Cognitive Metaphor Research Articles

Four Way Human Quantum Turiyam Cognition Analysis

Recently, the Turiyam set was introduced for characterization of data sets beyond true, false and uncertain regions. This set is able to represent unknown, undefined, or conduit metaphor of human quantum cognition. One of the examples is USA-Russia conflicts or Cold war is beyond the characterization of win, draw or loss. It is totally based on the conduit metaphor of USA and Russia. In this case, a set of countries may support Russia (Sr) can be characterized as true regions. A set of countries does not support Russia (i.e. supporting the USA) can be characterized as false regions (Su). A set of countries supports both Russia-USA based on the given situation. These types of countries and their vote is uncertain. The fourth case is some countries like India, China, UAE choose nothing to fulfill their conduit metaphor. It is called Turiyam or four dimension cognition. The characterization of this four dimension data and its graphical visualization is one of the crucial tasks for the current researchers. To tackle this issue, the current paper will try to introduce a method for characterization of this undefined, unknown or Turiyam cognition via a defined interval-set. The objective is to provide a way to explore them in known graph (t), not known graph (f), partial graph (i) or unknown graph (l) with an example.

Концептуальная метафора «китайское чудо» в цифровых медиа

The article gives a multidimensional characterization of the cognitive metaphor of the Chinese miracle, which appeared as an addition to the truthful, realistic image of China in Russian digital media; as confirmation that China's influence on the world economy is increasing. China is becoming the subject of discussion in many media outlets, as a result of which, on the one hand, a dynamic, and, on the other hand, a radically changing image of China appears in Russian digital media, expressed through the key conceptual metaphor of the Chinese miracle. The authors analyze the source spheres of the Chinese miracle concept, represented by special lexical units in the Russian media discourse, using such research methods as definitional analysis, interpretive analysis, contextual analysis, content analysis. The results of the scientific research are shown on the basis of typologization of the metaphor of the Chinese miracle, differently presented in the modern Russian media language picture of the world.

A STUDY ON THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF METAPHORICAL THINKING IN MYTHOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND THE CHANGES OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR

