Coastal Transport Research Articles

Model of short-term forecasting liner maritime transport in the port system

One of the preconditions for good quality management of seaports is forecasting the traffic according to the number of passengers and the number of vehicles; in this way it is possible to plan and prepare activities for the smooth operation of the ports. This paper researches the port system as part of the coastal liner maritime transport. The set hypothesis is that the model of forecasting the traffic could be presented as a function of two variables. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is used to select the forecasting parameters. Based on the choice of parameters, using the Least Squares Method (LSM), the trend analysis is performed to choose the forecasting functions for maritime liner transport on the example of the Split City port. The statistical analysis on the choosed forecasting model using the coefficient of determination r2 and adjusted r2 model is performed to confirm the choice.

Atmospheric Cold Front-Generated Waves in the Coastal Louisiana

Atmospheric cold front-generated waves play an important role in the air–sea interaction and coastal water and sediment transports. In-situ observations from two offshore stations are used to investigate variations of directional waves in the coastal Louisiana. Hourly time series of significant wave height and peak wave period are examined for data from 2004, except for the summer time between May and August, when cold fronts are infrequent and weak. The intra-seasonal scale variations in the wavefield are significantly affected by the atmospheric cold frontal events. The wave fields and directional wave spectra induced by four selected cold front passages over the coastal Louisiana are discussed. It is found that significant wave height generated by cold fronts coming from the west change more quickly than that by other passing cold fronts. The peak wave direction rotates clockwise during the cold front events. The variability of the directional wave spectrum shows that the largest spectral density is distributed at low frequency in the postfrontal phase associated with migrating cyclones (MC storms) and arctic surges (AS storms).

Research on Government Support Policies for Coastal Transportation Projects Based on DEA-SBM Model

Shan, S., 2020. Research on government support policies for coastal transportation projects based on DEA-SBM model. In: Yang, D.F. and Wang, H. (eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Geology and Environmental Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 108, pp. 262–265. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The transportation system of coastal cities is an important part of the social and economic system of coastal cities. The sustainability of its development is the premise to support the sustainable development of coastal cities. Sustainable development includes the planning, construction, operation, and management of transportation systems in coastal cities. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) evaluation model and method of synergy and development efficiency of a coastal city traffic system was put forward from the angle of input and output in the traffic system and each subsystem, the index system of sustainable development of coastal urban traffic system, and then the DEA evaluation model of the coordinated development of the coastal city traffic system.

Influence of demand and capacity in transportation simulations of short-notice, distant-tsunami evacuations

Distant tsunamis require short-notice evacuations in coastal communities to minimize threats to life safety. Given the available time to evacuate and potential distances out of hazard zones, coastal transportation planners and emergency managers can expect large proportions of populations to evacuate using vehicles. A community-wide, short-notice, distant-tsunami evacuation is challenging because it creates a sudden, significant, and concentrated demand on road-network systems. Transportation planners and emergency managers need methods to help them determine if a road network can handle an evacuation surge and if not, where interventions can best reduce overall clearance times. We use the coastal community of Bay Farm Island (City of Alameda, California, USA) and the distant-tsunami threat posed by Aleutian-Alaskan earthquakes as a case study to explore the use of agent-based, transportation simulation to support short-notice, tsunami-evacuation planning. Results demonstrate how vehicle simulation can characterize network performance during a tsunami evacuation in the absence of real-world measurements of vehicle demand and flow. Changes in vehicle demand had the greatest influence on reductions in clearance times and recommended reductions varied based on time of day. Doubling the capacity of certain road segments based on traditional vehicle-capacity ratios and level-of-service thresholds reduced overall clearance time in some cases but increased it in other cases. The proposed simulation approach can serve as an analytical foundation for future efforts to characterize distant-tsunami evacuations in other coastal communities throughout the world.

