Constituent Entities Research Articles

Interbudgetary transfers role in regulating the budgetary provision of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

The article studies the issues of assessing the state of fiscal capacity of the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Inter-budgetary transfers are important for ensuring the financial stability of economies and creating conditions for the implementation of socio-economic development programs of subjects. Because of this, it becomes relevant to administer the distribution and definition of criteria for the distribution of inter-budgetary transfers. The revenues volume indicators of the entities and federal districts with and without interbudgetary transfers, as well as their values per capita have been studied. The comparative analysis of the budget revenues and interbudgetary transfers dynamics has been carried out. The structure of interbudgetary transfers distribution among the regions has been assessed. Statistical characteristics of the interbudgetary transfers share in the revenues of the budgets of the entities showing their heterogeneity has been obtained. The fiscal capacity per capita indicators in the regions and their dynamics have been analyzed. The influence of inter-budgetary transfers on increasing the level of budgetary security of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation is shown. The correlation per capita of interbudget transfers and gross regional product has been carried out, indicating their variability in time and space, as well as the presence of significant differentiation of their values in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Measures to Counter Cruelty to Animals: Issues of an Inter-Sectoral Approach

Until recently, liability for cruelty to animals was provided for in Art. 245 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Administrative and legal measures for it were established in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The establishment of federal regulations governing the responsible treatment of animals has necessitated the establishment of these measures at the federal level. The problem was partly resolved in 2023 as a result of the addition of administrative legislation with rules establishing liability, including for the above acts. This article is devoted to the assessment of these norms, in connection with criminal law norms, with an emphasis on some problematic provisions that can cause difficulties at the level of law enforcement practice. They relate, in particular, to the subject of offenses, the content of the act, their subject, and the subjective side.

Formation of an organizational and functional model of assisted living for the disabled

The article discusses the issues of forming an organizational and functional model of assisted living for disabled people on the basis of a scientifically based approach. A comparative analysis of foreign and domestic practices was carried out. General patterns influencing the development of the assisted living system have been identified, its participants and their powers, material and technical base, human resources, and implementation mechanisms have been identified. The purpose of the study is to develop an organizational and functional model of the system of assisted living for disabled people. Research materials: The research material was data from the annual monitoring of the development of technologies for assisted living of disabled people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, presented by 89 constituent entities as of March 1, 2024. The methodological basis for monitoring was the developed system of indicators reflecting various aspects of assisted living. Methods: system analysis, qualitative and quantitative content analysis, structural-functional and comparative analysis of regulatory legal documents, statistical analysis. Research results. According to information provided from 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of March 1, 2024, work is underway in 84 regions (94.4%) to organize accompanied accommodation. The factors influencing the development of the assisted living system are analyzed. An organizational and functional model of the assisted living system for disabled people has been formed, which includes three levels of organization (federal, regional and individual). Conclusion. The concept of the model includes a comprehensive, systematic and personalized approach that allows the division of powers between federal and regional authorities, the coordination of work on the implementation of technologies and control over all its links, as well as an individual approach to the development of an individual program of assisted living in order to determine the required volume for a disabled person. help.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НОВЫХ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПУТЕМ ОКАЗАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ОТРАСЛИ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА

The article examines the possibility of ensuring the economic security of the Donetsk People's Republic, Lugansk People's Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions by providing measures of state support for the railway transport industry, including those aimed at ensuring the break-even of the activities of the FSUE Railways of Novorossiya. FSUE Railways of Novorossiya is a natural monopoly entity that maintains the railway system in the territories of new constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the sole owner of public railway transport infrastructure and a carrier. The relevance of the topic is due to the ongoing process of integration of new entities into the economy of the Russian Federation. The article examines the activities of the railway transport industry, the FSUE Railways of Novorossiya and their impact on the economic activities of new constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The main threats to the economic security of the FSUE Railways of Novorossiya are identified, forecasts of performance results are formed and ways to solve the main problems are proposed, which involve respecting the economic interests of all interested parties.