Backgroundhuman cognition is not static. Early human cognition is different from modern human cognition. In the cognitive process of modern people, the information received by the senses from the external world is encoded and translated, and then presented in the form of abstract causal logic through the logical analysis and empirical verification of scientific thinking. However, the cognitive model of early human beings depended on mythological language and metaphorical thinking. Therefore, our purpose in this work is to study the basic operation principle of this mythical metaphorical thinking and the psychological motivation of human beings to use this way of thinking, and to explore the relationship and significance between human scientific cognition and myth. Metaphorical cognition, and emotional behavior.Subjects and MethodsBased on Cassirer's mythological metaphorical thinking theory, this study analyzes the comparative texts of ancient and modern human mythological language, and obtains a similar understanding of digital cognition, orientation cognition, attribute cognition and language cognition. Knowledge information is followed by comparative research. In this way, we can confirm the principles followed by human beings and the psychological motivation to apply these principles in the cognitive model of metaphorical thinking relying on mythological language. In order to better study the basic principles of metaphorical thinking and the changes of emotional behavior in mythological language, this study uses the measurement tool and the interpersonal emotion regulation scale (ierq) compiled by Hofmann et al. (2016) to measure how individuals regulate their emotions through others.The scale includes 4 factors and 20 items in total. Five point meter, The higher the score, the greater the degree of using interpersonal style to regulate emotion High. In this study, the results of confirmatory factor analysis are as follows: χ 2 / DF = 7.921, RMSEA = 0.077, CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.889, indicating that the scale has good structural validity in this study. Internal one Consistence α The coefficient is 0.94, which is the sum of the above four factors α The coefficients are 0.84, 0.77, 0.84 and 0.82 respectively. At the same time, the implicit positive emotion subscale is adopted. The scale adopts the implicit positive emotion subscale compiled by Quirin et al. (2009) and revised by Dong Shanchuan (2016). The scale adopts 4-point scoring to evaluate the correlation between 6 meaningless synthetic words and 3 positive emotion words. The higher the total score, the higher the implicit positive emotion and the internal consistency α The coefficient is 0.93.Resultshumans who rely on mythological language and metaphorical thinking show a specific cognitive model. Mythology and early language reveal human cognition of themselves and the external world in an intuitive and concrete way. Modern languages are usually more abstract and logical. However, the comparison between scientific cognitive group and mythological metaphorical cognitive group reflects the principle of “replacing the whole with the part”. On the other hand, the psychological motivation of human beings to use this way of thinking is to replace all unfamiliar and difficult to understand abstract things with concrete real things. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between psychological expectation and emotion regulation ability (P < 0.01). Tested by multiple linear regression, interpersonal emotion regulation, regulation difficulty and their interaction items significantly predicted implicit positive emotion. Simple slope analysis showed that when the level of regulation difficulty was low (m-1sd), interpersonal emotion regulation significantly positively predicted implicit positive emotion, β= 0.33，t=12.54，p＜0.001; When the adjustment difficulty level is high (M + 1sd), the prediction coefficient is β= 0.26，t=8.93，p＜0.001. This shows that the predictive power of interpersonal emotion regulation on implicit positive emotion is significantly enhanced with the decrease of regulation difficulty level.Conclusionthe principle of “part rather than whole“ is the basic principle of mythological language and metaphorical thinking. It is rooted in and reflects the basic characteristics of primitive thinking, and runs through the early forms of human understanding of the world, such as myth, early language, primitive art and so on. Metaphorical thinking is an intuitive and concrete way of thinking and cognition. The psychological motivation for humans to use this way of thinking may be that they cannot understand abstract things. Therefore, they must replace these inexplicable abstract things with concrete real things. Therefore, the psychological activity process of early humans seems to be different from that of modern humans. Among them, direct Feiling is stronger than logical abstraction, and emotion is stronger than rational thinking. At the same time, in this study, we find that these principles and motives still exist in modern human cognition.

The Hermeneutic Truth of Chinese Philosophy's Conceptual Metaphors

This article applies hermeneutics and conceptual metaphor theory to the cross-cultural encounter with China's philosophical metaphors. Philosophical hermeneutics draws attention to the fore-structures of understanding and the traditional horizons that condition interpretations of the world, and to a notion of truth as transformative experience. Conceptual metaphor theory draws attention to the ubiquity of cognitive metaphors as structures of anticipation and sources of meaning. Together they give us a notion of "fore-metaphors" that both condition and enable our encounters with truth and meaning. Chinese philosophy's deeply embedded metaphors—such as water, family, and harmony—have profound implications. Thinking through the eff ects of our fore-metaphors can help overcome the cultural distance separating Western and Chinese philosophies. A hermeneutic attitude of openness and willingness to allow further truth to reform our fore-having could help us understand Chinese metaphors in a fusion of horizons that alters our way of being in the world.

The Animalification of the World in Nahj al-Balaghah: A Cognitive Approach

Cognitive linguistics describes language as the perception of human cognitive abilities and views it as a tool for organizing, processing, and conveying information and also the intellectual representation of the universe. Since the basis of cognitive linguistics is semantics, metaphor is viewed as one of the most focal points of study in this approach, and attention to it can be considered as the most prominent development in cognitive linguistics, because cognitive metaphor is not just a figure of speech to decorate discourse, but it is the understanding and experience of an abstract conceptual field in the form of another conceptual domain that is usually more tangible.&#x0D; Using a cognitive linguistic approach based on nine conceptual metaphor hypotheses, the present research studies the conceptual analysis of all the metaphors of the world in the field of animal in Nahj al-Balaghah.&#x0D; The most significant findings of this study are:&#x0D; &#x0D; Contrary to the belief of Kövecses excluding the personification only to giving human features to abstract concepts, there are metaphors where animal characteristics are given to non-human phenomena. Therefore, animism includes both personification and animalification.&#x0D; Some of the animalistic features are linked with the abstract concept of the world, and this connection is linguistically unconventional. What improves such an unconventional company is the extension of meaning. This helps the mind to attribute some of the animal's characteristics to an abstract field that lacks those features based on several cognitive mappings.&#x0D;

