Classical Understanding Research Articles

Beyond national regulation in higher education? Revisiting regulation and understanding organisational responses to foreign accreditation of management education programmes

ABSTRACT Regulation of higher education worldwide has become a complex process. New developments, such as the accreditation of institutions and programmes by foreign, and usually private, agencies, has not been the focus of scholarship on regulation and quality assurance in higher education. This article addresses the issue of accreditation of graduate business programmes in Argentina by foreign accreditation agencies. Through a regulatory analysis, this study indicates that this emerging trend challenges classic understandings of regulation and programmes’ responses to them in various ways, either deciding to participate or not. Those decisions are based on intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and the responses vary by type of institution, sector and approach.

The Age Absent of Classics and the Writer’s Anxiety: An Interview with Yan Lianke

This interview was conducted on a summer day at the International Culture Center of Capital Normal University in Beijing: August 12, 2019. Suffering from a relapse of his backache, Yan Lianke had to talk and answer questions by reclining on the couch for nearly three hours. Despite of it, he was patient and impressively open to questions that may not have quick or easy answers. The interview covers a wide range of topics, primarily focusing on three aspects: 1) the multiple dimensions of Yan’s anxiety stemming from living in today’s social reality, literary creation itself, and the incapability of grasping the future; 2) Yan’s understanding of classics against the backdrop of contemporary Chinese literary reality; 3) the paradox of Yan’s emotional attachment to the “native soil” (xiangtu) both in life and in literature, and his perception of a writer’s social responsibility as not running away from the life with which one is most familiar.

Stability of economy of the organizations under the conditions of modern economic environment

The article is devoted to the author’s approach to the formation of indicators of the sustainability of the economy of organizations. The developed approach holds the attention focused on its classical understanding, modified for the modern entrepreneurial era, based on the environment of organizations’ activities, a term of internal (interpolation) and external (extrapolation) factors that form their costs, determine the financial result and its efficiency, on which the prospective financial benefit. The study considered the selected resulting and factor indicators of the sustainability of the economy of organizations: the efficiency and cost of activities, changes in their results and costs under the influence of qualitative (profitability, profitability, expense) and quantitative (income, profit, costs) parameters of activity in dynamics. The construction of these dependencies between the selected combination of the resulting and factor indicators of the stability of the economy of organizations is carried out through the union of differentiated by types of additive, multiplicative and multiple interactions of intermediate (factor) values with the final (resulting) values. The combination of all types of dependencies that form a common system of the studied indicators will provide organizations with an accurate assessment of the analyzed final values and ranking pursuant to the degree of significance of the values of the intermediate group and the adoption of objective measures to optimize the sustainability of their economies. The material will benefit entrepreneurs of all spheres and industries, carrying out their activities under the current economic mechanism, education and science workers, students in economic areas.

Historical and legal discourse in the context of classical and postclassical legal understanding

Іntroduction. Historical and legal science, as well as the science of law in general, is acutely faced with challenges related to the new stage of development of humanities knowledge and the corresponding change of research paradigm that occurs during the struggle between classical and nonclassical (postclassical) types of legal understanding Тhe aim of the article. Тhese processes need to be understood and "adapted" in particular in the historical and legal discourse. In particular, it is proposed to analyze the phenomenon of deformation of the phenomenon of law, and the resulting differentiation of the subject, in particular in historical and legal research, and the coherence of research tools offered within the classical and nonclassical types of legal understanding Results. Modern methodological research is a natural reaction of the domestic legal process to the dominance of the monistic materialist approach to the study of legal phenomena, which actualizes anthropological and axiological approaches. Both anthropologization and axiologization of law cause the deformalization of the phenomenon of law, creating a conceptual In the light of the above, it seems important to consider in relation to the relationship such concepts as legal reality (historical and legal reality), legal life, legal system as central, and legal space, legal field, legal environment as peripheral. At the same time, attention is drawn to the normative nature of the legal system, the ontological nature of legal reality, the inconsistency of legal life as a starting point in the choice of methodological tools. Introduction to the historical and legal discourse of «ontological metaphors»: legal communication, legal event, legal life, legal space, legal field, legal environment, etc., will activate the intersubjective model of knowledge of law as a sociocultural phenomenon, draw attention to the dynamics of law, using an arsenal of non-classical methodology. Conclusions. An overview of some trends that lead to a change in the object and subject of jurisprudence shows a radical change in its methodology, which should form research tools to answer new research questions. This process is part of the process of modern «cultivation» of integrated thinking as opposed to or in addition to analytical and systemic, which is characterized by consideration of reality in mechanistic categories, and, being irreversible, requires appropriate historical and legal reflections