Cost Control Method for Goods Transportation of Coastal Enterprises Based on Earned Value Method

Gao, S., 2020. Cost control method for goods transportation of coastal enterprises based on earned value method. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 674–677. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Currently, the coastal transportation industry is in a fierce global competitive environment, and companies are trying to compete for the market and customers by reducing costs and improving service quality. In order to strengthen cost control of transportation enterprises and improve their management level, this paper proposes a cost control method for goods transportation of coastal enterprises based on earned value method. Based on the characteristics of cargo transportation of coastal enterprises, the composition of transportation cost is analyzed comprehensively. The principle of cost control theory is introduced. It is clear that the controllability of cost has a great relationship with the time and space range of control objects. of control objects. This work analyses the specific composition of transportation cost in China under different classification methods, summarizes its cost characteristics, and preliminarily discusses the control methods that ocean container transportation enterprises should adopt according to these cost characteristics. An example of logistics freight transportation cost shows that the control of transportation cost of water-rail intermodal logistics lies mainly on the control of the whole operation process. The strategies of control optimization mainly include: optimizing infrastructure and special equipment, adopting advanced information system, cultivating high-quality personnel system and improving system environment.

Steinbeck's Mayor

Abstract John Steinbeck's 1942 novella-play The Moon Is Down is similar in setting, situation, and spirit to The Mountains Wait, a nonfictional account of the April–June 1940 Nazi invasion of Norway, published by the Webb Book Publishing Company of Minnesota a few months after The Moon Is Down and written in the form of a memoir by Steinbeck's contemporary Theodor Broch, the exiled mayor of Narvik, a strategically important coastal community and transportation hub for shipping Swedish iron ore south from Norway to Germany. Broch's prominence as a spokesman for the Norwegian resistance brought him into contact with the same intelligence organization that fostered Steinbeck's war propaganda work in 1941 and 1942, William Donovan's Office of the Coordinator of Information, and Broch's escape from Narvik to the United States was assisted by Roosevelt's minister to Norway, Florence Jaffray Harriman. An early version of Broch's story appeared in Life magazine under Broch's byline in December 1940, and Broch's subsequent outreach included talks on college campuses, media interviews, and meetings with opinion makers in Washington and New York. At least two contemporary reviewers remarked on the similarity between The Mountains Wait and The Moon Is Down, though both faulted Steinbeck for failing to portray the Germans as credibly as Broch did. Scholars have overlooked this intriguing connection, one that raises important questions of influence and sourcing while also reinforcing the accuracy of Steinbeck's version of events. The present essay examines context and texts to suggest that further research is needed before drawing a definitive conclusion about Narvik's Mayor Broch as the inspiration or source for Steinbeck's Mayor Orden.

An Analysis of Basic Parameters of Ro-Pax Ships and Double-ended Ferries as Basis for New Hybrid Ferries Designs

The paper presents an analysis of the basic parameters of Ro-Pax ships and double-ended ferries. The study was carried out within the framework of the project METRO (Maritime Environment-friendly TRanspOrt systems), funded from 2014-2020 Interreg V-A Italy-Croatia CBC Programme. The aim of the project is an improvement of the environmental sustainability in the field of maritime transport, with particular emphasis on multimodality and “green” solutions for the coastal transport. The specific focus is on touristic connections in the North Adriatic area. One of the project goals is a development of short-medium range hybrid ships and of concern are Ro-Pax ships and double-ended ferries, which are the most common ship types for coastal shipping in the Adriatic area. Two extensive databases were created encompassing a large number of ferries that operate in Europe, by one for each ship type. The databases will serve as basis for the preliminary design of the new hybrid Ro-Pax ship and double-ended ferry.

How deregulation can become overregulation: An empirical study into the growth of internal bureaucracy when governments take a step back

Over the past decades, government safety management regulation has been driven by deregulation, simplification and organization-level regimes of inspection. So-called functional rule-making requires organizations to implement safety management systems appropriate for their operations. The paradox that seems to have arisen is that overregulation is common in many organizations. Research has found over-proceduralization, safety clutter, bureaucratic overload, and procedures not at the service of safety. To explore the paradoxical relationship between governmental deregulatory measures and organizational overregulation, we analyze empirical data from Norwegian fish farming and coastal transport. The data confirms that practitioners experience a rapidly grown abundance of internal rules and protocols, ill-fitting procedures, and pervasive, exaggerated safety management. We trace three mechanisms that have driven internal overregulation: work auditability; managerial insecurity and liability; and audit practices. These mechanisms show how functional regulation can have unintended consequences when it meets other accountability expectations. Expectations of market doctrine, bureaucratic entrepreneurism and control can lead a company transforming simple governmental regulations into vastly overcomplicated safety management systems. We conclude our study with prescriptions of how this aspect of safety could be done differently.