Polyglot studies in spring 2022

This paper is a review of academic conferences on polyglottery that took place in spring 2022, namely a paper at the conference “Integrative and Cross-Cultural Approaches to the Study of Thinking and Language”, the 2nd International Seminar on Linguistics &amp; Polyglot Studies, and the round table “Research on Polyglottery: Theoretical Analysis and Practice” as part of the 20th International Symposium on Psycholinguistics and Communication Theory. Discussed are polyglots’ cognitive skills, self-monitoring instruments and learning strategies, the hyperintensive method, cognitive metaphors, social perception of polyglottery, common principles behind language processing by brain and by machine, and other issues.

Гуманизм, посттрадиционность и секуляризм как три основания современного нарциссизма

This paper is a critical response to the article by professors P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov “The Onset of Narcissistic Culture: Consequences for Education, Science and Politics”. The idea of treating Western post-war culture as narcissistic has been expressed in the United States since the 1970s of the XX century, but it will also be relevant in relation to the post-Soviet culture of Russia. Considering the ambiguity of the cognitive metaphor of Narcissus in relation to the described socio-cultural transformations caused by the possibility of an almost arbitrary interpretation of something as narcissism, the article presents its own interpretation of the foundations of narcissistic culture. Following the idea of opposing a narcissistic culture to a culture of service, modern narcissism is viewed not so much as an individual’s selfishness, but as a loss of an object and opportunity for service. Secularism, understood in the spirit of Charles Taylor as the loss of any higher, transcendent, hierarchical ontological concepts, deprives a person of a higher authority that legitimizes any service to something. This means a horizontal ontology of equivalent objects that do not have the highest value in relation to the individual. Post-traditionalism means impermanence, “fluidity” of any institutionalized forms of sociality and their perception, the dynamics of the emergence and decline of which does not allow the individual to find an object of service. A person remains in conditions of “minimal humanism”, which means that this person, having neither a higher reality that determines it, nor the constancy of social institutions, remains for himself the only possible value, a kind of “narcissist against his will”. We also believe that narcissism is not an external, but an internal factor of social processes that constitutes the motives and interests of the participants in these processes. While agreeing with the thesis about the connection between narcissistic culture and postmodernity, we believe that it is not a “young culture” opposite to mass society. On the contrary, narcissistic culture is the culture of a mass society that has gone further along the path of secularism, post-traditionalism and humanism, just as postmodernity is called late, far-reaching modernity by such sociologists as E. Giddens, U. Beck, Ju. Habermas.

Metaphors in Political Speeches: Understanding President Duterte’s Discourse

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte's discourse is somehow different from the past presidents that governed the country. Consequently, this made him the most controversial and misunderstood politician for his language. Since metaphors form a significant part of the discourses, this study aims at examining the metaphors used by President Duterte and their possible ideological repercussions to people from different walks of life. The corpora of this study were ten transcripts of his political speeches from the period of his presidential campaign and the early period of his presidency. The identification of metaphorical expressions in ten texts was conducted using a method based on the conceptual metaphor themes listed by Lesz (2011) and were analyzed in the framework of Cognitive Metaphor Theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The analysis showed that there were diverse conceptual metaphors identified in the speeches of the president and the employment in his speeches allows him to create associations between unrelated concepts like people, objects, or ideas. Thus, his audience can use their imaginations in order to integrate their understanding. Moreover, it was found out that the employment of other elements of language was also present. It is therefore recommended to analyze these elements to better understand his identity, ideologies, and role as the country's president as this may fairly address the gap among the conceptual domains of people living in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