ЭТАПЫ ПРЕДИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ФАЗЫ МЕГАПРОЕКТНОГО ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article offers the author's description of the stages of the pre-investment phase of mega-project financing of the economy. The launch of this process was preceded by a thirty-year transformation of the socio-economic system of the Russian Federation. During these transformations, the previously functioning organizational and economic mechanism was deactivated. Its viability until the start of the special military operation was due to the ongoing policy of Reaganomics, closely related to the principles of the Washington Consensus. Determining a new vector of economic development, the Government of the Russian Federation selected 11 technological sovereignty projects for the first time in December 2023. Among them are port infrastructure projects, shipbuilding, energy, mechanical engineering, infrastructure projects, and instrument engineering. By designating banks as subjects of financing megaprojects, the state thereby promotes the development of economic relations using such a financial instrument as a state guarantee. To make a decision on their participation in large-scale investment projects, authorized government bodies organize the calculation of all performance indicators, incl. budgetary, financial, economic, social. If we are talking about projects that have passed the examination and are significant for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, its initiators determine the structure of financing. When participating in projects of commercial banks, according to established practice, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation may offer a state guarantee of the federal budget as security. In this case, issues of the effectiveness of a particular project fade into the background. Reason: if negative results are obtained from the implementation of the investment project, the commercial bank will write off from the treasury account all existing debt on loans issued to the megaproject operator. But in this case, the amount of debt on the loan will be lost from the federal budget. To prevent this from happening, it is important to maintain a balance of interests of all participants in the megaproject. The role of the state remains two-pronged. When identifying “positive” and “negative” aspects of state activity, the gradation assumes the presence of the following structure: a) the “negative” aspect was determined by the acceleration of economic growth and was the basis of structural transformation; b) the “positive” aspect was that set of socio-political circumstances that determine growth from the fundamentally possible potential to the real.

Образовательная миграция из арктических регионов России, не имеющих самостоятельных вузов

One of the main reasons for young people to change their place of residence is the desire to get higher education. In the Arctic zone, where there is a lack of or insufficient level of development of the network of higher education organizations, young people are forced to leave for other regions. The relevance of the study is also conditioned by the fact that educational migration is often irrevocable, which strengthens negative migration processes. The study of educational migration with the help of traditional statistical sources is possible at the regional level, but does not reveal the spatial characteristics of migra-tion processes at the level of municipalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to approbate the methodology of studying migration from municipalities on the example of regions where there are no independent higher education institutions. The object of the study is the Arctic regions: Nenets, Chukotka, Yamalo-Nemets Autonomous okrugs. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the use of new data sources and the application of the method of big data analysis to study migration processes at the municipal level. The database for the study was formed on the basis of the results of uploading data from the digital footprint of users of the social network “VKontakte”. The study regions included 15,186 users, the vast majority of whom indicated receiving higher education in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on the obtained data, the trajectories of educational migration at the municipal level were identified, the coefficients of concentration and uniformity of migration flow were calculated, and a typology of municipalities in the Arctic regions of Russia was carried out. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to adjust migration policy in the Arctic regions, including at the municipal level.

Дисциплинарная ответственность за неурегулирование конфликта интересов при осуществлении государственных (муниципальных) закупок

Prevention and suppression of “rent-seeking” behaviour of civil servant of a public authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the performance of his official duties, in particular, related to the implementation of public procurement activities, depends largely on the inevitability of proportionate disciplinary punishment for failure to resolve a conflict of interest. The article focuses on the uncertainty of the grounds for disciplinary liability for corruption offences, the lack of criteria of low significance in the service legislation, which negatively affects the uniformity of law enforcement practice.

Подзаконное нормотворчество исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации

The exercise of the powers of the head of the executive power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, as a rule, is carried out by executive authorities, and therefore its functionality in the field of executive power is most significant. He forms and directs the supreme executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation, and also has legislative and supervisory powers. The head of the region carries out law–making activities — issues decrees (resolutions) and orders that are mandatory in the relevant subject of the Russian Federation. However, the normative legal acts issued by him and the executive authorities must be adopted on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in compliance with any level of laws.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ГАЗИФИКАЦИЯ ПОМОГАЕТ ПРЕОДОЛЕВАТЬ ТРУДНЫЕ ВРЕМЕНА ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА СТРАНЫ

