Classical Understanding Research Articles

Феномен массового нарциссизма как характерная черта современного общества в социальной философии Жана Бодрийяра

Currently, it can be seen that the theory of mass narcissism is gaining popularity in various scientific circles. If narcissism was previously a part of psychoanalytic theory, then over time this concept became the subject of research by some philosophers. One of these researchers was Jean Baudrillard. This philosopher not only made up his own idea of modern society, but also demonstrated the fact that narcissism plays a rather significant role in it because many human desires and drives strongly resemble what is commonly considered narcissism. This article attempts to show exactly how, from the point of view of the French thinker, the phenomenon of mass narcissism manifests itself in modern society. In addition, the difference between the classical understanding of narcissism in psychoanalytic theory and its more modern interpretation is considered. Such an approach can demonstrate how Baudrillard himself understands the phenomenon of mass narcissism, what exactly he puts into this concept and why, despite some similarities with classical psychoanalytic theories, it is not necessary to identify his idea of narcissism with the psychoanalytic understanding of this phenomenon. Starting from the philosopher’s ideas about the structure of modern society (about the influence of information technology on personality and the consequences that the growing philosophy of consumption brings for a person), it is possible to understand quite clearly why Baudrillard turned to this phenomenon and decided to use it to describe a modern person.

Structural characteristics of irrational Type-II Twin interfaces

The Type-II Twin Boundary (TB) is a critical interface in functional materials whose irrational Miller-index identity has recently drawn significant research interest. This study establishes general structural characteristics of the Type-II twin interface, utilizing TBs in Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) - TiPd, TiPt, and AuCd - as study targets. It is shown how the irrational identity of each TB is explained by the Terrace-Disconnection (T-D) structural topology. It is proposed that the terrace is the rational-plane nearest to the irrational TB in the reciprocal space, having integral Miller-indices of least magnitude. Crystallographic-registry on this terrace requires non-trivial coherence-strains. A novel kinematic-origin of the coherence-strain is proposed, coming directly from a transformation of the classical twinning deformation-gradient. This transformation revealed that the classical twinning-shear partitions into the coherence-strain and a new metric termed the “terrace-shear”. It is shown that the magnitude of shear relating the twin-structure to the matrix is the terrace-shear and not the twinning-shear, contrary to classical understanding. Furthermore, the Burgers vector of the twinning disconnection is shown to be related directly to the terrace-shear. The energy of each Type-II interface is determined from ab initio Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. It is shown that the energy-minimal atomic-structure on the terrace requires determination of a “lattice-offset” that is non-trivial and unknown apriori. In summary, this study expounds on T-D topological structure of Type-II twin interfaces, establishing methods to identify rational terraces, coherence strains, ab initio planar TB energies and revealing a unique partitioning of the twinning-shear exhibited by this class of interfaces.

Navigating the Pitfalls of Counterfactuality: Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legal Fictions

The introductory essay on legal fictionality engages with the practice of legal fictions from Roman Law to the twenty-first century, and with the attempts of legal scholarship to conceptualize this particular form of legal imagination. It will discuss the major questions established in the past, with a particular emphasis on the classical understanding of legal fictions as “untrue” or “counterfactual” assumptions—a dichotomy that has pervaded legal thinking for centuries. It will argue that the classical approach is outdated and in urgent need of revision, also demonstrating that theories of other disciplines are better equipped to adequately deal with the issue, from the early debates on truth to more recent positions, such as possible world theory and institutional theories of fictionality. The essay will mainly draw on analytic philosophy and literary theory, but will also invoke more recent legal scholarship that engages with inter- or transdisciplinary approaches. Authors include James, Bradley, Kelsen, Vaihinger, Cohen, Lewis, Meinong, Fuller, Neurath, Rescher, Habermas, Rorty, Glasersfeld, Goodman, Routley, Searle, Genette, Beardsley, Wolterstorff, Currie, Walton, Eco, Anderegg, Doležel and Pavel.

