Cognitive Metaphor Research Articles

Semantic Derivation of Toponyms in the English Media Discourse (Based on the Articles of the Reuters News Agency in 2017–2018)

Within the framework of cognitive linguistics, questions of nomination are of particular importance. The article dwells upon functioning of toponyms in the English mass media discourse. The central question is the semantic derivation of the toponyms in English-language news of the Reuters news agency. This paper focuses on the main cognitive mechanisms of the formation of a new meaning, such as cognitive metaphor and metonymy, defocusing and profiling schemes. The article investigates the nature of the formation of new meanings and examines approaches proposed by Kubryakova E.S., Iriskhanova O.K., Boldyrev N.N., Babina L.V., Maslova Zh.N., Popova E.A., Ch. Fillmore, R. Lanecker, J. Lakoff. The data of the study consists of 57 examples of precedent toponyms Moscow, Russia, Ukraine, Kiev, Washington, roaches Hungary, Beijing, Britain, Georgia, Kremlin, Turkey, Venezuela that have rich semantics and great potential for the formation of new meanings. These toponyms are also used most frequently in the context of the current political agenda. The toponyms functioning in the English-language news of the Reuters news agency were analyzed for the cognitive mechanism that underlies the formation of the meaning. The findings show that the most productive mechanism of semantic derivation in media discourse is the mechanism of conceptual metonymy.

‘주체’와 ‘자아’의 은유에 대한 인지 분석

This paper examines self, subject and cognitive neural network, showing that language of literature has a place in cognitive metaphor study. I raise some popular matters of the principle of metaphors; ‘cognitive linguistic metaphor theory’, self-subject metaphor more widely, inside the cognitive science of philosophical thought. The study of self-subject concerns the structure of our inner lives. Metaphor is a primary implement for understanding ourselves and our world, and entering into an contract with forceful metaphors is grappling in an important way with what it means to have a human life. I try to check up the cognitive linguistic metaphoric method of Great Expectations. As a result of analyzing, this research proposes that critical thought in consilience of the researches raised problems as to our basic principles and gave them fresh creative theories.

КОГНІТИВНА МЕТАФОРА ЖИТТЯ/СМЕРТЬ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ МОВНОЇ КАРТИНИ СВІТУ ВАСИЛЯ ШКЛЯРА

The anthropocentric approach to studying of language and speech causes linguists’ turn to literary discourse, since at the present stage of linguistic science development, it is relevant, in our opinion, there are researches of discursive phenomena, verbal conceptual models and their infl uence on the functioning of language units. This is manifested in the fact that the study of metaphorical mod-els in the cognitive and discursive structure is of particular interest. Attention to the problem of metaphor, certain aspects of its studying, is pri-marily due to the complexity of the speech phenomenon, the desire of linguists to fi nd hidden mechanisms that control the metaphorical process, the laws of its existence. In the system of linguistic structures, metaphor is considered as a dynamic linguistic phenomenon, which is characterized by such concepts as dis-course, dialogical discourse in cognitive-discursive, systemic-active and func-tional-communicative approaches, which is based on a dual orientation towards the author, the creator, who is considered as a universal language personality, and on the society represented by the addressee, the reader.Such an approach to the study of metaphor based on the formation of a com-municative-discursive paradigm indicates the need for theoretical and practical study of metaphor in a cognitive-discursive context aimed at substantiating the implementation of the language system taking into account lingual and extralin-gual factors. This is the relevance of scientifi c research, the purpose of which is to investigate the cognitive counter-metaphor LIFE / DEATH in the discursive dialogic structures of Vasyl Shkliar’s text «Zalyshents. Chornyi Voron». The study of cognitive metaphor makes it possible to make generalizations about the functioning tendencies of ideas about life and death, the embodiment of the ethnic uniqueness of world perception and the conceptual presentation of the analyzed metaphor through the prism of archetypal manifestations. The interpretation of LIFE / DEATH as a natural phenomenon is motivated by human empirical experience.In the Ukrainian picture of the world, the researched metaphors have a strong connection with archetypes, which is explained by paganism, the tradi-tions of which are deeply rooted in the Ukrainian linguistic consciousness. Prospective directions for further research should include revealing and de-termining the scope and content of the cognitive metaphor LIFE / DEATH in other works of this author.