ТРАНСПОРТ ЯПОНИИ В ОКЕАНЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ И ПРИРОДНЫХ ПОТРЯСЕНИЙ

Based on the experience of the “lost decade” Japan emerged from the world economic crisis of 2008–2009 faster, compared to other developed countries. However full-scale anti-crisis programs, presented in the real sector of the economy mainly by the projects in transport infrastructure, inevitably put a heavy burden on the country’s budget. Since 2010, the Japanese economy has shown some signs of recovery, though the Great Japanese Earthquake of 2011 caused huge damage to the entire Japanese economy and transport in the Tohoku region. It entailed significant costs for the restoration of transport system. Since 1990, the share of transport in GDP and the structure of goods transported by individual modes of transport have remained the same: Road and sea coastal transport played a major role in domestic transport communication, while sea transport played a major role in international transport system. The importance of rail transport in passenger transportation was preserved and its scale even increased. Transport fully met the needs of the economy and proved to be one of the means helping the economy out of the crisis. The ocean of economic and natural shocks that befell Japan made the inhabitants of that country take a new look at the prospects for the transport development. The new strategy for innovative development provides not so much an increase in speed, but rather the reliability, safety and environmental friendliness of transportation means. Implementation of the 4.0 revolution’s achievements presents an urgent need. The entire economy of the country, as well as its place in the world economy, to a large extent depends on the pace of transition to a new model of transportation.

ТРАНСПОРТ ЯПОНИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ

: Relying on the experience of the “lost decade”, Japan emerged from the world economic crisis of 2008–2009. faster compared to other developed countries. But full-scale national anti-crisis programs, the main of which in the real sector of the economy were transport infrastructure projects, inevitably put a heavy burden on the country’s budget. Since 2010, the economy has shown signs of recovery. However, the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 caused huge damage to the entire Japanese economy and transport in the Tohoku region. It entailed significant costs for the restoration of transport. Since 1990, the share of transport in GDP and the structure of goods transported by individual modes of transport have remained the same: road and sea coastal transport played a major role in domestic transportation, while maritime transport played a major role in international transport. The importance of rail transport in passenger transportation has been preserved and even increased. Transport fully met the needs of the economy and was one of the means of bringing the economy out of the crisis. The ocean of economic and natural shocks that befell Japan made the inhabitants of this country look in a new way at the prospects for the development of transport. The new strategy for innovative development provides not so much an increase in speed, but rather the reliability, safety and environmental friendliness of transport. Implementation of the achievements of the 4.0 revolution has become an urgent need. The entire economy of the country and its place in the world economy to a large extent depend on the pace of transition to a new model of transport.

Morphodynamics of river and coastal transport of sediments in mega delta basin, Niger Delta Nigeria

Niger delta is recognized as the third mega deltas in the history of mankind. Understanding the sediment dynamics and morphodynamics relationship between the morphology of the bedrocks to the hydrodynamic of its transport sediments is crucial for water bodies’ preservation, conservation, and sustainability. Sediments transportation in Niger delta involves a two-phase flow system in which one phase is considered to be fluid and the other phase is solid. The water bodies is seldom saturated with sediments occasioned by irregular solid waste dumps, erosions debris, and transported at ease without any form of management or control for many years now. Consequently, poor water resources, agriculture and fishery production are at extreme lost as sediment transport and deposition influences great magnitude of useful river dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this study is focused on whether sediment transport has an effect on the morphology of the channel in the Niger Delta basin. It is necessary to determine the relationship between these two key variables; Sediment yield and channel morphology. A correlation matrix was generated in MS Excel to determine the underlying relationship between the variables under study with a coefficient of determination of 11.23% and a positive correlation between suspended sediment yield, bed load and channel morphology of +0.345. The paper will be useful to research institutions, water resources agencies, government and environmental experts and engineers.

