Compact Crown Research Articles

The strength of growth and early fruitfulness of autumn apple varieties in the specific conditions of the Astrakhan region

Data on the study of apple varieties of the autumn ripening period according to the main economically valuable indicators are presented. The experience was laid in the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center on the territory of an experimental orchard in 2018. The purpose of the research is to study introduced apple varieties according to the main economically valuable indicators and identify the best ones for creating intensive plantings in the semi–desert zone of the Northern Caspian. The main indicators of the evaluation of 7 apple varieties of the autumn ripening period were such indicators as survival, growth strength, fertility and fruiting. As a result of the study, it was found that there was no damage to trees in winter. The survival rate of the varieties was good and amounted to 63.6...100.0 %. A more compact crown was formed in Cherry, Lambourne and Uman winter varieties (0.2...0.8 m2). The most rapid-fruiting varieties are Lambourne and Galacube, which had a harvest in the third year of the growing season. The yield of varieties reached 0.1...1.8 kg/d. The largest fruits were in the Stark Red Gold variety (164.0 g), which exceeded the Cherry control by 0.6% (163.0 g). Complex resistance to scab, brown spotting and rust was distinguished by the Talida variety.

Evaluation of Chili Nazla IPB as An Ornamental Chilli for Releasing Variety

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) exhibits a wide range of variations in terms of crown shape, fruit shape, fruit color, leaf color, leaf shape, and taste. While chili is commonly known as a food plant, it also serves as an attractive ornamental plant. Specifically, ornamental chili plants are desired to possess specific traits, such as compact growth, high fruit yield, and a variety of fruit colors within a single plant. This study aims to comprehensively describe the quantitative and qualitative superiority of the Nazla IPB variety in terms of its characteristics. The research was conducted in the Leuwikopo Darmaga experimental garden's greenhouse, located in Bogor, utilizing a randomized complete block design with four replications. The Nazla IPB variety, which is an open-pollinated (OP) cultivar, stands out due to its short plant height, ranging from 17.83 to 26.42 cm, making it highly suitable for ornamental purposes. Furthermore, the chili plants of the Nazla IPB variety possess a compact crown shape, enhancing their visual appeal, coupled with their short stature (ranging from 21.83 to 26.69 cm). The primary distinguishing features of the ornamental chili variety Nazla IPB include: 1) the color of the leaves, which transition from green (Green 137 C) to purple (Purple N186 A); 2) the black color of the young chili fruit (Black 203 A); 3) the fruit shape of Nazla IPB, which can be described as moderately triangular; and 4) the fruit undergoes a color transformation from black to dark green and finally to red. Nazla IPB has potential to serve as an attractive decorative plant option.

Results of the study of pear varieties of Yekaterinburg breeding

Seven new varieties of pear were studied under the conditions of the Sverdlovsk horticultural breeding station (Yekaterinburg). Talisa and Berezhenaya are standard varieties. For the observation period (2007-2021), the average sum of active temperatures was 20660C (1723-2438 °C); active vegetation period 128 days (110-147 days); average annual temperature +3.0 °С. A good taste of fruits (with a score of 4.0-4.2 points) is in varieties Talisa (st), Fleyta, Berezhenaya (st), Rozovyy bochonok, Tais, Limonadnaya. At the age of 13-16 years, the Tais variety had a high yield (19.8 t/ha). The yield at the control level was in the varieties Fleyta, Kolokolchik, Rozovyy bochonok, Ostrovityanka II (7.2-11.1 t/ha). A group of varieties with tall trees has been identified: Talitsa (st), Tais, Rozovyy bochonok, Maksimka (5.1-5.5 m). The group of varieties with medium-sized trees includes Fleyta, Berezhnaya (st), Limonadnaya, Ostrovityanka II (4.2-4.6 m). Varieties with a compact crown are Rozovyy bochonok and Limonadnaya (diameter 2.3-2.4 m); a variety with a spreading crown is Tais (diameter 3.7 m). The crown diameter of other varieties is 2.8-3.2 m. According to the complex of economically valuable traits, six varieties were identified for use in breeding in the Sverdlovsk horticultural breeding station. These are the varieties Fleyta (yield, fruit quality), Limonadnaya (early maturity, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp.), Tais (early maturity, yield, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp.), Berezhnaya (st), Rozovyy bochonok and Ostrovityanka II (yield, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp., fruit storage suitability). The new varieties of pear Tais and Rozovyy bochonok be recommended for inclusion in the State Register for the fourth region.