Conceptual Metaphors in Political Discourse: Evidence from the Speeches of King Abdullah II of Jordan

This paper reports on the findings of a study that aims at exploring conceptual metaphors in the political speeches of King Abdullah II of Jordan which are delivered at the Plenary Sessions of the United Nations General Assembly. Eight political speeches of the King, downloaded from his official website, are analyzed by adopting the cognitive metaphor theory (CMT) proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The study reveals that there are four dominant themes in these speeches: (1) the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, (2) the Syrian crisis, (3) terrorism, and (4) reform in Jordan. To express these themes, twenty three source domains were adopted in the King's speeches. The findings show that the most frequently used source domains are journey, war, hero, building, and human. The study concludes that King Abdullah II relies on the use of conventional conceptual metaphors to present the main themes in his political speeches.

The Political Philosophy of Environmental Loss and Power

The word Anthropocene, referring to a new era of humanity’s uncontrolled exercise of power over the Earth as a geophysical unit, could be translated using a cognitive metaphor as “the Age of Loss”. We have gained such power that we are unable to adjust or even fully track its manifestations. The relation between loss and power is continuous in all the basic areas of materialization of socio-political concepts: in politics, in economics, in law and the judiciary, in legislation, environmental protection, etc. The philosophy of loss and power is inseparable from economic concerns. The entirety of Western civilization is built on the economic calculus of profit and loss, whose results are directly transformed into decisions of power made by the administrative, political, ownership and power-broking elites. The environmental and climate crisis is therefore also a crisis of privilege of one group over others. The question for politics is which political means can one use to achieve a state of uncorrupted voluntary depriviligization. This level of prosperity will itself be the subject of environmental self-limitation, being presented as “loss”. It will be posed as a political problem with the intention of depoliticizing the subject and inequality of civilizations; precisely in accordance with the posed political problem of democracy, which has already uncovered the basic connection: liberalism won’t make a poor country rich.

Conceptual Metaphor of COVID-19 in New York Times

Conceptual metaphor is an important theory of cognitive metaphor. Its nature is recognized as a rhetoric within the scope of traditional metaphor research. It is a deliberate deviation of literal meaning and an optional discourse modifier. Cognitive metaphor holds that metaphor mechanism is the projection from the source domain to the target domain. In this process, the establishment of similarity is fundamental, and the similarity relationship can be divided into physical similarity and psychological similarity. Things can enter both ends of metaphor by virtue of these two similarity relationships to produce rich and complex conceptual metaphor, which makes metaphor everywhere in our life. As one of the important ways of information dissemination, news discourse has a strong ideological tendency and political motivation, which has a subtle impact on the psychology of readers. Therefore, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, this paper uses conceptual metaphor theory to analyze the characteristics, types and cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphors in COVID-19 coverage in The New York Times. It provides ideas for discourse analysis of epidemic situation in the future.

In the mind’s eye: Mental conceptualization of floods by the British and the Bulgarian media

From a cognitive linguistics perspective, the present study is aimed at the analysis of manifestations of metaphorical mental conceptualizations of flooding events in terms of war in the language used by the British and the Bulgarian journalists and the extent to which the implementation of the cognitive metaphor FLOODING CRISIS IS WAR differs in the media representations of the two countries. The corpus used for the research consists of 19 articles extracted from the electronic databases of four newspapers – two for the British discourse (the Guardian and the Independent) and two for the Bulgarian discourse (Monitor and Standart). A total of 33 example sentences have been extracted from the corpus (21 from the British media and 12 from the Bulgarian media) and they have been coded with respect to the mappings between the source and target domain of the cognitive metaphor. The results of the research show that the media both in the UK and Bulgaria rely on metaphorical projection from the domain of war when flooding crises are reported, which confirms the notion that metaphorical projection is a universal structural element of cognition.