Impact of Coastal Railway Transportation Decisions on Public Welfare

Niu, X., 2019. Impact of coastal railway transportation decisions on public welfare. In: Li, L.; Wan, X.; and Huang, X. (eds.), Recent Developments in Practices and Research on Coastal Regions: Transportation, Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 98, pp. 284–289. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.China's coastal railway public welfare compensation mechanism should establish and improve the freight rate formation mechanism. Under the current relative price level, it is not feasible to completely correct the price distortion through compensation, and the freight rate formation mechanism is not in line with the industry characteristics of coastal railway as a quasi-public product. Government purchase services should be based on prices that are consistent with market rules. If there is no price reflecting the relationship between supply and demand in the market, the government has no reference standard for compensation for coastal railway transportation companies. This article will study the formation mechanism of material transportation price when the government and coastal railway transportation enterprises are equal. Research finds that centralized decision-making can increase the total revenue of the government and coastal railway transportation companies, and the order quantity of centralized decision-making is larger than that of the scattered orders; the transportation company still provides transportation services to the government according to the original wholesale price. When an order is placed according to the optimal order quantity for centralized decision-making, the government's revenue will decrease, and the coastal railway transportation company's income will increase. At this time, the government will not participate. This article focuses on decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new allocation mechanism to induce the government to choose the optimal order quantity for centralized decision-making.

Coastal transportation system joint taxation-subsidy emission reduction policy optimization problem

Abstract Water transport is an important way to reduce carbon emissions in a coastal transportation system (CTS). With the goal of minimizing government financial expenditures, this paper establishes a CTS joint taxation-subsidy emission reduction policy optimization model. This model is able to optimize the government’s tax and subsidy policy implementation plan for a CTS considering the non-cooperative game among shippers and the Stackelberg game led by the government and followed by carriers and shippers. Based on the active set algorithm, a local optimal solution algorithm for the model is designed. Numerical experiments are performed using the container transportation network of the Bohai Rim region of China. Two sensitivity analysis experiments are conducted on the traffic volume of the CTS and the capacity of waterway links. The results show that the government can reduce the regional carbon emission level with less investment and without significantly increasing the regional freight rate through a reasonable set of highway transportation tax and waterway transportation subsidy plans. As an important way for coastal areas to achieve green transportation, water transport will play an important role in promoting the sustainable development of coastal transport.

Assessment of heavy metal and As contamination in the surface sediments of Po delta lagoons (Italy)

The River Po, Italy's most important watercourse (650 km long, 71,000 km2 surface area, 1500 m3/s average discharge), flows into the Adriatic Sea forming a large Delta (180 km2), within which lie a dozen lagoons of varying morphological and hydrodynamic characteristics. In contrast to the wide variety of studies of the River, its Delta and its Prodelta carried out in the last few decades, and despite the value of the lagoons in ecological, cultural and economic (tourism, aquaculture) terms, heavy metal contamination in the Po Delta lagoons has not been extensively studied.The surface sediments (0–6 cm depth) of the seven main Delta lagoons were investigated, analysing grain size, organic and inorganic carbon and major (Al, Fe, Mn) and trace (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Zn) element concentrations in 24 sites. The suspended loads of the River Po distributaries, delivered to the lagoons either directly or via coastal transport processes (coastal currents, tides, resuspension), and the sedimentary environment inside the lagoons (internal currents, water renewal times) were the main determinants of sediment texture. Three grain-size distribution types, identified by cluster analyses and parameterised by the percentage of fine particles (d < 16 μm), strongly influenced the concentrations of some trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn), while others were less dependent on grain-size distribution (As, Cr, Hg, Ni). Nickel was the only metal with potentially dangerous levels in the Delta lagoon sediments, exceeding the Effect Range-Median limit in 83% of sites. Despite being mainly of geogenic origin, Ni may be of ecotoxicological concern due to its potential mobility, as indicated by two weak selective extractions. Specifically, extraction of the reducible phase (Mn and Fe oxy-hydroxides) released on average 45% of total Ni content. Changes in redox conditions as a consequence of hypoxia/anoxia episodes in the Po Delta lagoons may thus induce Ni release from sediments.