Adaptive potential of apple varieties in the foothill zone of Dagestan

The article presents the results of studying the adaptability of apple varieties on the M9 clone rootstock in the agroecological conditions of the southeastern foothill subprovince of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to identify the adaptive potential of apple varieties for the establishment of intensive type orchards in the zone of commercial horticulture. It is especially important to choose the optimal variant of scion-rootstock combinations of apple trees, which should be distinguished by annual productivity, high commercial quality of fruits and environmental sustainability. The southeastern foothill sub-province has great prospects for the development of commercial horticulture. The most common of the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops are recurrent cold in spring and early frosts in autumn, when fruit plants are still windy. According to the results of the research, biometric parameters of growth and yield of trees in a young orchard were determined, depending on the type of plantings design. It is noted that at the age of three years, the condition of trees on a 5-point scale is good. The height of trees, depending on the rootstock, compared with the variety Renet Simirenko (control), reached an average of 2.3 to 2.9 m. On dwarf rootstocks of M-9, the diameter of the stem of the Majesti variety was 4.2 cm, the diameter of the Simirenko variety was 3.5 cm. The growth of annual shoots clearly reflects the growth activity of trees with different scion/rootstock combinations. It has been established that dwarf rootstocks provide a weakening effect and allow growing stunted trees with a compact crown, a strong stem and are convenient for care, harvesting. The largest number of fruit formations was observed in the introduced Majesti variety with a planting scheme of 3.0×1.5 on a dwarf rootstock M9(67sh), compared with the control variety of the Renet Simirenko (46pcs).The yield from one tree was 7.1 kg., in the control variety Renet Simirenko — (5.3 kg). When calculated per hectare, the Majesty variety produced 15.7 tons, Renet Simirenko — 11.7 tons.

Results of a long-term study of introduced apple varieties in the conditions of the Southern Urals

The article presents long-term data on the study of introduced apple varieties. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture. The objects of research were the introduced winter-ripening apple varieties Anis Sverdlovskiy, Blagaya Vest’, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska, Otlichnik, Pervoural’skoe, Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya, Samotsvet, Fermer, Ekrannoe, Bratchud (K), Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Bolotovskoe, Kandil’ Orlovskiy, Kulikovskoe. The planting scheme was 3.0x5.0 m. Modern industrial horticulture requires intensive orchards that meet a range of quality requirements: their early fruiting, restrained growth, compact crown type, active increase in yield, high commercial and consumer quality of fruits, reduction care costs compared to gardens on vigorous rootstocks. In this regard, the following features were studied: winter hardiness, tree height, crown diameter, bole circumference, precocity, and yield. After a critical winter, the most winter-hardy varieties turned out to be Blagaya Vesti, Farmer, Screen, Otlichnik, Bratchud (K). The varieties Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Krasa Sverdlovska had the highest reductive capacity. The highest average fruit weight over the years of the study had the Kovrovoe 1 variety (132.0 g), the high-yielding varieties included Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska (from 12.4 to 13.0 t/ha).

Productivity of apple variety Majesti in the foothill zone of Dagestan

The article presents the results of studying the productivity of the parameters of the introduced apple variety Majesti on the clonal rootstock M9 in the agro-ecological conditions of the southeastern foothill sub-province of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to identify the biological potential of the variety, the adaptive potential for the construction of intensive-type orchards in the industrial horticulture zone. It is especially important to choose the optimal variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees, which should be distinguished by early maturity, annual productivity, high commercial quality of fruits and environmental sustainability. The southeastern foothill sub-province has great prospects for the development of industrial horticulture. Of the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops, the most often noted are return colds in spring and early frosts in autumn, when fruit plants are still growing. In accordance with the research program of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan, it is envisaged to study the influence of different rootstocks (M9, SK-2, SK-7, MM106) on the productivity of the Majesti variety. Based on the research results, biometric indicators of the growth and productivity of trees in a young garden were determined, depending on the type of planting design. It was noted that at the age of three, the condition of trees on a 5-point scale is good. The height of the trees, depending on the rootstock, reached an average of 2.3 to 2.9 m. On dwarf rootstocks M9, the stem diameter of the Majesti variety was 4.2 cm, of the control variety Renet Simirenko — 3.5. The growth of annual shoots clearly reflects the growth activity of trees with different varieties of rootstock combinations. It has been established that the growth of dwarf rootstocks provides a weakening effect and allows growing lowgrowing trees with a compact crown, a strong stem, that are convenient for earning and harvesting. The largest number of fruit formations was noted in the introduced cultivar Majesti with a 3.0x1.5 planting pattern on a dwarf stock M9 (67 pieces) then in comparison on the control variety Renet Simirenko it was46 pieces. Productivity per tree was 7.1 kg, in the control variety Renet Simirenko — 5.3 kg. Calculated per hectare, productivity of the Majesti variety is 15.7 tons, Renet Simirenko — 11.7 tons.