Schematizing Societal Problems in Namibian Novels: A Case Study of The Other Presence and The Hopeless Hopes

The current research presents a cognitive stylistics study of two Namibian novels: Francis Sifiso Nyathi’s The Other Presence and Salom Shilongo’s The Hopeless Hopes. These novels were selected because they present societal problems specific to Namibia from two different perspectives. The study also argues that only a few such Namibian novels have been investigated via conceptualising cognitive stylistics. The researchers have raised three fundamental questions: How does cognitive metaphor help explicate psychological hitches as captured creatively in the two novels? What is the mind’s contribution in conceptualising and comprehending contextual meanings in the two novels? How does content schema contribute to the understanding of the two novels? It is, therefore, against the backdrop of these three questions that the two novels were purposefully selected and studied. Conceptualising and implementing the cognitive metaphor, the current study also analyses the root causes of societal problems, such as unemployment, unfair treatment of people, HIV/AIDS, and witchcrafts, prevailing in the Namibian social fabric. In The Other Presence, it is the HIV/AIDS which is referred to as the other presence. Shilongo’s The Hopeless Hopes also reveals how Robert and the other fellow Namibian ex-combatants gathered at a Big House in Windhoek to hand over their petition to Honourable Zopa. It indicates clearly that the State House is being contextualised as a Big House in the novel, while the ‘Founding Father’ and the former president of the country Honourable Sam Nuyoma is referred to as Honourable Zopa. The contextual meaning of the selected novels can thus only be understood if the readers of these novels have a general background knowledge of the Namibian society. Within a cognitive stylistics theoretical framework, the study also follows a schema theory to explain mental problems and contextual meanings. It manifests how a cognitive stylistics approach to Namibian novels can advance the literary understanding of the multiplicities of themes, such as culture, taboo, superstition, unemployment, colonialism, corruption, and mental health.&#x0D; Keywords: cognitive metaphor, cognitive stylistics, content schema, contextual meanings, mental problems, schema theory

Метафоры древнекитайского философского текста Конфуция «Лунь юй» и особенности их перевода на русский язык

The purpose of the study is to analyse cognitive metaphors found in the ancient Chinese philosophical treatise “The Analects” and the particularities of their translation into Russian. The paper is novel in that it is the first to explore the cognitive metaphors used to convey the philosophical ideas of Confucianism. The study has shown that metaphorical associations in the text of the philosophical treatise are based primarily on people’s life experience and the peculiarities of the social structure of ancient Chinese society. As a result, it has been found that the analysis of the cognitive metaphors found in the treatise “The Analects” leads to a deeper understanding of Confucian thought and the culture of the ancient Chinese.

Elaboration of Practical Diagnostic Competence in Context of Students’ Conceptions on Plant Nutrition

Dealing with students’ conceptions is one of the central elements of student-oriented teaching. In order to be able to organise learning processes efficiently, it is necessary to look at the learners in a differentiated way and to approach their conceptions individually. The first necessary step is the individual diagnosis of each student’s conceptions. This article presents a qualitative study (N=8) that focused on the development of drawing assignments for the diagnosis of conceptions on the topic of plant nutrition. Based on the Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT), features were identified that are beneficial for the diagnosis of the conceptions. To achieve this goal, it was crucial to reliably diagnose existing conceptions with valid assignments, which can also be carried out in schools. Research about task design and the proceeding diagnosis of conceptions in the light of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory have received little attention so far. This article therefore deals predominantly with the question about the design of assignments in the context of conceptual change. Based on this, guidelines were derived for the design of assignments for practical use in science education. This study represents the basis for developing a Moodle-based digital learning environment for working with students' conceptions on the topic of plant nutrition in schools.