Circular Green and Sustainable Business Model Competence Innovation and Development: Challenges with Privacy and GDPR Related to Businesses and Research

Increased focus and vision on faster circular green and sustainable transformation in businesses and research have now turned out to be highly linked to also the social and the competence dimension of “the triple bottom line” approach and measurements. The social economic part of the triple bottom line approach has shown to be increasingly important, but very challenging to operate under the existing Privacy and GDPR regulations. To fulfil and measure how green the human, organizational systems and culture competence components actually are in business models today is not that much investigated. Focus has more been on “greening” the technology part of the competence components but now a number of advanced technologies seems promising to help measure green competences. It opens up for measuring circular, green and sustainable business model competences in some new and more advanced ways, but it could potentially result in the business do not comply with Privacy and GDPR regulations. Ever since the branching of the scholarly literature on competences of the early 1960’s businesses have constantly being experimenting with business model competence design, reengineering, development and measuring. Creating Green Business Model (GBM’s) competences is no exception. Designing TO BE GBM’s and reconfiguration of AS IS BM’s to become GBM’s and later develop these is in focus – but until now the main focus has been on greening technologies. Very few knows how to “greening” and measure green related to human competences, organizational systems and culture. GBM competence reconfiguration has also mainly focused on changing or reconfiguring AS IS Business Models technology competences. More and more businesses have realised that investing in new technologies or changing existing technologies are not enough to reach the vision and goals of green transformation. Technologies alone cannot release the full potential and requests of green transformation – reduce the use of material and resources, reduce the waste and spill, reduce the pollution including Co2 and increase biodiversity. The Business will simply not by technologies alone be able “to climb” and “pass” “the Green Wall” without innovating, developing the BM competences – HR, Organizational systems and Culture into becoming greener and thereby support green transformation in the businesses. Reconfiguring AS IS business model competences to become greener is complex and calls for new and advanced approaches that challenge classical BM competence frameworks and understanding. Green Parameters and Profit are no longer the main focus in GBMI and changing some BM dimensions and components – or even adding new business model dimensions to the BM is neither enough. If business want to remain competitive, efficient and at the same time green, it requires a different GBMI approach and mindset – including measuring BM Competences. This challenges the compliance of Privacy and GDPR related to both businesses and research. The request for circularity and sustainability just adds to the complexity of measuring. We offer a review of three Privacy and GDPR GBMI compliance cases and challenges in three different businesses with the aim of achieving greater understanding of Privacy and GDPR challenges both for businesses and researchers. We identify issues behind the apparent challenges of Privacy and GDPR in GBMI and discuss how strategic GBMI can contribute to further research on Privacy and GDPR in different fields of Green Business Modelling, offering future research directions of Privacy and GDPR.

Contemporary Japanese museums. Metamorphoses of meanings in architecture

Since the late XX century the role and the functions of museums around the world have begun to change significantly, and their usual classical understanding has expanded. In line with worldwide trends, there was a search for museums to meet new modern requirements of Japan. Japanese experiments in this field bring the architecture of the museum to the foreground, absolutizing its significance and value. The result was the emergence of a new kind of museums in Japan – museums without collections, where the main and only exhibit is the architecture.

Transformation of the Theory of Value as a Necessity for the Formation of the Newest Paradigm of Economic Theory

Since the transition of relations between market participants from exchange to trade, the need to determine the value of goods has arisen. The study presents a critical assessment of the current developed theories of value. The methodological basis of the study is the scientific works of the classics of economic theory, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn regarding the chronological change of value and labour. For the purposes of the study, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, logical abstraction, theoretical knowledge, systematization, abstract-logical and others. It was noted that the central factor in the formation of value is a person, and the main thing is his creative idea. It is explained that modern consumption is concentrated around the need for money. In this way, the classical understanding of need as a condition of human activity in the need for money is being replaced. Such a change is enhanced by information and digital approaches and involves the introduction of full control over the use of money at the level of an individual member of society. In the pedagogical practice of teaching economic fundamental disciplines, it is necessary to make a reorientation to a broad understanding of money as an equivalent of exchange and to present a detailed and elaborate concept of Gesellian money. In the future, this will make it possible to strengthen control over the system of state regulation through public institutions.