Features of Growth Processes of Sweet Cherry Trees of Various Ripening Terms in the Conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

One of the main requirements of the new stone fruit varieties recommended for commercial cultivation is a compact crown shape that allows for greater plant density and easier crown maintenance. The aim of the research was to establish the growth processes of the above-ground parts of cherry trees in varieties of different ripening periods. The article presents the results of studies of the features of apical and lateral growth of sweet cherry trees. Biological and varietal features of tree growth strength, growth and total length of annual shoots are determined. The dependence of tree trunk growth on apical growth force is established. According to the results of research, sweet cherry varieties are grouped according to the strength of growth: the vigorous varieties are Amazonka, Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana, Mliyivska zhovta; the semi dwarf are Aboryhenka, Alyonushka, Drohana zhovta, Mirazh; the dwarfing are Biryuza, Donetskyy uholyok, Melitopolska krapchasta, Meotida. The smallest increase in trunk diameter was found for the dwarfing variety Biryuza, and the largest – for the variety Drohana zhovta. The highest yield load per unit cross-sectional area of the trunk was recorded for the variety Donetskyy uholyok, the lowest – for Drohana zhovta. The amount of growth in the trunk diameter was inversely dependent on a load of trees with the crop and the strength of apical growth of sweet cherry trees. The features of shoot-forming ability allow characterising the shape of the crown of cherry trees: round – Donetskyy uholyok, Amazonka; high-round – varieties of Aborigenka, Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana; wide-pyramidal – Alyonushka, Drohana zhovta, Melitopolska krap-chasta; pyramidal – Mliyivska zhovta, Mirazh; low – Meotida, Biryuza. Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana, Mirazh, Melitopolska krapchasta and Drohana zhovta varieties have high shootability; the Mliyivska zhovta, Aboryhenka, Meotida, Amazonka varieties have medium shootability; Alyonushka, Biryuza, Donetskyy uholyok varieties have low shootability

Evaluation of the aesthetic qualities and adaptability of introduced ornamental apple trees from the genetic collection of the Orenburg Branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery

The study of ornamental and adaptive qualities of Malus Mill. from the genetic collection of ornamental crops of the Orenburg branch of the Research Center of Horticulture was carried out to assess the gene pool of introduced wild apple tree species and forms and identify suitable for the urban landscaping and the breeding process. Such characteristics as habitus, abundance of flowering, color and number of flowers in the inflorescence, color of vegetative organs, flowers and fruits during the season were taken into account; resistance to major diseases and adverse abiotic factors was evaluated. Additionally, the color of buds and flowers was characterized on the basis of the RHS (Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart). As a result of a preliminary survey on the complex of ornamental qualities and the level of adaptability, 5 most promising species were identified, which received the best ratings on the ornamental scale. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C. K. Schneid. (31 points) was characterized by an attractive habit, the presence of flowers with a diameter of up to 40 mm and subsequently fruits that acquire a yellow-red color. Malus sargentii Rehder (29 points) was notable for its compact rounded crown, a large number of flowers with a diameter of 30 mm, followed by the formation of fruits with a dark red color. Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte (28 points) was distinguished by a large number of fragrant flowers in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (5 — 7 pcs) with an average diameter of 30 mm, as well as attractive red-yellow fruits. Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder, M. toringo Siebold (28 points) was interesting primarily by the presence of 5 -7 flowers of 20 — 30 mm in the inflorescence and decorative fruits, the color of which varies from yellow to red. Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck (28 points) attracted attention to the rich purple color of all organs due to the presence of a large number of anthocyanins, it was also worth noting the presence of a pleasant aroma during flowering and large flowers with an average diameter of 40 mm. The selected ornamental types of apple trees are favorable for use in landscaping of various scales, they are recommended for breeding work as initial parent forms.