Decadal effects of solid industrial wastes on the coastal environment: Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea) as an example

The present work examines the different types of solid effluents dumped in the coastal environment from Gabes phosphate fertilizer plants, describes their coastal repartition and assesses their long-term environmental impacts. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of collected beach sediment samples showed that these wastes consist of phosphogypsum, fluorapatite (phosphate ore grains), smokey quartz, calcite, fluorite, calcite-Mg, apatite, pyrite, albite, sphalerite-Cd-U, fluorosilicates, sulfur dross and spent catalysts. Using fluorapatite as a mineralogical marker of the coastal spatial distribution of industrial wastes, solid effluents were found to carry bottom and/or suspended loads with a coastal transport limited at Essorrag Wadi, ∼10 km south from the industrial emissary. Phosphogypsum which is the main solid effluent was found to be completely dissolved in the seawater. The main decadal consequences of solid effluents on the coast were found to be the following: local disappearance of Posidonia oceanica seagrass, formation of an azoic benthic zone between Gabes and Ghannouche ports, gradual fattening of the beach, shoreline advancement, formation of a belt of coastal dunes, mouth clogging of coastal streams and formation of coastal lakes.

Multiple spatially distinct introductions and not range expansion may explain colonization history in a non-native marine shrimp

Biological invasions are often characterized by a phase of post-establishment expansion in which the invading species increases its range through colonization of new geographic areas. These expansions are predicted to result in specific genetic signatures, most notably decreased genetic diversity with distance from the point of introduction. The Asian caridean shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus is an introduced species in many regions of the globe. It has most recently invaded the U.S. Atlantic coast, with the first reported sighting in New York in 2001. This study used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data and data for 1598 single-nucleotide polymorphisms generated through restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing to evaluate two potential invasion mechanisms describing the spread of P. macrodactylus north of New York: the first based on a single introduction followed by range expansion facilitated by ocean currents, coastal transport, and physical environment; the second based on multiple introductions from overseas into different ports along the coast. We compare population genetic results to predictions of genetic patterns for each of these potential invasion pathways. Results do not support range expansion in which diversity decreases with distance from the point of first detection. Rather, the data suggest that multiple introductions may have taken place with population genomic diversity increasing with distance from New York, and peaks of mitochondrial diversity in populations collected from New York and the Boston–Plymouth coastline. These results indicate that multiple human-mediated dispersal events may be as important as oceanographic and life history considerations during the colonization phases of a marine invasion.

Coastal transport of river-discharged radionuclides: Impact of speciation and transformation processes in numerical model simulations

Following a potential nuclear accident, river run-off may potentially become a significant source of radionuclide contamination to the coastal marine environment. In the present work, code for radionuclide speciation and dynamic transfer of radionuclides between the different species was implemented in a Lagrangian marine dispersion model. A case study was performed where the model system utilized ocean circulation fields at relatively high spatial (160 m × 160 m in horizontal direction) and temporal resolution (1 hour), considering a hypothetical accident scenario including river discharges of 137Cs to the marine environment. Results from a number of simulations were compared to identify how factors associated with radionuclide speciation and transfer between the model compartments could affect the predicted radiocesium activity concentrations.The results showed that by including dynamic transfer of radionuclides between the model compartments, the total activity concentrations at far-field sites could vary with more than two orders of magnitude, demonstrating that this model configuration enables prediction of potential local hot-spots. However, the total activity concentration near the river outlets was less affected (< factor 10). The radionuclide speciation in the river discharges and the parameterization of 137Cs particle affinity greatly affected the specie distribution (> factor 103 increase in concentration of particle-associated 137Cs) as well as the settling of radionuclides towards the seabed (up to factor 102 increase in 137Cs sediment concentrations). These factors were therefore identified as important contributors to the overall uncertainty.