Mind Style, Cognitive Stylistics, andĒthopoiiain Lysias

AbstractThis paper approaches Lysianicēthopoiiafrom the methodological perspective of ‘mind style’, a concept taken from modern stylistics. It is argued that Lysias gave his speakers individualized speaking styles that are indicative of their characters. The narrative of Lysias 1 is used as test case, and the analysis is based on a variety of linguistic features (sentence length, particle usage, pronoun usage) and cognitive concepts (mindblindness, schemas, cognitive metaphor). It is argued that, in a variety of subtle ways, Euphiletus is portrayed linguistically as a simple man, unaware of the motives and actions of others, and as a passive experiencer rather than an active participant in his own story.

POLITICAL CARICATURE AS A KIND OF CREOLIZED TEXT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRISIS OF UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GREEK PRESS)

Using scientific works in the field of creolized text theory, an attempt was made to analyze the specific features of political caricature in Greek mass media discourse, as well as to identify the role of verbal and nonverbal components of creolized political caricature texts in conditions of hybrid warfare. The research department of 162 political caricatures of national and world political leaders and international events in the context of the crisis of Ukrainian-Russian relations served as the material of the presented work. Illustrations were selected from the Greek media, including newspapers, magazines, social networks, thematic blogs and websites. The subject of research in this work were structural, lexical-semantic, graphic and historical-cultural characteristics of the creolized text of political caricature in Greek and English. In order to achieve this goal, the authors of the article solved the following tasks: 1) define the concept of «creolized text» and give synonymous definitions; 2) identify the characteristics of political caricature as a genre / type of creolized text in political, media and artistic discourses; 3) analyze and describe the relationship between the structural components of the creolized text of a political caricature; 4) identify common stylistic devices of political caricature and give examples. The performed analysis of the works showed that the real world in the information space is transmitted through the prism of metaphor, irony, antithesis, animation, personification, metonymy, and synecdoche. The work highlights the leading anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images of famous political leaders, as well as strategies and tactics of their formation in terms of cognitive metaphor. Common tactics in political cartoons include tactic of «hanging» labels, tactic of contemptuously ironic belittling of any advantages of the target (strength, significance, quality, scale, etc.), and tactic of exaggeration of its disadvantages.

METAPHORICAL MODELLING IN ENGLISH ACADEMIC TECHNICAL SHIPBUILDING DISCOURSES

The article is devoted to the quite relevant topic of interdependence between language and cognitive structures, which is especially important for a regulated scientific and technical functional style. The analysis of the received material showed that metaphors related to the design, construction and operation of ships/ vessels can be divided into the following general, basic categories: TECHNOLOGY - SPACE, TECHNOLOGY - MOVEMENT, TECHNOLOGY - OBJECT, TECHNOLOGY - MIND, TECHNOLOGY - EMOTION, TECHNOLOGY - VISION, TECHNOLOGY - CHARACTERISTIC/PROPERTY. The universality of the cognitive metaphor SPACE lies in the fact that science is generally implemented in the form of a spatial metaphor and is understood as some environment or space for exploration, definition, discovery, some world that unfolds around the object or in which the object is located: a field, a segment , layer, place. The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - MOVEMENT is logically connected with the environment (space) of scientific knowledge, where such movement can occur. The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - OBJECT presents what turns out to be the goal or task of research. The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - MIND is a kind of evidence of the interaction of thinking and language as a means of reflecting reality, one of the examples can be cases of expressing the physical perception of reality through language. The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - EMOTION is often used to isolate economic or technical problems (disasters or economic crises). The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - VISION actualizes the fact that the world is perceived by human senses (visual, auditory, tactile). The metaphorical model TECHNOLOGY - CHARACTERISTIC/PROPERTY is expressed by terminological anthropometric adjectives or noun phrases. So, in the metaphors of English-language scientific texts on the subject of shipbuilding, we singled out the most frequent metaphorical models, which makes it possible to more clearly understand the characteristic features of this concept and its meaning for scientific and technical discourses, that is, from a cognitive point of view, to see a metaphor as a mental operation that allows you to understand some part of reality: first it is formed on the basis of experience, and then in the form of a conceptual model it is activated by a certain lexeme (the focus of the metaphor) and is fixed as a mandatory and stereotypical element of the scientific and technical functional style.