Growth features of apple varieties and forms with natural and compact crown types

This research explores the compactness of apple varieties and forms with different types of crown. Orchards on semi-vigorous rootstocks with density and high density planting systems are cost-effective in modern horticulture. For making such gardens, it is necessary to have trees with special compact crown shape. They ensure the high-quality fruits production, meeting the requirements of world standards. To date the most perspective apple varieties and forms for domestic intensive gardening from the rich gene pool of the Selection and Genetic Center of Federal State Scientific Institution «I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center» are identified. Varieties of folk domestic and foreign breeding took part in the creation of new genotypes. Apple varieties and promising forms (more than 160 genotypes), including from near and far abroad selection, were used as materials for crown features studying. We conducted our study by the following indicators: tree height, crown volume, “degree of compactness” and the shoot-forming ability. We found that the genotypes Sholokhovskoye, Zvezda Artemyeva, 25-7(11), 40-9(8), 36-8(21), 40-9(6), 8-7(72), 40-9(7), 36-8(17), 62-5(140) have optimal crown parameters. We recommend their use for industrial horticulture and further breeding to create restrained growth, low-volume crown, and a high degree of compactness varieties.

Monitoring of samples of bird cherry (Prunus padus) and red rowan for breeding in the northeast of European Russia

This article illustrates the primary assessment of the introduced varieties of bird cherry and red rowan for a complex of economically useful traits in the period 2015-2019 in the region to select promising conditions for breeding work. The surveys were carried out according to the following indicators: the strength of the growth of varieties, resistance to pests and diseases, winter hardiness in the field, and assessment of the quality of fruits. As objects of research, 15 varieties of bird cherry were used. From bird cherry: form plena, Meteo, Colorata; bird cherry trees Lauhe: In memory of Salamatov (control), Siberian Beauty, Olga Joy, Pomegranate Bunch, Chemalskaya Luxurious, Purple Candle, Unkillable, Chemal Beauty; cherry virgin: Schubert, C. virginsky No.1, C. virginsky No.2; bird cherry: Siori No.1.10 varieties were studied for red rowan: Granatnaya, Vefed, Sorbinka, Rosina, Solnechnaya, Titan, Alaya Krupnaya, Businka, Burka, and Nevezhenskaya (control). It was found that the studied accessions were not damaged after winter. By the strength of growth in bird cherry trees, varieties with a compact crown were distinguished: Virginskaya No. 1 and Chemalskaya Luxurious. The best indicators of fruits were found in bird cherry trees No.1 and No.2, in Memory of Salamatov. Variety of Memory Salamatov with larger clusters and the number of berries per cluster. The minimum share of seeds in the mass of pulp was noted in the varieties Granatovaya Grozd and Pamyati Salamatova. The study of red rowan showed that a more restrained vigor of growth was noted in the varieties Granatnaya and Rosina.

Comparative study of apple plantations on seed and clonal stocks in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