A Comparative Look at the Duty to Mitigate Loss: the Consequences of the Violation of This Duty

The duty to mitigate loss is a general principle of law that serves to limit the liability of the party that has caused injury to the extent that the injured party has not demonstrated the diligence expected from the latter. However, this duty also serves the purpose of ensuring economic efficiency. While the classic understanding requires that, according to the principle of pacta sunt servanda, the interests of the injured party should be prioritized, today, the contract also refers to the cooperation between the parties. Therefore, reduction in the amount of claimable compensation should not be the sole sanction vis-à-vis the injured party that has violated the duty to mitigate loss. Otherwise, the injured party may escape the consequences of having violated the duty to mitigate loss by resorting to other optional rights. However, in order to ensure economic efficiency, in case the injured party violates the duty to mitigate loss, sanctions should also be foreseeable in terms of other optional rights. This study will evaluate the effect of the violation of the duty to mitigate loss in particular, with regards to request for specific performance and rescission of contract.

Энергия эстетического переживания

<p>The article is devoted to the comparison of classical and modern understanding of the subject of aesthetics. During the theoretical self-definition of aesthetics in the system of philosophy (Baumgarten, Kant) it was understood as a bridge uniting empiricism of individual sensuality with universality of rational knowledge, as an experience of unity of sensual and supersensual activity of aesthetic consciousness of the subject. Such an interpretation corresponded to the ideal of a whole person in the unity of reason, feeling, spirit, will, and imagination. Contemporary aesthetics defines its subject matter as individual sensual experience, removing from it the basis of the cultural subject's self-consciousness of value. The central problem of the article is a characteristic of aesthetic experience as a procedural form of living through the value and meaningful depth of the experienced aesthetic feeling. Experiencing is treated as an emotional and intellectual process, producing inner work of comprehension of the feeling of staying in the self-relation of the cultural-historical subject with the world. The inner energy of aesthetic experience is born through the creative work of intuition and imagination, creating the likeness of a work of art, but not materialised in the language of art, but staying in the continuing state of internal residence of the imaginary image. The aesthetic experience expands the threshold of human sensibility and reveals the dimension of each phenomenon of reality in such a way that the aesthetic object is more than the object, and the subject more than the empirical individual. This is the essence of the aesthetic, indicating the difference between the aesthetic sense and the mere sensual response of individual consciousness to contact with an object. The subject of aesthetic experience is the subject of a world-relationship, experiencing the world differently in images of chaos or harmony, eternity or the mutability of time of being. Space and time in the axiosphere of culture become subjectivized and are experienced as sensual and semantic phenomena included in the aesthetic thesaurus of culture. In his analysis of the sublime, Kant spoke of the special creative energy of the aesthetic feeling, giving it the depth and duration of the subject's state of mind. Due to the inner tension of the interaction of feelings and meanings, aesthetic experience evokes a vivid sensual and supersensual response of man to his belonging to being. It extends the range of emotional and intellectual faculties of consciousness, which remains as the memory of aesthetic experience, multiplying the possibilities of future experiences. Aesthetic experience expresses the process of synergy between sensuality and the existential meanings of the historical subject's existential world. The final conclusion of the article is that in aesthetic experience based on a complex set of sensual and supersensual transformations of aesthetic existence of man in the world, sensual experience is only one of the components, which convinces the need for modern research to address the totality of the contents of aesthetics, especially its axiological aspects.</p>

Reciprocality of Electrical Conductance and Polarization in Their Frequency Dependence

This paper presents the electrical polarization and conductance, which can be considered separately only at a constant voltage, while, in the alternating electrical field, they are two sides of the same process, namely, forced by electrical field inertial motion of partially bound and relatively free charged particles. To describe this process, the complex permittivity ε*(ω) = ε′(ω) − iε′′(ω) and the complex conductivity σ*(ω) = σ′(ω) + iσ′′(ω) can be used equally that is shown by the examples of dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals. As the frequency increases, the delay of polarization leads to an increase in the conductivity, while the delay in the electronic conductivity of a metal can be described by the negative permittivity. This possibility has been explored using the relaxation and the resonance models with the examples of dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals. It is shown that the semiconductor “conductivity”, supposedly arising instead of the delayed polarization is not adequate to the classical understanding of this parameter and can be considered only as the effective conductivity. The physical mechanisms of these transformations are explained.

The operation of PEPCK increases light harvesting plasticity in C4 NAD-ME and NADP-ME photosynthetic subtypes: A theoretical study.