From Swallowing the Red Pill to Failing to Build the Wall: Allusive Cognitive Metaphors in Advocating Political and Extremist Views

Abstract The article analyzes how allusive cognitive metaphors (ACMs) function as a persuasive narrative strategy in contemporary social media–fueled storytelling cultures. The ACM is a concise way of combining intertextual and metaphorical meaning-making for use in viral storytelling. Well-known works of fiction function as a shared baseline that can be easily alluded to. This narrative-metaphorical strategy has been adopted especially frequently by populists and online groups advocating extreme ideologies, one of the prominent and influential cases being “the red pill,” coined by the antifeminist manosphere. The popularity of ACMs suggests that the interpretive contexts and target texts that narrative scholarship has grown accustomed to are changing, and that scholars of narrative and fiction need to adapt to the new challenges stemming from the ever-expanding digital sphere.

Removal and Omission of Fiction Synesthetic Metaphors in English-Ukrainian Translation

This paper investigates omission and removal of synesthetic metaphoric descriptions in English-Ukrainian translations of Celeste Ng’s novel “Everything I Never Told You”. A synesthetic metaphor is viewed as a product of mapping between two different domains of human experience, which are both of sensory nature. The mappings instantiate in synesthetic metaphoric descriptions. The study resorts to the methodological tools of cognitive metaphor translation theory and the affordances of corpus linguistics and quantitative analysis to reveal the correlation between the choice of removal/omission of the source-text synesthetic metaphoric descriptions and the linguacultural specificity/universality of their metaphorical mappings. The results suggest that omission/removal is explained by the linguacultural features of the source-target text cross-sensory mappings and the translators’ free choices. Omission can be accounted for by a translator’s choice to avoid redundancy. Removal occurs if the target-text equivalent synesthetic metaphoric description a) is based on a cross-sensory mapping not embedded in the target linguaculture, b) rests on a different semantic specification of a structurally identical cross-sensory mapping, or c) has a lower degree of conventionality than its non-metaphoric periphrasis.

The Influence of the National-Cultural Image of the World on the Construction of Metaphors in the Poetic Discourse

Abstract The poetic language of Federico García Lorca amazes the reader’s imagination with the richness of images with the outward simplicity and clarity of style. Lorca’s poems simultaneously reveal to us both the national and cultural specifics of the Spanish linguistic picture of the world, and the ways of cognition and reflection of reality by the author, his assessment of the phenomena of this reality from the standpoint of the aesthetic ideal. One of the ‘keys’ of the secret of the phenomenal success of Lorca’s poetry is its metaphor city, the semantic aesthetics of which is revealed only in the context of not only the poems themselves, but also in the context of Spanish culture as a whole. The metaphor, we emphasize once again, is one of the most mysterious phenomena of language, the intuitive comprehension of which is inherent only in true poets. In a metaphor, reality escapes, as if hiding from thought, and then a deep and urgent question begins to arise before the researcher about the role of metaphor in cognition. In the work of Federico Garcia Lorca, the ability of metaphor to clearly reveal the features of national culture characterizes the Spanish linguistic consciousness and the Spanish linguistic personality. The humanities are armed with modern scientific research tools at the present stage of development and lay the foundation for studying the role of metaphor in understanding the essence of Federico Garcia Lorca's work, as well as its relationship and interaction with reality, thinking and consciousness.

ABSTRACTION OF THE SIGN IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

is one of the greatest achievements of humanity. As a result of the process of abstraction, thinking became easier, understanding came into being, language was formed. There will be an abstraction process based on any language. This article analyzes the beginning of abstract symbols of words in the Uzbek language. The development of national consciousness, semantic meaning in such cognitive metaphors is clearly illustrated by examples.