Ajnabi, Or the Xenological Uncanny in Iranian Modernism

Within Iran, the transformation in the Islamic legal understanding of the foreign (ajnabi) into a political concept was accelerated by the encounter with Europe during the nineteenth century. The classical Iranian understanding of otherness as a domain fully demarcated from the self was replaced by an internalized other, resulting in what we call here the xenological uncanny. This article examines Iranian modernism through the lens of trauma theory, whereby haunted subjects fail in distinguishing between self and other, and modernization is perceived as demonization. The three works we discuss—Sadeq Hedayat’s Blind Owl (1937), Bahram Sadeqi’s Heavenly Kingdom (1961), and Hushang Golshiri’s Prince Ehtejab (1968)—each delineate a different register in the xenological uncanny. Our lineage reveals how modernist Persian prose recapitulates a trajectory of possession and dispossession by the foreign and in the process brings about the traumatic recognition of a foreign voice within the self. In focusing on the divided modernist self from a Persian point of view, we identify an unrecognized trajectory for the uncanny within global literary modernism.

W kierunku cyfrowej Europy – współpraca i koordynacja przy realizacji celów cyfrowej administracji

The aim of the article is to analyze selected issues concerning the relations occurring between the process of digitization of public administration and administrative cooperation, as well as dilemmas related to the search for a new instrumentarium needed by the administration for effective administration in the dynamically changing social, economic and technological reality. The multifaceted cooperation between different actors of social life with the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) allows to change the classical understanding of the role of administration. Pandemic had an impact on the digitalisation of administration, which in turn forced a special cooperation between different administrative bodies. Digital government seeks to be a solution to global, European and national problems related to the pandemic crisis.

Flaw-Insensitive Fracture of a Micrometer-Sized Brittle Metallic Glass

Brittle materials, such as oxide glasses, are usually very sensitive to flaws, giving rise to a macroscopic fracture strength that is much lower than that predicted by theory. The same applies to bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs), with the important difference that these glasses can exhibit certain plastic strain prior to the catastrophic failure. Here we consider the strongest metallic alloy known, a ternary Co55Ta10B35 BMG. We show that this macroscopically brittle glass is flaw-insensitive at the micrometer scale. This discovery emerges when the testing pre-cracked specimens with self-similar geometries, where the fracture stress does not decrease with increasing pre-crack size. The fracture toughness of this ultra-strong glassy alloy is further shown to increase with increasing sample size. Both these findings deviate from our classical understanding of fracture mechanics, and are attributed to a transition from toughness-controlled to strength-controlled fracture below a critical sample size.

HEIDEGGER’S BEING, RAHNER’S GOD: IS THE QUESTION STILL RELEVANT OR ALREADY ANSWERED?

The secularized and rational-oriented mindset of the Western civilization does not preclude important elements of a religious worldview. The objective of the present study is to come to understand the role the categories of Being and God play in the present day spiritual situation. Heidegger’s and Rahner’s views are considered here within the prospective of the paradigmatic process. The latter marks the fading away of the classical understanding of God and search for new and divine meanings. Therefore I suggest considering some of the most significant motifs in the two philosophers’ reflection as regards the history of western civilization and our epoch in the context of the categories of God and Being. Among these motifs there are such attitudes as subjectivism, self-suggestion, disposal of beings, planetarism, oblivion of Being, loss of origins, groundlessness, alienation, situation of meaninglessness. It is due to these attitudes, especially owing to meaninglessness, that many people tend to raise again the issue of the concealed, the encompassing, God or Being. Or perhaps speaking about “Being” and “God” can be interpreted as something that leads to the oblivion of Being and to atheism. “Being” in Heidegger and “God” in Rahner single out the existential centre to which forms of life are related. Nowadays it is forgotten or even vanishes. “God” or “Being” hold everything together and confer meaning thereto.

The Promise and Perils of Connectedness

Social media facilitate and intensify communication to an unprecedented degree and humanity is adjusting to this new state of affairs. Internet connectivity enables the human desire for sociality, personal relationships, and social acceptance to a remarkable degree. But human communication evolved in a face-to-face world, where people experienced one another as well as hearing one another. Modern communication has removed the interpersonal experience factor, leaving people to interpret the messages, not of flesh-and-blood individuals but of stereotypes, beliefs about a general class of people. This essay surveys some classic understandings of communication, followed by analysis of some of the characteristics and pitfalls of social media. It concludes that social media are a huge change in human communication requiring personal and society-wide adjustments based on principles that have stood the test of time, including self-awareness, self-control, and care to take the moral and interpersonal high road in online communications.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article, along with the classical understanding of the essence of lending to individuals, which does not accurately reflect reality, presents the features of the appointment of an educational loan. According to the authors, lending to an individual for training is aimed at meeting a person's needs for his intellectual de-velopment and at the same time forms human capital. The relevance of this topic is increasing in terms of the formation of high-level human capital for high-tech sectors of the economy. A special role in this regard is assigned to financial and credit organizations, which ideally will allow them to enter the high-tech sectors of the economy and, along with commercial issues, solve the problem of increasing the country's human capital.