The repeated emergence of NADP-malic enzyme (ME), NAD-ME and phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPCK) subtypes of C4 photosynthesis are iconic examples of convergent evolution, which suggests that these biochemistries do not randomly assemble, but are instead specific adaptations resulting from unknown evolutionary drivers. Theoretical studies that are based on the classic biochemical understanding have repeatedly proposed light-use efficiency as a possible benefit of the PEPCK subtype. However, quantum yield measurements do not support this idea. We explore this inconsistency here via an analytical model that features explicit descriptions across a seamless gradient between C4 biochemistries to analyse light harvesting and dark photosynthetic metabolism. Our simulations show that the NADP-ME subtype, operated by the most productive crops, is the most efficient. The NAD-ME subtype has lower efficiency, but has greater light harvesting plasticity (the capacity to assimilate CO2 in the broadest combination of light intensity and spectral qualities). In both NADP-ME and NAD-ME backgrounds, increasing PEPCK activity corresponds to greater light harvesting plasticity but likely imposed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency. We draw the first mechanistic links between light harvesting and C4 subtypes, providing the theoretical basis for future investigation.

The Classical Doctrine of the Eternal Processions and Creation ex nihilo

Abstract I argue that the classical doctrine of the eternal processions (CDEP) is inconsistent with the doctrine of creation ex nihilo (DCEN). More specifically, I argue that the metaphysical entailments of each doctrine are inconsistent with one another. According to the CDEP, God must be atemporal and immutable to avoid entailing some sort of ontological subordination obtaining between the Son and Spirit to the Father. On classical understandings of immutability, and thus atemporality, God experiences no change whatsoever, be that change intrinsic or extrinsic. According to the DCEN, there is a state of affairs in which God exists without the universe, and there exists a state of affairs in which God exists with the universe, entailing – at minimum that God extrinsically changes. As a result, the CDEP and the DCEN are inconsistent with one another and cannot both be affirmed within the same coherent theological system. One of the two, or both, should be rejected.

A longitudinal study of endocrinology and foraging ecology of subadult gray whales prior to death based on baleen analysis

Individual-level assessments of wild animal health, vital rates, and foraging ecology are critical for understanding population-wide impacts of exposure to stressors. Large whales face multiple stressors, including, but not limited to, ocean noise, pollution, and ship strikes. Because baleen is a continuously growing keratinized structure, serial extraction, and quantification of hormones and stable isotopes along the length of baleen provide a historical record of whale physiology and foraging ecology. Furthermore, baleen analysis enables the investigation of dead specimens, even decades later, allowing comparisons between historic and modern populations. Here, we examined baleen of five sub-adult gray whales and observed distinct patterns of oscillations in δ15N values along the length of their baleen plates which enabled estimation of baleen growth rates and differentiation of isotopic niche widths of the whales during wintering and summer foraging. In contrast, no regular patterns were apparent in δ13C values. Prolonged elevation of cortisol in four individuals before death indicates that chronic stress may have impacted their health and survival. Triiodothyronine (T3) increased over months in the whales with unknown causes of death, simultaneous with elevations in cortisol, but both hormones remained stable in the one case of acute death attributed to killer whale predation. This parallel elevation of cortisol and T3 challenges the classic understanding of their interaction and might relate to increased energetic demands during exposure to stressors. Reproductive hormone profiles in subadults did not show cyclical trends, suggesting they had not yet reached sexual maturity. This study highlights the potential of baleen analysis to retrospectively assess gray whales' physiological status, exposure to stressors, reproductive status, and foraging ecology in the months or years leading up to their death, which can be a useful tool for conservation diagnostics to mitigate unusual mortality events.

Cell lineage–guided mass spectrometry reveals increased energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species in the vertebrate organizer