The material of the proposed article seems to the authors to be extremely relevant in connection with the 12 packages adopted by the Western community against Russia, containing more than 17 thousand of all kinds of sanctions and restrictions, including in relation to the export of hydrocarbons. This circumstance has put the domestic economy in an extremely difficult situation, especially in the context of the restoration of the country's national economy. Reorientation of the oil and gas industry to the East, to the countries of Greater Eurasia, year-round transport and industrial development of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic zone of Russia will not only overcome the problems and difficulties that have arisen, but also strengthen political and economic ties with the states of the Silk Road and the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (CSTO). The purpose of the study is a comprehensive economic assessment of the implementation of state regional development programs based on the use of hydrocarbon raw materials, including the social gasification/additional gasification program in the constituent entities of the Federation, to which the President paid special attention in his Address to the Federal Assembly 2024. A separate task is to forecast industrial production based on processing of hydrocarbon raw materials at various stages of technological conversion into lines of consumer goods and into products intended for export. The research results obtained so far by the authors of the article boil down to a review of information sources on the identified problems, an analysis of individual issues of the dynamics of production, export supplies, transportation and pricing of domestic hydrocarbon raw materials,and to determining the success of the implementation of the gasification program in individual regions of the Federation. The conceptual approaches involved were discussed. The article concludes with three conclusions.

Consumption‐Based Carbon Emissions of 85 Federal Entities in Russia

AbstractAs the fourth largest CO2 emitter, Russia's constituent entities collectively contribute with vast territory and regional heterogeneity. Existing studies only present production‐based inventories; state‐level consumption‐based emissions patterns and driving forces remain rare. Here, we built the Russia state‐level Multi‐regional input‐output table to ascertain heterogeneity in consumption‐based emissions and track carbon flows in the inter‐state. We found that 60% of consumption‐based emissions coming from affluent areas (top 20% of the GRP), including Moscow (139.1 Mt) and St. Petersburg (50.5 Mt). Energy‐intensive regions also had huge consumption‐based emissions (31.6 Mt in Khanty‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 29.4 Mt in Republic of Tatarstan). Household consumption emissions accounted for 41%–73% of consumption‐based emissions in the 83 regions, except for Tula and Lipetsk, where fixed capital formation dominated. In addition, the major contributor of embodied emissions in households were power and services sectors, which contributed about 8%–61% (0.03 Mt–12.7 Mt) and 12%–40% (0.1 Mt–20.1 Mt). In Russia's low carbon transition, policymakers should not only focus on a local mitigation policy in developed states (such as Moscow and St. Petersburg), but on key sectors to curb the consumption. Regions with high carbon intensity should switch to renewable energy and implement cleaner production techniques in high‐emission industries.

ОЦЕНКА ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЯ В БЮДЖЕТНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ В СИСТЕМЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГОРЕСУРСАМИ (СУЭР)

Developed and in operation since 2019, the information and analytical Energy Resources Management System of the Belgorod Region (ERMS) ensures the digitalization of processes related to the provision of measures to improve energy efficiency related to the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. The SEER uses methods for assessing the energy efficiency of large geographically distributed consumers of utility resources based on an individual analysis of the characteristics and heat consumption of individual buildings. Currently, the SEER includes information for 2,144 municipal and regional institutions in the Belgorod region, which operate in 5,332 buildings. Costs for energy resources and water in 2023 in these institutions amounted to 4.8 billion rubles; over the five years of operation of the SUER, they decreased by 8% under comparable conditions. Based on SEER data, the total savings potential that can be achieved in regional and municipal institutions of the Belgorod region is 14.3% of annual costs for energy resources and water, including 0.8% from organizational activities and 13.5% from technical measures with an average payback period of 6 years. During 2021–2024, pilot projects for the implementation of SEMS were implemented in 9 Russian regions and one organization, which showed savings potential ranging from 4.4 to 29.5%.