Philosophy for Millions and Millions of Philosophers

In the article, the relationship between the highest professional specialization of philosophy and its involvement in the realities of everyday life consciousness, collective and individual, are considered. Karl Jaspers defines philosophy precisely through the natural need and ability of human being as such, from the piercing questions of children to the revelations of anomalous geniuses. Great philosophers only concentrate this sleeping ability in a person to see the world directly and every time anew. Rightly considered the most closed type of intellectual activity, philosophy at the same time provides examples of live communication and direct appeal to people and society. The fact that each of us is the bearer of philosophical ideas (whether we are aware of it or not) leads to the problem of ideology. By analogy with the constitution of the political by Carl Schmitt through the opposition "friend — enemy", ideology is constituted by the opposition of "faith — knowledge" in a single continuum between the poles of "almost religion" and "almost philosophy". If ideology asserts the non-obvious as obvious, then the mission of philosophy is a systematic criticism of the obvious. This conflict manifests itself both in society and in the consciousness of an individual. The classic understanding of ideology as a purely external manipulation (“consciousness for the Other”) is challenged by the presence in the consciousness of the individual subject of “internal dialogue” and “internal speech” with the effects of ideological work and ideological struggle with oneself (the individual as a micromodel of society and the state). Postmodern all the more accentuates the non-professional dimension of philosophy by rejecting the schemes of progress and hierarchy, the logic of binary oppositions, including high and low, center and marginal, specialized and amateur. The ability to reflect is the most important feature of a sovereign personality in its resistance to the "penetrating" ideology and new mythology, degrading to intellectual barbarism and political savagery.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СОВЕТСКОГО ПРАВА (К 100-ЛЕТИЮ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ДАССР)

The article discusses some methodological (ideological) approaches to the study of Soviet law. These approaches are positioned in the spirit of scientific pluralism, innovation and classical understanding of law. The main idea of the article is that Soviet law is a global phenomenon both in the territorial, demographic, and in the sense of the transformation of the human personality. The main conclusion of the article defines Soviet law as an alternative to Western law in the context of the prospects for the legal development of mankind.

СУЩНОСТЬ ПРИРОДНОЙ РЕНТЫ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРИНЦИПОВ РЕНТНОГО НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ В ИНТЕРЕСАХ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ СТИМУЛИРУЮЩЕГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НАЛОГОВОГО МЕХАНИЗМА И УСИЛЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВА

The article analyzes and develops the theoretical views on the category of natural rent in the works of Adam Smith (income exceeding all reasonable costs plus the average profit typical for a given area), David Ricardo (income from the initial and indestructible forces of the soil, the other part of it is paid for the use of capital that was used to improve the quality of the soil and for the construction of buildings), and other economists from land rent (income due to differences in the location and fertility of land) to differential rent II (rental income from additional capital investments) and quasi-rent (rent of machines and equipment), etc. David Ricardo formulated the conditions for the formation and receipt of land rent (lands differ in their location and in their fertility; the number and area of plots that are best in terms of these parameters are limited; lands are privately owned). In turn, Alfred Marshall noted that land rent does not appear as an exclusive phenomenon, but only as one of income sources, among similar ones. In modern conditions, the understanding of rental income is reduced to its interpretation as a profit above the average normal level, that is, excess profit. However, when considering rent as excess profit, the determination of its size is based on a comparison of indicators such as actual and normal profitability rather than land fertility or differences in the depth of occurrence and other natural mining conditions compared with the worst land plot or deposit, and also minerals. The location of land plots, as one of the factors of land productivity affecting land rent, laid the foundation for research in the field of the theory of the location of productive forces. Therefore, in relation to natural (mining) rent, it is necessary to be guided by the classical understanding of it, as income due to objective differences in natural or climatic conditions of agricultural production or subsoil use in comparison with the trailing land plot or deposit. In these conditions, receiving natural rent as income independent of the efforts of the subsoil user (excessive/unearned profit) in favor of the owner of the subsoil, the state, increases the stimulating effect of the tax mechanism in agriculture and the extractive sector of the economy, the efficiency of production and the economy as a whole, and strengthens the national and economic security of the state.