In recent years, Russian gardeners have become interested in apple seed stocks, since they are indispensable for growing planting material of the highest quality categories for the purpose of setting up mother-cuttings, nurseries of clonal stocks and intensive orchards intended for obtaining organic products. The advantage of apple seed stocks is not only in a powerful root system and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, but also in the absence of a harmful viral infection from which almost all clonal stocks in Russia suffer. The opinion that trees are more vigorous on seed stocks, and orchards later enter in the fruiting period is erroneous, since there are developed technologies that make it possible the establishment of intensive apple tree plantations that enter the fruiting period 2 years after grafting. Among the apple clonal stocks, the intensively propagated form 54-118 is characterized by good anchoring and winter hardiness. Due to the lack of scientific data on the comparative study of seed and clonal stocks in the context of scion/stock combinations, we have begun a long-term study in order to identify the most promising of them in terms of early fruitfulness and high productivity. Long-term studies were carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery from 2000 to 2020. The analysis of the results of the tests carried out shows that all the plantings on stocks 54-118 and 64-143 turned out to be early fruitfulness, and the stocks were suitable for intensive gardening, since the varieties grafted on them have a restrained growth force and a compact crown. The smallest height from 1.9 to 2.8 m was noted in trees on the 54-118 stock, on the 64-143 stock this parameter, depending on the variety, varied from 3.2 to 3.8 m. The largest crown diameter (over 3.0 m) and the largest projection area of the crown had plantings of all varieties on the seed stock of Purple Ranetka. The yield of apple tree plantations on stock 54-118 varied from 10.4 (Serebryanoe Kopitce variety) to 14.1 t/ha (Chudnoe variety), and revenue from the sale of products from 1 ha ranged from 263.1 to 356.7 thousand rubles. The highest profitability on clonal stock 54-118 was distinguished by perennial plantations of the Chudnoe variety (83.8 %). On stock 64-143, the yield of plantings varied from 10.2 t / ha (Serebryanoe Kopitce variety) to 13.5 t / ha (Chudnoe variety), the proceeds from the sale of products per hectare also varied from 258.1 thousand rubles. up to 341.5 thousand rubles. The highest profitability of production was noted in the plantations on the stock 64-143 of the variety Mechtatelnitsa (82.2 %). The average yield of apple varieties grafted on the seed stock of Purple Ranetka ranged from 8.2 (variety Letnee Polosatoe (K) to 9.3 t / ha (variety Serebryanoe Kopitce); high profitability of production was distinguished by plantings of the variety Mechtatelnitsa on ranetka purpurovaya (16.3 %).

Eucalyptus Trees Plantation: A Review on Suitability and their Beneficial Role

Eucalyptus is fastest growing species popularly known as gum tree, red iron tree, safeda and belonging to the family Myrtaceae. E. tereticornis and E. grandis are important commercial species with a clean straight bole and compact crown. Large scale plantations have been raised on forest and farm lands, community lands, field boundaries and road/rail/canal strips in India. It is most suitable species for degraded land, waterlogged areas, problematic soils etc. Although, it is a controversial tree because of high water consumption, nutrient depletion, allopathic effects etc., it is also source of pulp, paper, essential oil, timber, medicinal use, etc. Moreover it also provides ecological, socioeconomic and industrial services. Improvement in physical and chemical properties of on Sodic wastelands, heavy metal accumulation in different tissues of in mined soil; carbon sequestration potential, etc. were reported in studies. On unit basis of dry biomass produced, it consumes very little water compared to other trees. If bark of the tree is left on site, the balance of nutrients remaining is (80-88%) of inputs for N, P, K, Ca and Mg which lasts for several years without considering the original nutrients that are still present in soil. In the face of growing economy and increased demand for wood products, it remains to be the desired species that grows fast and produce wood to meet the demand of wood for fuel, construction and furniture materials. Relieving wood product scarcity, landscape re-greening, contribution to poverty reduction, biodiversity restoration and conservation are valuable contribution in forest sector.

New apple-tree (Malus domestica Mill.) varieties as sourses of breeding valuable traits

Aim. To identify sources of several valuable economic and biological traits among new Ukrainian and foreign cultivars. Results and Discussion. The weather in the spring of 2019 and 2020 contributed to the epiphytotic development of scab, which allowed for assessment of susceptibility of new cultivars to this disease and for identification of sources of high resistance to it. There were no pathogen signs in immune cvs. Harant, Goldrush, Topaz, and William's Pride, which are carriers of the scab resistance oligogen (Vf). No cultivars that would be consistently highly-resistant to this disease in the field have been found. The creation of cultivars with a columnar crown remains a promising trend in breeding. Cv. Ruslan is a columnarity source. As to fruit yield, the leaders were Elise, Geneva Early, Goldrush, Honeycrisp, Pilot, and Topaz. Cvs. Harant, Ruslan, Elise, William's Pride gave stable fruit yields. Cvs. Kakhovske, Alionushkino, Julia, Honeycrisp, and Topaz give yields every year. Cvs. Harant, Malakhit and Rubin are sources of large fruits. Cv. Harant is noticeable for stable expression of this trait, which makes it a reference of large fruits. Mid-sized apples are considered the most optimal for selling. The sources of this trait are cvs. Ruslan, Elise, Honeycrisp, Szampion Arno, and Topaz. Most of the studied cultivars have round or flat-round fruits. Kakhovske apples are distinguished by their unordinary oval (sinapoid) shape. Sources of several features that determine highly-attractive appearance of their fruits have been distinguished. These are cvs. Harant, Malakhit, Ruslan, Elise, Geneva Early, Honeycrisp, Rubin, and William's Pride. Apples of cvs. Kakhovske, Elise, Honeycrisp, Rubin, and William's Pride are characterized by excellent palatability. Cultivars that are sources of several valuable economic and biological traits have been selected. Conclusions. Modern apple cultivars are starting material for creating new cultivars that will meet the future requirements. Cvs. Harant, Ruslan, Elise, Honeycrisp, Topaz, and William's Pride are sources of the maximum number of selectively valuable traits. By crossing them with cvs. Kakhovske, Malakhit, Alionushkino, Geneva Early, Goldrush, Julia, Pilot, and Rubin, it is possible to obtain genotypes with various ripening periods, which would combine immunity to scab, compact crown, high and stable yield, and high quality fruits.