“Invader or Inhabitant?” – Competing Metaphors for the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT The presence of linguistic metaphors characterizing the COVID-19 pandemic in the media is believed to be conditioned by conceptual metaphors. They tend to collate the features of the threat-imposing virus with an enemy through the cognitive comparison “COVID-19 is an Enemy”. The lexical field operating in the production of this metaphor is linked to the all-out war with an invisible foe. Nonetheless, other competing conceptual metaphors tend to emerge viewing the alarming virus as a biological entity that we have to live and compete with at the same time. The latter may indicate the process of reframing COVID-19 pandemic through substituting the source domain of War by, for example, Peace, Sport and Fire source domains. A versatility of source domains has its pragmatic value. Since the conceptual metaphors tend to influence public opinion formation (framing effect), adoption of certain cognitive metaphors is crucial. Therefore, the present paper investigates the dynamic of the conceptual metaphors in the worldwide discourse represented in the coronavirus corpus of web-published news created by Brigham Young University as well as proposing viable suggestions regarding more beneficial conceptual metaphors for the public welfare.

Cognitive metaphors of COVID-19 pandemic with the source domain of WAR in current news about COVID- 19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is a hot issue that has received much attention worldwide because of its negative impacts on all aspects of society. In this context, the study, in the light of cognitive linguistics, investigates the impacts of the pandemic on the use of media language by investigating cognitive and cultural characteristics of metaphorical expressions about the COVID-19 pandemic containing the source domain of WAR. It, thence, proposes some recommendations for teaching and translation.

Sefarad, Türk ve İtalyan Atasözleri ve Deyimlerinde Anne: Çevrimiçi Bloglar Örneği

In this study, references to mothers in certain positive and negative circumstances in some Sephardic, Turkish, and Italian proverbs and idioms that depict the concept of mother will be analyzed. Fear and unhappiness as negative emotions, and joy and love as positive emotions in the Sephardic, Turkish, and Italian cultures will be observed within the framework of the Cognitive Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson. Thus, this study will reveal that the mother is the person who reconciles the members of a family, alienates all the fears, loves unconditionally, builds up, directs, and protects a family in the Judeo-Spanish, Turkish, and Italian proverbs and idioms. The proverbs and idioms were formulated in the past. However, the contemporary concept of motherhood will also be analyzed in blogs for and by Sephardic, Turkish, and Italian mothers and compared to that depicted in proverbs and idioms, products of ancestors of nations for proving proverbs’ and idioms’ contemporary uses in modern blogs for revitalizing traditional beliefs. According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, some cognitive conceptualizations are formulated in the brains of people in accordance with the cultures to which they have been exposed. Briefly, in this study, the sacredness of the mothers in three different languages (Judeo-Spanish, Turkish, and Italian) and cultures will be emphasized, and this will be done with proverbs, idioms and online blogs belonging to three cultural groups.

Метафоризация как основной способ наименования небесных объектов

In our days scientific interest in metaphorical study is directly related to the research of speech, consciousness, thinking and conceptual systems, because human comprehends surrounding reality mainly through the language. Considering cosmonym “Milky Way” as an example the author of the article attempts to substantiate the opinion that all nominations of the astronomical objects represent as metaphors. Their correlation with the identifying and cognitive metaphor allowed us to conclude that the same nomination not only generates a specific, descriptive type of meaning, but also performs a cognitive function and contributes to the formation of a conceptual picture of the world. This fact can be confirmed by the material presented in the article, and on its basis we can see that the lexemes milk and way/road from nomination “Milky Way” are not randomly selected names for the designation of the Galaxy. They occupy a significant place in the Russian mentality and have to do with those cultural and value-semantic orientations, which were characterized by the sacralization of all things and cosmization as a way of transition from chaos to harmony and world order.

Somatism "Heart" in German and Thai Idioms: A cognitive-semantic Analysis

This article examines the cognitive-semantic comparison to semantic structuring of heart in German and Thai idioms based on the metaphor. In order to achieve this goal, the idioms are investigated with the aid of the cognitive metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson. The result shows that the heart in German and Thai idioms conveys the meaning of feeling, thought, character, desire, etc., by itself. While structuring the specific meanings, e.g. sadness, love, etc., the metaphor plays an important role.