Molecular understanding of the vertebrate Organizer, a tissue center critical for inductive signaling during gastrulation, has so far been mostly limited to transcripts and a few proteins, the latter due to limitations in detection and sensitivity. The Spemann-Mangold Organizer (SMO) in the South African Clawed Frog (X. laevis), a popular model of development, has long been known to be the origin of signals that pattern the mesoderm and central nervous system. Molecular screens of the SMO have identified several genes responsible for the ability of the SMO to establish the body axis. Nonetheless, a comprehensive study of proteins and metabolites produced specifically in the SMO and their functional roles has been lacking. Here, we pioneer a deep discovery proteomic and targeted metabolomic screen of the SMO in comparison to the remainder of the embryo using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Quantification of ~4,600 proteins and a panel of targeted metabolites documented differential expression for 460 proteins and multiple intermediates of energy metabolism in the SMO. Upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and redox regulatory proteins gave rise to elevated oxidative stress and an accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the SMO. Imaging experiments corroborated these findings, discovering enrichment of hydrogen peroxide in the SMO. Chemical perturbation of the redox gradient perturbed mesoderm involution during early gastrulation. HRMS expands the bioanalytical toolbox of cell and developmental biology, providing previously unavailable information on molecular classes to challenge and refine our classical understanding of the Organizer and its function during early patterning of the embryo.

Art, Affect, and Enslavement: The Song of the Oxcart in Colonial Dutch Brazil

Focusing on a single artwork, Frans Post’s painting called The Oxen Cart of 1638, this article explores what Édouard Glissant calls the emotional apartheid of the plantation system. It argues that the affective evasion of Post’s painting fosters anti-Black racism by denying the full humanity of captive peoples. The painting is read together with Caspar Barlaeus’s contemporary apologia for the leadership of Maurits of Nassau, who was the governor-general of Dutch Brazil and Post’s patron. Focusing on classical and Neostoic understandings of governance and enslavement, the article turns to Paul Alpers’s analysis of the pastoral mode as an art of evasion that justifies the exploitation of rural labourers. It concludes by taking up Saidiya Hartman’s concept of critical fabulation to consider the oppositional views and counter-narratives expressed in the music-making traditions of enslaved people.

The Dialectics of Ecology: An Introduction

In this introduction to his forthcoming The Dialectics of Ecology (Monthly Review Press, 2024), John Bellamy Foster charts the relatively recent reconstruction of Marxian ecology, based on the classical Marxist understanding of the social-metabolic system linking humanity and nature. It is through dialectical naturalism, he writes, that we can face the crises of the Anthropocene while building a society that truly supports the well-being both of society and Earth itself.

How underappreciated autoinflammatory (innate immunity) mechanisms dominate disparate autoimmune disorders.

Historically inflammation against self was considered autoimmune which stems back to the seminal observations by Ehrlich who described serum factors, now known to be autoantibodies produced by B lineage cells that mediate "horror autotoxicus". The 20th century elucidation of B- and T-cell adaptive immune responses cemented the understanding of the key role of adaptive immune responses in mediating pathology against self. However, Mechnikov shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery of phagocytosis, the most rudimentary aspect of innate immunity. Fast forward some 100 years and an immunogenetic understanding of innate immunity led to the categorising of innate immunopathology under the umbrella term 'auto inflammation' and terminology such as "horror autoinflammaticus" to highlight the schism from the classical adaptive immune understanding of autoimmunity. These concepts lead to calls for a two-tiered classification of inflammation against self, but just as innate and adaptive immunity are functionally integrated, so is immunopathology in many settings and the concept of an autoimmune to autoinflammation continuum emerged with overlaps between both. Herein we describe several historically designated disorders of adaptive immunity where innate immunity is key, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) where the immunopathology phenotype is strongly linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II associations and responds to drugs that target T-cells. We also consider MHC-I-opathies including psoriasis and Behcet's disease(BD) that are increasingly viewed as archetype CD8 T-cell related disorders. We also briefly review the key role of barrier dysfunction in eczema and ulcerative colitis (UC) where innate tissue permeability barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis contributes to prominent adaptive immune pathological mechanisms. We also highlight the emerging roles of intermediate populations of lymphocytes including gamma delta (γδ) and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that represent a blend of adaptive immune plasticity and innate immune rapid responders that may also determine site specific patterns of inflammation.

Natural resonance-theoretic conceptions of extreme electronic delocalization in soft materials.