ОЦЕНКА ОТБОРНЫХ ФОРМКАЛИНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ (VIBURNUMOPULUSL.) АЛТАЙСКОЙСЕЛЕКЦИИ

The guelder-rose(Viburnum opulusL.)has fruits rich in biologically active substances. The introduction of Vibur-num opulusL.into the garden culture as a fruit plant for the first time in our country was started in Barnaul at the Altai Zonal Fruit and Berry Experimental Station. The reason for the lack of commercially significant guelder-rose planta-tions in Russia is the unrevealed potential of the crop, the lack of varieties having a complex of technologically attrac-tive characteristics: compact crown of the bush, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early fruiting, high yield, low bitter tasting fruits that are suitable for fresh consumption in addition to processability. This paper describes the select-ed forms of Viburnum opulusL.developed at the Research Institute of Gardening in Siberia named after M.A. Lisaven-koof the Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies, the City of Barnaul. The results of breed-ing work with Viburnum opulusL.revealed real opportuni-ties for developing varieties with a complex of high eco-nomically significant indices. The research goal was to study the hybrid of Viburnum opulusL.and to identify the selected forms with a complex of economically valuable characters. The results from 2013 through 2019 are dis-cussed. The research targets were 9 selected forms from 5 families. The research was carried out in the breeding gar-den planted in 2008. Throughout the observation period, the weather conditions in 2013 and 2015 were the most favorable for the growth and fruiting of Viburnum opulusL.From 2017 through 2019, there was no harvest due to se-vere damage to the plants by Pyrrhalta vibumi larvae and beetles. The seedlings were evaluated regarding the ma-turity period, fruit quality (size, taste), and yield. The gen-eral condition of the plants, disease damage and pest damage were also evaluated. The observations were car-ried out according to the generally accepted program and method of selection and variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. According to the research findings, the forms 5-12-08, 5-6-08 and 8-29-08 were selected for high yields (four-year average -3.7 kg per bush; maximum -5.0 kg bush) and large-fruits (1.2-1.5 g). A good taste of fresh fruits (4.5 points) and a processed product -strained fruits with sugar (4.7 points) was noted in the hybrid 5-2-08. Regarding the total content of biologically active substances in the fruits, the selected form 6-8-08 was identified.

АНАЛИЗ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ АЛЛЕЙ ГОРОДА УФА

The article considers four alleys of the city of Ufa. The basic regulatory requirements are presented and the results of the analysis of the design structure of objects are presented. The sanitary and hygienic condition of the territory, the planning structure, etc. A balance of the areas of the territory was made on the basis of the constructed alignment drawings. The alleys considered are straight in regular and landscape styles. Plantings in Savushkino the alley – bunk, the rest single storey. Trees are free-growing, with a compact crown, durable and resistant to adverse conditions. The main breed is Linden, due to the fact that Ufa is included in its territorial growth. These alleys are popular among the population because of their historical significance and worthy spatial planning structure.

Селекція на отримання імунних сортів яблуні (Malus domestica Borkh.)