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC (PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS)

The aim of the study - identification of factors that ensure the vital activity of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the Arctic, as well as the analysis of their impact on the preservation and development of the ethnic group. Identifying problems and assessing the prospects for the development of indigenous people consists of 3 stages: analysis of foreign and domestic sources, the results of scientific research teams; systematization of statistical data, including information on the dynamics of the development of indigenous people (number, employment in traditional activities); the impact assessing of legal, economic and social factors on the preservation and development of indigenous people. A comprehensive analysis of a wide range of legal, economic and social problems of ensuring the traditional life of indigenous people within the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) has shown the need to improve legislative, financial and managerial actions to preserve them as a specific community, adapted to the extremely severe conditions of permanent residence beyond the Arctic Circle and as a unique phenogenotype, whose activity is closely conjugated with the environmental state of the macroregion and in fact is entirely dependent on it. The exclusive role of indigenous peoples in preserving the natural complexes of the Arctic in the 21st century for future generations was emphasized. Under the conditions of proliferation of technogenic and anthropogenic burden on the natural complexes of the macroregion, associated with the intensive development of fuel and power resources, deposits of rare and precious metals, development of coastal transport infrastructure and a multiple increase in the population in the Russian Arctic with a creation of "stronghold areas" the threat of the indigenous peoples' disappearance appeared (Enets - about 200 people remain and less than 100 people - the Votes). Under the conditions of a large-scale, integral impact of man-made, anthropogenic and climatic factors on indigenous communities in the Arctic, their life environment and traditional management the need for urgent adoption of a complex of specific and targeted legal, economic and social measures aimed at ensuring and preserving their livelihoods is obvious.

The environmental impact of the reconstruction and development of the coastal marine transport infrastructure

The coastal marine transport is one of the important components defining development of all Black Sea coast of Russia. Questions of need of restoration of coastal passenger traffic within the coast of Greater Sochi in connection with intensive development of tourism in Krasnodar Region of Russia and the questions of the organization of the transport communication between a coastal towns and settlements are considered. Need of further implementation of the program of reconstruction and construction of port points (moorings) and objects of coastal transport infrastructure in the Sochi region and in all Black Sea coast of Russia is shown. The analysis of a problem of environmental protection, which can arise at implementation of the project of reconstruction and development of coastal sea transport infrastructure in the Sochi region, is made. Possible ways of their solution for reduction of impacts on the environment are proposed. Introduction of the program of development of objects of coastal transport in the region, taking into account environment will contribute to sustainable development of the region.

THE CO.TR.I.S SYSTEM: TOWARDS A SMARTER COASTAL TRANSPORT NETWORK FOR SMART ISLANDS

Abstract. The Coastal Transport Information System (Co.Tr.I.S) is a multifunction information system that is developed for the effective design of coastal transportation lines. The system incorporates several subsystems which include the models, tools, and techniques that support the design of improved coastal networks. Co.Tr.I.S main aim is to support any decision making process of the involved players (Ministry, Maritime companies, Local Authorities, Travel Agencies, Passengers, etc) regarding the improvement &amp;amp; the optimal use of a coastal transport network. Co.Tr.I.S data retrieval, analysis, visualization, network design &amp;amp; decision support can accelerate the very slow (currently annual in Aegean) rate of coastal transport network update/upgrade procedures, and, create smarter network implementations that may adapt online on the various demand or requirement changes or updates. Connections, transportation, mobility, as well as port automation are some of the key factors for the “smartification” of entire islands especially in an archipelago like the Aegean Sea. In this work, we present the network design optimization functionality of Co.Tr.I.S, the various optimization stages, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) implementations and its potential to propose a better network design based on each user preferences. A sample case study is given to show its smartness &amp;amp; adaptability to each user needs and, finally, a discussion follows on how it could be complemented by emerging smart technologies for smarter islands.