Chronic coronary artery disease: aspects of recording and coding in clinical practice (results of a survey of physicians)

Aim. To study the opinion of doctors about the applicability, frequency and criteria for practical use of codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) from the group of chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) — I25.0, I25.1, I25.8, I25.9.Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from February 27, 2024 to March 11, 2024 on a continuous sample of medical workers who agreed to participate in an anonymous survey as respondents. The questionnaire consisted of an introductory, personal and main part, which consisted of 19 questions devoted to various aspects of chronic CAD coding at the doctor’s appointment and during preparing medical death certificate. This article presents the results of a survey of cardiologists (group 1) and internists/general practitioners/family physicians (group 2). The χ2 test was used to compare two groups. The Friedman test was used to test the hypothesis that the physicians' opinion about the use of different chronic CAD codes was random. The Kendall test was used to assess the agreement between physicians. Calculations were carried out using Microsoft Office Excel 2021 and SPSS-26.0.Results. A total of 883 doctors from 47 constituent entities of the Russian Federation took part in the survey. Half of the respondents believed that there are differences between the codes I25.0, I25.1, I25.8, I25.9 and that they are necessary for statistical recording. Although cardiologists (59,2%) were less likely than internists/general practitioners/family doctors (65,9%) to believe that one or more of the 4 codes analyzed could be used only on the basis of risk factors, differences did not reach significance (p=0,1). The need to confirm chronic CAD using paraclinical research methods varied from 57,3% for code I25.9 to 83,1% for code I25.1. In case of death of a patient from chronic CAD, almost a third of respondents do not see the differences between the 4 specified codes, but are ready to use them in different clinical setting. In addition, 14,6% responded that when filling out medical death certificates they would not use any of the 4 specified codes. There is no agreement among physicians regarding the use of codes in clinical practice (Kendall's coefficient of concordance 0,084; p<0,001) and as a cause of death (0,148; p<0,001).Conclusion. There is no unified stance among doctors on the rules and applicability of using at least 4 codes (I25.0, I25.1, I25.8, I25.9). To correctly assess morbidity and mortality rates from individual forms of chronic ACAD based on ICD-10 codes, guidelines that should include a description and consideration of all the most significant clinical scenarios of chronic CAD should be developed.

ВОСТОЧНО-СИБИРСКИЙ МАКРОРЕГИОН В XXI ВЕКЕ С ПОЗИЦИЙ ВОСТОЧНОГО ВЕКТОРА РАЗВИТИЯ: ВЫЗОВЫ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ

In light of changing socioeconomic and geopolitical conditions, identifying the characteristics of changes in the economic environment of a large domestic resource-producing macroregion – Eastern Siberia – is an extremely important topic. The territory of the macroregion, taking into account the historical and geographical factors and the peculiarities of economic development, is considered part of seven subjects in the central part of Siberia, including the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Trends and problems in the development of the territory are presented using the example of model subjects and the demographic behavior of the population over the past two decades. A number of primary reasons for the ongoing multidirectional socio-economic changes in the context of the «turn to the east» are identified, and issues of economic security in border regions are considered. The following trends have been identified: the industrial structure is being simplified, the demographic potential continues to decline, a steady western drift of the demographic mass is observed, and the population is concentrated in the administrative centers of the macroregion’s constituent entities.

Constitutional Law Limitations and Prohibitions in Activities of a Deputy of a Supreme Official of a Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation

Constitutional Law Limitations and Prohibitions in Activities of a Deputy of a Supreme Official of a Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation

Distinction of Competencies in the Legal Regulation of Social Security in the Context of Federalization

The article considers interaction forms in the field of legal regulation of social security between state authorities: federal and regional. In social security law, as in a number of other branches of Russian law, the combination of various levels of legal regulation is essential for the implementation of the constitutional right of people to social security, while leading to a number of problems in rule-making and law enforcement. The right to social security guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to categories of persons in need of it, providing them with material support measures provided for by laws of social risks in a timely manner and to the fullest extent possible, in conditions of federalism, can be implemented with the participation of state authorities at all levels of legal regulation, from the federal to the level of local self-government. It was concluded that the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have a wide range of powers, the use of which allows them to more effectively implement the right of people to social security.