In the broad context of Dalton's atomic hypothesis and subsequent classical vs. quantum understanding of macroscopic materials, we show how Pauling's resonance-type conceptions, as quantified in natural resonance theory (NRT) analysis of modern wavefunctions, can be modified to unify description of interatomic interactions from the Lewis-like limit of localized e-pair covalency in molecules to the extreme delocalized limit of supramolecular "soft matter" aggregation. Such "NRT-centric" integration of NRT bond orders for hard- and soft-matter interactions is illustrated with application to a long-predicted and recently synthesized organometallic sandwich-type complex ("diberyllocene") that exhibits bond orders ranging from the soft limit (bBeC ≈ 0.01) to the typical values (bCC ≈ 1.35) of molecular resonance-covalency in the organic domain, with intermediate value (bBeBe ≈ 0.86) for intermetallic Be⋯Be interaction.

Mathematical Analysis of Malaria Epidemic: Asymptotic Stability With Cost‐Effectiveness Study

Malaria is an old, curable vector‐borne disease that is devastating in the tropics and subtropical regions of the world. The disease has unmatched complications in the human host, especially in children. Mathematical models of infectious diseases have been the steering wheel, driving scientists towards elucidation of the dynamic behaviour of epidemics and providing tailored strategic management of diseases. With the ongoing vaccination programs for vector‐borne diseases, the research proposes a nonlinear differential equation model for the malaria disease that provides public health with a shift from the classical understanding of nonpharmaceutical preventive malaria control to pharmaceutical measures of vaccines. The asymptotic dynamic behaviour of the model is studied at the model’s equilibria. The bifurcation type invoked at the disease‐free state is analysed, and the result revealed that the convention that is the condition for eradicating the disease is not always sufficient when the system undergoes backward bifurcation. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was investigated to quantify the amount of influence each parameter has on . With the Latin hypercube sampling and partial rank correlation coefficient method, the uncertainty in is computed with a 95% confidence interval, with the mean, and 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively, simulated as 0.143788, 0.01545, and 0.41491. An intervention model was derived from the nonintervention model to experiment with and evaluate the respective effects of the various pairings of interventions on the dynamics of the disease. Lastly, an in‐depth cost analysis was studied to identify the most cost‐effective intervention regarding rewarding the desired outcome. From the analysis, we recommend that besides the nonpharmaceutical measure of bed nets and insecticide spray, public health should target the pharmaceutical intervention of vaccine as it can close the gap in malaria prevention.

Menadžerski aspekti organizacije javnog sektora u Srbiji

S: Management in the public sector represents the basic function of positioning and directing the economic and financial activities of state collectivities, that is, the public sector towards the execution of the set goals and tasks for which they were formed. According to classical understandings, the state should intervene in the economy only when the market mechanism does not contribute to optimally efficient solutions, and limit its interference in the economy to the following areas: preventing monopolistic behavior, neutralizing negative external effects and providing public goods. The functions of state bodies and organizations have a fiscal character. The fiscal character observed in this way primarily refers to the general state sector, and only in part of its competences and through agencies and commercial parts, so that these activities are marked as quasi-fiscal in order to emphasize that the primary activity of these agencies does not have fiscal features.

Extrathymic AIRE-Expressing Cells: A Historical Perspective.

Since its discovery, Aire has been the topic of numerous studies in its role as a transcriptional regulator in the thymus where it promotes the "promiscuous" expression of a large repertoire of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) that are normally expressed only in the immune periphery. This process occurs in specialized medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and mediates the elimination of self-reactive T cells or promotestheir conversion to the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell lineage, both of which are required for the prevention of autoimmunity. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of extrathymic Aire expression in peripheral organs. The focus has primarily been on the identification of the cellular source(s) and mechanism(s) by which extrathymic AIRE affects tolerance-related or other physiological processes. A cadre of OMICs tools including single cell RNA sequencingand novel transgenic models to trace Aire expression to perform lineage tracing experiments haveshed light on a phenomenon that is more complex than previously thought. In this chapter, we provide a deeper analysis of how extrathymic Aire research hasdeveloped and progressed, how cellular sources were identified, and how the function of AIRE was determined. Current data suggests that extrathymic AIRE fulfills a function that differs from what has been observed in the thymus and strongly argues that its main purpose is to regulate transcriptional programs in a cell content-dependent manner. Surprisingly, there is data that also suggests a non-transcriptional role of extrathymic AIRE in the cytoplasm. We have arrived at a potential turning point that will take the field from the classical understanding of AIRE as a transcription factor in control of TRA expression to its role in immunological and non-immunological processes in the periphery.