Comparative Analysis of Genitival Components in Time Metaphors

Abstract Such a universal yet abstract concept as time can show variation in metaphorical language. This research focuses on metaphorical language within the framework of the cognitive metaphor theory, investigating the image of time through a contrastive cross-linguistic approach. This study attempts to identify genitival components associated with time in a metaphorical context, with a focus on image-based metaphors e.g. the teeth of time or the river of time. The hypothesis is that certain patterns of lexicalization of cognitive processes related to time could differ in Hungarian, English and Finnish, and to support this claim cognitive underpinnings of metaphors are investigated using an empirical corpus-based method.

Реконструкция метафорической концептуализации существительных с абстрактной семантикой

The article is devoted to the issue of considering the process of metaphorization of nouns with abstract semantics (authority, fear, grief, joy, anger, dispute, life, time etc.) in relation to the theory of conceptual metaphor (J. Lakoff, M. Johnson, V.A. Uspensky, N.D. Arutyunova, Yu.D. Apresyan, E.S. Kubryakova, Yu.S. Stepanov, E. Cassirer, Z. Kövecses, etc.). According to this theory, during metaphorization, abstract nouns are conceptualized in the form of concrete ones and semantic correspondences between the source domain and the target domain are established. The article discusses issues related to the characteristic of the human brain to find correspondences between concrete and abstract objects, between material and spiritual entities and the process of metaphorization, which is a consequence of such a characteristic of the brain. The author examines in detail on the main postulates of the theory of conceptual metaphor: on the history of its creation, on the interpretation of the term “conceptual metaphor”, on the principles of comparing one target domain with several source domains and one source domain with different target domains; describes the types of hierarchical systems of cognitive metaphors; analyzes the mechanism of “constructing reality” by selecting and applying a specific source domain for a specific target domain and gives examples of “metaphorical conclusions.

Lawyer as a Translator. On the Metaphorical Understanding of the Expert Nature of Legal Professions

The purpose of this article is to clarify the nature of legal professions as experts. In particular, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what, in the case of these professions, is the social role that requires the application of abstract knowledge to specific cases. The starting point for consideration is social theories that see this role as a mediation and integration of the social structure. Next, using the methodology of cognitive metaphor, this characterization is further clarified by juxtaposing it with another type of expert activity, i.e., translation. Thus, practical problems were identified in the work of a lawyer, related to mediating in the social structure between abstract knowledge of law and solving individual legal problems. These problems were characterized primarily as difficulties in the use of different languages by institutions and citizens.

Translating Cognitive Metaphors from English into Arabic in Modern Media Discourse

Language is a human element which is developed according to cultural and ideological developments of humanity. Consequently, translation and linguistic studies develop too. Cognitive metaphor is one of the clearest examples that proves language development as it has proven how a linguistic element can transfer from being a rhetorical tool to being a communicative tool. In other words, in modern linguistics, cognitive metaphor is a communicative-linguistic element rather than a symbolic element The significance of the study is to shed light on the approaches and tools for translating cognitive metaphors in terms of modern media discourse. Media discourse is an interdisciplinary area that is associated with many fields and ideologies. That is why, in terms of modern metaphor, the study elaborates on the techniques and approaches of translating cognitive metaphor in media discourse as a tool of meaning and ideas rather than being a figure of speech. Here, the main question raised by the present study is how to translate cognitive metaphor in media discourse without losing the main features of media language in the target text. Consequently, the study introduces a complete account and guide for translating cognitive metaphors in media discourse. Thus, the present study aims at defining and analyzing the tools and approaches through which cognitive metaphors can be translated from English into Arabic in media discourse. Media discourse has become one of the unique forms of discourse that are integrated with other disciplines and areas such as politics, science, sports, and technology. That is why the present study is an attempt to elaborate the connection between media discourse and translation in terms of cognitive metaphor

The Main Problems of Cognitive Linguistics

The article highlights the main problems of cognitive linguistics, its goals, object and subject of research, theoretical and methodological principles, based on the analysis of scientific works of famous scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of cognitive science. The theoretical and methodological basis of cognitive linguistics is based on such influential theories as frame semantics, conceptual semantics, prototype theory, the theory of relevance, the theory of cognitive models and cognitive metaphor, the theory of mental spaces. The main principles of cognitive linguistics are anthropocentrism, interdisciplinarity and recognition of the cognitive and communicative functions of the language as the main ones. The main problems of cognitive linguistics are the problems of knowledge structures’ representation, the verbalization of concepts and their typology, the cognitive-discursive approach to the analysis of language units and text, the method of cognitive modeling, etc.