Всероссийский съезд психологических служб в системе образования Российской Федерации как единое пространство, объединяющее профессионалов

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article highlights the key events and results of the All-Russian Congress of Psychological Services in the Education system of the Russian Federation on December 8-9, 2023. The content and directions of the work of the plenary session, panel discussion, workshops and expert sessions held within the framework of the Congress are described. Among the most urgent issues are the actualization of the Concept of the development of psychological services and the professional standard “Educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education)”; the role of a teacher-psychologist in the formation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in educational groups and the psychological safety of the educational environment; psychological and pedagogical support for students with disabilities, etc. Following the results of the All-Russian Congress, there was made a decision defining the prospects for the development of the Service and priority areas of activity. Decisions for execution have been sent by the Ministry of Education to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.</p>

Consolidated budgets of the Ural Federal District regions: Comparative assessment and development trends

Subject. This article discusses the issues of budget reform and changes in the regional budgets of the subjects of the Ural Federal District. Objectives. The article aims to assess changes in the regional budgets of the subjects of the Ural Federal District for the period from 2000 to 2022. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. The article finds that the percentage of the Ural Federal District regions in the total revenues of the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation gets decreasing, while a significant increase in the percentage of non-repayable receipts is recorded in the revenue part of the budgets under study. Conclusions. It is necessary to develop measures to improve the independence of regional budgets, especially in the context of constant external and internal economic changes. This requires adjusting the budget strategy of the Russian Federation in order to ensure the stable financial development of territorial systems.

Analyzing the sustainability factors of the Far Eastern Federal District under the circular economy implementation

Subject. The article considers the circular economy introduction as a key tool for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals approved by the UN, and the problems of uneven socio-economic development of regions. Objectives. The study aims at working out a methodological approach to assess the level of sustainable development of region, taking into account social, economic, and environmental factors. Methods. We employed methods of comparative analysis. Results. We offered an integrated indicator formula to assess factors in the circular economy, unveiled factors hindering the development of the circular economy in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District. Conclusions. The use of the integrated indicator enables to assess the level of stability of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation as a whole, as well as to determine the development of each group of factors of sustainable development.

Division of Powers of Public Authorities in Modern Conditions

In the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation regarding the formation of a unified system of public power, the issue of improving the delimitation of powers of public authorities remains relevant. Significant amount of problems has been accumulated over the course of more than twenty-five years. This fact has an impact on the sustainability of regional budgets. The author of the article is considering the authority of regional government bodies in questions of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for improving the division of powers of public authorities and financial support this process from the position of increasing the sustainability budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the course of the work, based on scientific methods such as institutional, retrospective and comparative analyses, it was concluded that there are problems in the mechanism for delimiting regional powers that impede the increase in the sustainability of regional budgets. The main results of the study include suggestions for the harmonization of budget legislation and legislation in the field of delimitation of powers from the position of expanding the rights of regions to participate in the implementation of non-transferred powers, regulation of the process of introducing new powers, inventory count of regional powers established by subordinate legislation or bylaws, introduction of the practice of financial support for certain regional powers in cases and to the extent of receipt of certain non-tax revenues and the development of debt financing instruments for powers, as well as for improving the practice of financial support for delegated powers. The prepared recommendations may be useful when conducting the inventory count of regional powers from the standpoint of increasing the sustainability of regional budgets; introducing a reasonable assessment of the resource provision for new powers proposed for the implementation; shifting the emphasis from the subordinate or by-law regulation of regional powers towards strengthening their legislative regulation.

Demographic problems of the Far North regions

The article presents a general analysis of the economic and demographic situation in the regions of the Far North and equivalent territories based on official statistical information from Rosstat. The main research method was economic, including statistical analysis, as well as interpretation of the data obtained. The article presents the work of modern Russian researchers on the problem under study. The results of the study showed a steady dynamics of population decline in these areas of the country. The data demonstrate a decrease in the population of almost all territories belonging to the Far North in the period from 2001 to 2023. It is shown that the only exceptions are the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the dynamics are positive. The article also provides examples of recent government decisions on the approval of new programs for the socio-economic development of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual programs, preferential lending to business entities during the construction of socially significant facilities that can improve the living conditions of the population of these territories.