ГИПЕРРЕАЛИЗМ В ЦИФРОВОМ КИНЕМАТОГРАФЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЕРИАЛА-АНТОЛОГИИ «ЛЮБОВЬ, СМЕРТЬ И РОБОТЫ»)

The article is devoted to the aesthetic features of digital cinematography. Due to the widespread use of computer graphics in films, traditional methods of analyzing cinema are no longer enough. The fusion of graphic and photographic elements and the use of photorealistic graphics enable researchers to take a fresh look at the nature of film. Digital cinema, based on contemporary technologies, no longer builds on the photographic principles of filmmaking and presents a new form of realism and representation of reality on the screen. Objects created with the help of computer graphics can transform and go beyond the simulated real objects, while remaining photorealistic, unable to exist outside the framework of the screen and the particular film. Using classical film studies and philosophical works of Jean Baudrillard, Siegfried Krakauer, André Bazin, Christian Metz and the works of modern researchers of digital cinema such as Lev Manovich, Thomas Elsaesser and Malthe Hagener, the author analyzes the process of transition of digital objects from photorealistic to hyperrealistic ones, which today can be identified as real, while not existing in reality. This phenomenon is of undoubted interest for the academic study of new forms of realism in digital cinema. Based on the analysis of the Snow in the Desert episode from the Love, Death & Robots anthology series, the author traces the development of hyperrealism in digital cinema. Through state-of-the-art digital filmmaking technologies combining both graphic and photographic techniques—motion capture, digital cloning of actors, real-time fluid and environment modelling—we have a new kind of cinematography that is not limited to classical methods of filmmaking, but goes beyond cinema itself, merging with animation and video games. All these processes affect the film aesthetics and make it more malleable, free and less restricted by the classical understanding of motion picture.

УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ НАРОДНО-СЦЕНІЧНИЙ ТАНЕЦЬ У КОНТЕКСТІ КУЛЬТУРИ ПОСТМОДЕРНІЗМУ

The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of the implementation of the primary technique and artistic-figurative features of postmodern aesthetics in the Ukrainian folk dance stage adaptation of the 21st century. Research methodology. The author applied a cultural research method, which helped to develop an appropriate view towards the folk stage choreography of the 21st century and the specifics of the implementation of the concept of postmodernism in the stage space; the method of art history analysis, which made it possible to study the direction of stylisation of folk dance stage adaptation as a unique factor in the culture of postmodernism; the dialectical method, the use of which contributed to the identification of the relationship and interdependence of the development of sociocultural factors, factors of social art and the development of folk dance stage adaptation; the method of diachronic analysis, which contributed to the identification of traditional and innovative means of expressiveness of folk-stage dance. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian art studies, there is an attempt to analyse the modern tendencies of folk dance stage adaptation through the prism of postmodern culture; to extrapolate the philosophical concept of postmodernism to the branch of folk stage choreography; to analyse and generalist trends in the development of folk dance in the modern sociocultural space; to reveal the specificity of the aesthetics of postmodernism as well as the main technique and artistic-figurative features of its implementation in the context of the development of Ukrainian folk dance stage adaptation of the 21st century. Conclusions. The study has shown that within the postmodern paradigm, folk dance stage adaptation as a form of choreographic art undergoes specific destruction, like any aesthetic value in its classical understanding. The influence of postmodernism is manifested in augmentation of images; strengthening the freedom of creative self-expression and the interest of Ukrainian choreographers-directors to the inner state of the audience (targeted emotional impact); shifting emphasis from complex artistic models to simple structures, to enhance the aesthetic effect; complication of the associative and metaphorical aspects of the styling of the choreographic performance; the use of techniques of transition from one sign system to another to create new dimensions of understanding the work; the use of audio and visual game technologies; enrichment of the semantic and content aspects of archetypal ideas.

Justification of a new paradigm of interaction between human capital and economic growth in the innovative economy

