categories such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, 136 of which were differential metabolites. These differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were mainly enriched in secondary metabolic pathways such as flavone, flavonol, tropane, piperidine, pyridine, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and tyrosine metabolism. The metabolomic profiling suggested that the quantity and content of flavonoid compounds accounted for the highest proportion of total metabolites. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the marker metabolites of D. officinale from the three provenances were mainly flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic acids. Correlation analysis identified that 48 differential metabolites showed a significant positive correlation with antioxidant capacity (r ³ 0.8 and p< 0.0092), and flavonoids were the main factors affecting the different antioxidant activities. It is worth noting that quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside and dihydropinosylvin methyl ether might be the main compounds causing the differences in antioxidant capacity of Yunnan provenance (YN), Zhejiang provenance (ZJ), and Guizhou provenance (GZ). These finding provides valuable information for screening varieties, quality control and product development of D. officinale.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidative property evaluation of lipid-producing fungi

The increased demands for natural bioactive compounds have induced the search for unusual sources. Microorganisms, especially fungi are a potent source of secondary metabolites, which could act mainly as antioxidant compounds to prevent oxidative stress. In the present study three soil-isolated fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus heteromorphus and Aspergillus fumigatus, were screened for their oleaginous property as well as their potential for the production of bioactive compounds. Fungal biomasses were freeze dried and extracted with methanol using a cold percolation process for the production of intracellular metabolites and the fungal culture media after fermentation were examined for extracellular metabolites. Intracellular and extracellular extracts of the isolated fungi along with the single-cell oils extracted from those fungi were screened for phytochemicals, which showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, glycosides, phenols, saponins and terpenoids. All strains showed potent antioxidant activity, determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity. Extracellular extract and single-cell oil of A. heteromorphus showed the highest antioxidant activity with maximum ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. Highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds within the isolated fungi was found to be 37.58mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 62.07mg catechine equivalent (CE)/g, respectively. Chromatographic analysis of the intracellular and extracellular extracts of the fungi showed the presence of gallic acid, di-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, epigerin, kampferol, trans cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin, which made them biologically important and beneficial for human health.

Potential of Fig Leaf (Ficus carica ) as Immunomodulatory Agent in vitro and in Silico

Natural remedies are increasingly being used as alternatives to conventional medicine, and their popularity is growing. The fig plant (Ficus carica L.), which is known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins, has the potential to act as an immunomodulator. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of flavonoid compounds based on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract and fig leaf fraction in vitro and silico (molecular docking). The fig leaf powder was extracted with 70% ethanol and fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction of fig leaves. The extracts and fractions were then identified using the TLC method, and the total flavonoid and total phenolic levels were measured using the colorimetric method. Furthermore, the proliferation of lymphocyte cells and macrophage phagocytic activity were used to gauge the in vitro immunomodulatory activity. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction sample contained the highest total flavonoid and total phenolic content, namely 3.4630±0.04 mgQE/g sample and 220.1801±0.604 mgGAE/g sample. The immunomodulatory activity test findings revealed that fig leaf extract and fraction might enhance macrophage phagocytic activity in comparison to control cells. In the lymphocyte proliferation test, the value of IS>3 in the ethyl acetate fraction indicates that it has lymphocyte proliferation activity. This study showed that fig leaf extract and fraction could increase the phagocytic activity of macrophage cells. The ethyl acetate fraction of fig leaf could increase lymphocyte cell proliferation in vitro and silico.

UJI INVIVO AKTIVITAS DIURETIKA EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAUN UNGU (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR

Traditionally, daun ungu plant (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) has been known to have pharmacological effects that can help with a variety of health issues. This plant’s flavonoid compounds content is thought to have diuretic activity in this plant is believed to have activity. The purpose of this study is to determine the diuretic activity and optimal dose of etanol extract of 70% daun ungu administered orally to male white mice. This is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) that includes 1 negative control group (Na.CMC 0.5%), 1 positive control group (furosemide 40 mg) and 3 test groups of 70% daun ungu ethanol extract doses of 10 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW and 40 mg/kg BW with urine volume test parameters. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that one-way ANOVA revealed a P &lt; 0.05 (0.012), and P ≤ 0.05 (0.051) for the Kruskal-Wallis test. It can be concluded that 70% daun ungu etahanol exctract has effective diuretics, with an optimal dose of 40mg/Kg BW providing an effect twice as large as the positive control (furosemide 40 mg).

Biological activity and inhibition potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol from bamboo shoot extract by in vitro and in silico studies

We demonstrated the antioxidant activity, inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from fresh and boiled bamboo shoot extracts. This research also first investigates the content of 2,4-DTBP from bamboo shoots and its kinetic mechanism against α-glucosidase and α-amylase through in vitro and in silico studies. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of fresh samples were higher than that of boiled samples. Inhibitory activity of bamboo shoot extracts against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was related to the content of 2,4-DTBP by the highest potent obtained from the fresh samples. 2,4-DTBP displays mixed-type inhibition and is located at + 1 to + 2 subsites for α-glucosidase and −1 to −3 subsites for α-amylase. Our findings indicate that bamboo shoots had the source of bioactive compounds related to human health and the 2,4-DTBP in bamboo shoots is a candidate compound for anti-diabetes-related enzymes.