Comparative analysis of the concept of “child” in Mongolian and Korean expressions

This article presents a comparative analysis of the metaphorical expressions of “child” in Mongolian and Korean. Therefore, we used the methods and principles of comparative linguistics and language evidence as well as the cognitive metaphors of proverbs, riddles, intuitions, and dream interpretations in the two languages. In Mongolian, the word “child” is defined as “a person who starts a new life by bringing forth a mother’s body”. Likewise, it means “the beginning of something new” in Korean. Thus, the definitions of this word in both languages include “the beginning” and similar semantic meanings. A cognitive metaphor including this word in Mongolian is “a child is a blessing”; a similar metaphor in Korean is “a child is a job”. These metaphors demonstrate features of the languages, cultures, and mentalities of the two languages and the two cultures’ similarities and differences using a human-centered approach.We consider conceptual metaphor as expressed in Lakoff and Johnson's theory. Metaphor is one of the most important terms in cognitive linguistics and refers to the process of establishing cognitive links, or mappings, between several concepts (conceptual structures) pertaining to different domains. Metaphors help in the “understanding and experiencing of one kind of thing in terms of another” (Lakoff, Johnson Citation2003).

Emotions in Hospital School Professionals: An Approach from Cognitive Linguistics.

The question that frames this work is: What evidence of the emotional impact of working in hospital schools is found in the metaphorical language used by the professionals who work there? The purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of the emotions of professionals working in these schools. The methodology used is based on a qualitative approach and is framed within the descriptive paradigm, approached from linguistics and cognitive metaphor The metaphorical expressions analyzed were extracted from the presentations and dialogue tables (of professionals from 12 countries) held during the I International Seminar on Hospital Pedagogy organized by the Universidad del Bío-Bío (Chile) in May 2021. A total of 24 metaphors were analyzed and 13 are presented in this article. The metaphors found allowed us to identify conceptual domains of origin such as: “war”, “trip”, “heat”, “field” (among others), which allowed us to understand the emotional effects that work in hospital schools has on professionals. The results obtained allow us to provide inputs to focus in a more pertinent way on the preparation of these professionals in the control of their emotions for multidisciplinary work relationships and with children and their families.

Figuring Embedded Librarianship: An Analysis of the Embedded Journalist Metaphor in the Professional Discourse

In the wake of the COVID pandemic, many academic libraries sought virtual instruction options, like the embedded librarian model, bringing renewed interest to the topic. Debates defining embedded librarianship are plentiful and varied, but a review of the professional literature reveals a commonly used metaphor comparing embedded librarians to embedded journalists. This paper analyses the prevalence of that metaphor in the professional discourse through the lens of cognitive metaphor theory (CMT) to reveal the semantic and pragmatic implications of its use. CMT highlights the power of figurative language to reflect and define professional identities. The metaphor’s militaristic rhetoric counters negative stereotypes of librarians as passive or meek, while the metaphor’s combative rhetoric discloses complex power dynamics between academic librarians and faculty. However, the etymology of ‘embed’ reveals more productive definitions related to geology, computer science, and linguistics. Embracing these multiple definitions will help librarians shape that role in the future.

Up to Five Books of God: The Metaphorical and Theological Background of Herborn Encyclopaedism

ABSTRACT Early modern encyclopaedism is generally known as a pedagogical endeavour striving to achieve not only universal access to scientific information and universal education, but also universal science and knowledge. Its intellectual-historical genealogy and historical-theological background, however, deserve much more scholarly attention than they have received hitherto. This paper illuminates the intellectual sources of Herborn encyclopaedism in terms of some key cognitive metaphors from the field of Christian theology. I not only show some traces of Bonaventuran and Cusan philosophical theology in Herborn encyclopedism, but I also argue that this encyclopaedism must be contextualised according to theological loci, i.e. generation, incarnation of the Word, and deification (generatio, incarnatio Verbi, theosis).

The Study of College English Vocabulary Teaching Strategies from the Perspective of Cognitive Metaphor

The Study of College English Vocabulary Teaching Strategies from the Perspective of Cognitive Metaphor