. Human capital theory serves as the scientific basis for development of innovative economics. It is human capital that determines the maintenance of quality parameters of economic growth providing for efficient development of economics of modern states. The purpose of the authors is to justify theoretical and methodological expositions of human capital management in the innovative economics. The latter is regarded as an economic system based on the innovative activity of the business entities and individuals, on the permanent technological enhancement. Such an economic system is developing due to on-going generation of new knowledge. The authors present the results of their copyright study of genesis of system human capital paradigm of innovative economics as a research concept which implements and concretizes a holistic approach to revealing the patterns and causal relationships within the system of human capital of innovative development. The method of the study is based on using monographic method, statistical methods, charts, tables, graphs and other means to visualize the findings. As a result, the authors ascertain the shift in the economic science from classical understanding of how economic growth is impacted by education in innovative economics to considering economic growth as the main driver for development of education. The authors adduce the results of statistical analysis of interrelation between the volumes of technological innovation expenditures, the aggregate level of organizations’ innovative activity and the index of human development on the international level. By means of nonparametric methods the authors discover that the development of human capital, educational potential and the level of innovation development in the regions of Russia are moderately interrelated. The authors come to the conclusion that Russian economics is unique in comparison with other countries due to the combination of the high level of human capital development and low pace of economic and innovative development. As a result, they have found out that, considered as part of human capital management providing for innovative development, investments in education can be more efficient only if science, education and business integrate to train their employees within the context of the new paradigm of interrelation between human capital and economic growth in innovative economics in which investment in innovation and technology is regarded as the main driver of development of education.

Онтогносеологическое значение антропного принципа и проблема разумной действительности

The purpose of the study is to attain apodictically reliable criteria for understanding reasonable reality from the standpoint of the anthropic principle. The article offers a concept of one-to-one correspondence between classical understanding of reasonable reality and two versions of the anthropic principle. Limits of system-formation regarding the issue of unity of being and thinking are set. Scientific novelty of the research lies in transforming graduation and stratification of aporetics into the doctrine of “double eternity” according to the distinction theory. The attained results have revealed the system-forming function of opposition between anamnesis and hysteresis from the standpoint of the anthropic principle in the context of ontognoseological essentialism.

The art of ceramics in the works of E.Ya. Danko: “Vase of Chinese Khan”, “Ceramic Cup” and “Chinese Secret”

This article is the first try to research the connection between the art of ceramics and word in the work of children's writer and artist E.Ya. Danko. The relevance of the study is due to the need to expand the idea of the image of China in Soviet children's literature of the 1920s. Compared to the history of Russian poetry, the poems “Ceramic Cup”, “Chinese Secret” and the novel “Vase of Chinese Khan” are considered diachronically, and synchronously - in the context of the indestructible myth of Ancient China and the Chinese proletarian revolution. Special attention is paid to the genesis of the ideal image of China in the work of E.Ya. Danko, which traces back to the ideas of F.M.A. Voltaire, M.V. Lomonosov and Russian poets of the XIX - early XX centuries. Works by E.Ya. Danko meets the idea of A.M. Gorky - to create literature on factories, crafts, and technology. In her works about China, upholding the classical understanding of Chinese culture and admiring the talent and hard work of the Chinese people, E.Ya. Danko found a way out of the chaos of the 1920s.

Promoting sound development of preterm infants in the name of developmental neuroscience: Beyond advanced life support and neuroprotection

Despite the increased survival opportunities for extremely preterm infants, their long-term cognitive outcomes remain poor, with increased incidence of cognitive impairments in childhood and reduced opportunities to attend higher education in young adulthood compared to their term-born peers. Given that a considerable fraction of preterm infants develop cognitive impairments even without apparent sentinel events at birth and cerebral lesions on MRI assessed at term equivalent age, future strategies to improve the outcome may need to address cerebral dysfunction, which cannot be explained by the classical understanding of the injury cascade triggered by hypoxia-ischaemia around birth. Developmental care has been proposed to minimize neurodevelopmental impairments related to preterm birth. However, considerable modes of cares, environmental settings and procedures provided by the developmental care of current style appear to offer little benefit to the sound development of infants. Although it is obvious that advanced life support and neuroprotective treatments fall far short in compensating for the burden of preterm birth, researchers need to make further effort to fill the knowledge gap in the cerebral function of foetuses and newborn infants before establishing evidence-based developmental care. Clinicians need to develop an ability to translate the findings from basic and translational studies incorporating their potential biases and limitations. Care for newborn infants needs to be reassessed, including but not limited to developmental care, in the context that any sensory input and motor reaction of preterm infants may ultimately affect their cognitive functioning.

Approaching the dream as a question: A self-analytical exploration on the expressive functions of dreams

ABSTRACT The author suggests that dreams are an expressive means through which the psychic apparatus delineates, construes and communicates an issue it is faced with. It is shown that there are substantial differences between this approach and more classical understandings of the nature and function of dreaming. Instead of laying emphasis on dream work as a defence system or as outlets of unconscious drives, the author highlights two further aspects of dreaming: (1) that in and through dreaming the psychic apparatus has developed a specific capacity to identify and express questions, problems and emotional experiences with which it is confronted, in a complex spiral and vertiginous way, as described in the paper; (2) that dreams encapsulate kernels of experience into “engrams” by constantly searching for ways of addressing and readdressing emotional experience.