The author presents the main principles of creating apple immune cultivars by means of the directed hybridization with using oligogenic donors, the immunity being conditioned by the parasite usual incapacity of penetrating into a plant and infecting under the most favourable conditions. The immunity is determined by one or several main genes (oligo-genes). The scab harmfulness was analysed. That makes obtaining immune and high resistant apple cvs the major direc-tion of this crop breeding at the Institute of Horticulture (NAAN of Ukraine). Those varieties would decrease or exclude at all the chemical methods of the scab control. The immune cultivars are presented which were entered into the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine in 2006, namely: Edera, Garant, Amulet, Skifske Zoloto, Perlyna Kyieva and the new cvs that were entered into the above mentioned register for the latest five years or are planned to be, including the summer varieties Malusha, Palanka, Nastia, the winter ones Todes, Dmiana, Solomiia, Dozhnytsia. They are all favourable for the intensive horticulture, nearly all powdery mildew resistant, combine harmo-nius taste and aroma, have attractive fruits appearance and the winter cultivars are characterized by the long storage term. It is the winter cv Dmiana that requires especial attention. It differs significantly from existing varieties owing to unique taste qualities which may be compared with the best grape vine dessert cultivars. Besides ‘Dmiana’ is scab im-mune and not affectioned by powder mildew. The trees have not a large compact crown, are winter-hardy, early ripening. They begin fruit-bearing in the 2nd year af-ter planting with annual planting trees almost on all the vegetative rootstocks even without a crown. They increase rap-idly marketable yield but are susceptible to the fruits overloading and their diminishing in size. The fruits are middle (130-185 g), orbicular – conic, green – yellow with crimson – red erubesccence nearly on the whole surface. The pulp has aroma, very dense and juicy up to the storage end. The creation of new fruit crops cvs is complicated multi-year labour which must not be the acquisition of only breeders. To this labour other scientists must be drawn at different stages because the final task of the breeding work is a versatile study of a new variety and offering recommendations to future producers concerning the peculiarities and application.

Tree Height Increment Models for National Forest Inventory Data in the Pacific Northwest, USA

The United States national inventory program measures a subset of tree heights in each plot in the Pacific Northwest. Unmeasured tree heights are predicted by adding the difference between modeled tree heights at two measurements to the height observed at the first measurement. This study compared different approaches for directly modeling 10-year height increment of red alder (RA) and ponderosa pine (PP) in Washington and Oregon using national inventory data from 2001–2015. In addition to the current approach, five models were implemented: nonlinear exponential, log-transformed linear, gamma, quasi-Poisson, and zero-inflated Poisson models using both tree-level (e.g., height, diameter at breast height, and compacted crown ratio) and plot-level (e.g., basal area, elevation, and slope) measurements as predictor variables. To account for negative height increment observations in the modeling process, a constant was added to shift all response values to greater than zero (log-transformed linear and gamma models), the negative increment was set to zero (quasi-Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson models), or a nonlinear model, which allows negative observations, was used. Random plot effects were included to account for the hierarchical data structure of the inventory data. Predictive model performance was examined through cross-validation. Among the implemented models, the gamma model performed best for both species, showing the smallest root mean square error (RSME) of 2.61 and 1.33 m for RA and PP, respectively (current method: RA—3.33 m, PP—1.40 m). Among the models that did not add the constant to the response, the quasi-Poisson model exhibited the smallest RMSE of 2.74 and 1.38 m for RA and PP, respectively. Our study showed that the prediction of tree height increment in Oregon and Washington can be improved by accounting for the negative and zero height increment values that are present in inventory data, and by including random plot effects in the models.

Erratum to: Modeling Relations between Compacted and Uncompacted Crown Ratio for the Northern United States

Erratum to: Modeling Relations between Compacted and Uncompacted Crown Ratio for the Northern United States

<p><strong><em>Sabal lougheediana </em>(Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire</strong></p>

A new palm species, Sabal lougheediana, is described and illustrated. This critically endangered island endemic, native solely to Bonaire, is characterized by a compact crown of leaves, erect leaf segments, distinctive leaf scars, and frequently vascularized fiber bundles in leaflet transection. Detail on history, morphology, range, habitat, and conservation status is presented, along with a diagnostic key.

Coccothrinax viridescens (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae), a new species

A new species of Coccothrinax is described and illustrated. Currently it is only known from cultivation, but it breeds true from seed. Consulted experts in the genus and palm specialists from Cuba and the Dominican Republic are unfamiliar with this species. Historical aspects point to a Cuban origin. It is currently being cultivated in various localities in South Florida and so far only known from this country. This palm is clearly distinguished by its compact crown, short petioles, tiny seed, almost imperceptible short costa and lack of a silvery abaxial leaf surface. A detailed description, illustration, and images are provided.