Classical Understanding Research Articles

How Does Social Capital Offering Economic Development Based on Pesantren Business Units?

How Does Social Capital Offering Economic Development Based on Pesantren Business Units?

Earbuds, smartphones, and music. Spiritual care and existential changes in COVID-19 times.

Rooted in a Durkheimian functionalist reading of religion, in this article, we present and discuss the results of a scoping study of on-line sources on the delivery of spiritual care during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Spiritual care highlights the bond between healthcare and religion/spirituality, particularly within the growing paradigm of holistic and humane care. Spiritual care is also an area where the importance of the physical presence of receivers and providers is exceptionally important, as a classic anthropological understanding of the religious ritual would maintain. Three themes were found, which speak to changes brought about by the pandemic. These revolve around disembodiment, solitude, and technology in spiritual care, of religious and non-religious nature. A fourth theme encapsulates the ambivalence in the experience of spiritual care delivery, whereby distant and virtual care could only partially compensate for the impossibility of physical presence. On the one hand, we draw from anthropology of the ritual and phenomenology to make the case for the inalienability of intercorporeality in being there for the other. On the other hand, relying on digital religious studies and post-human theories, we argue for an opening up to new ways of conceptualising the body, being there, and being human.

P886 Clinical course and therapeutic management 5 years after diagnosis, in a cohort of Spanish patients with Crohn′s disease diagnosed in the 21st century

Abstract Background There are now serious doubts about the validity of the classical understanding of the natural history of Crohn′s disease (CD), as it is mainly based on retrospective studies that used old phenotypic classifications and that were carried out in a period of time when there were no biological drugs and little use of immunosuppressants. We aimed to evaluate the natural disease course 5 years after diagnosis of a cohort of CD patients diagnosed in the 21 st century in the North-West of Spain, Methods We performed an epidemiological, descriptive, prospective, incident cohort, population-based study. Patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease between 2010 and 2011 in Vigo healthcare area, belonging to the Epi-IBD study (formerly EpiCom) were followed up until December 31, 2016. Their electronic medical records were reviewed, and changes in location and behaviour CD phenotypic patterns, treatments received, as well as the presence of outbreaks with and without hospitalisation and the need for surgery were recorded. Results Between 2010 and 2011, 91 patients were diagnosed with CD, but only 75 of them were followed up until 2016. At 5 years, 20% CD patients had changed location and 34.7% their behaviour. Patients with ileal L1 or colonic L2 involvement at diagnosis maintained initial CD location more frequently (94.3% and 82.4%, respectively), but 31.6% ileocolonic L3 decreased location to L1 (15.8%) or L2 (15.8%) (p<0.05). (Figure 1). Even more, patterns B3 at diagnosis greatly modified during follow-up: 22.2% changed to B1, 44.4% to B2 and 22.2% to B2-B3 (p<0.05 for B1 and B2). (Figure 2 ). Initial location L1 was associated with stenosing pattern at 5 years follow-up (p<0.05), and both phenotypes (L1 and B2) with need for surgery (p<0.05). Five years after diagnosis 54.7% of CD patients had received 5-ASA, 64% local corticosteroids, 74.7% systemic corticosteroids, 77.3% immunosuppressants, 33.3% biologics, and 20% surgery. At that time 48% had suffered an outbreak and 49.3% needed to be hospitalized. There were differences between the initial phenotypic pattern and use of biologics in the first year of follow up (55.6% of patients with B3 (p<0.05 compared to B1 and B2) and 100% B2-B3 required this therapy compared to 20% of B2 and 18% B1, with no differences at 5 years. Conclusion Natural history of Crohn′s disease in the 2010-2011 Vigo cohort showed an improvement in their behaviour and location 5.years after diagnosis, with a decrease in penetrating behaviour and ileocolonic location. This fact could be explained by and early and high use of biologics drugs in the more aggressive phenotypes.

Milton’s Hamlet: The Tragedy of Adam Unparadized

ABSTRACT Shakespeare’s Hamlet was one of seventeenth-century England’s most popular plays, and, as the First Folio of the Philadelphia Free Library confirms, it was a Shakespearean drama with which Milton was deeply engaged. With Hamlet in mind, this article examines the degree to which Shakespearean tragedy qualifies Milton’s classical understanding of the genre and, more importantly, allows us insight into the relationship between tragedy and grace. What emerges is the profoundly agonistic but creative relationship between such influences as Shakespeare and Luther at the climax of Paradise Lost—so much so that without them Milton’s great work of art would have neither the same affective nor epistemological power. The argument falls into two parts: the first focuses on a specific network of contexts for Milton’s representation of the Fall as a tragedy, and the second on Adam and Eve’s response to that tragedy.

“Soft power” and its prospects in the context of the crisis of the state as a form and mode of human existence

The article is devoted to the concept of “soft power”, its forms and content. The term “soft power” was introduced relatively recently, but in its practical implementation it has a centuries-old history. In a certain sense, the word “soft power” has been meaningfully used since the times of the states of Ancient Rome and Ancient Iran. The article notes the ambiguity of the “soft power” policy, since its form can vary according to the interests of the state, as well as its socio-political structure. Thus, the use of «soft power» to the Soviet Unions was qualitatively different from the “soft power” used by states with a capitalist way of life. It is important to see the difference between “soft power” and economic expansion, especially since the border between them can be very conditional. An important idea of the presented article is that in the conditions of the crisis of the state as a form and way of being of a person, the influence of transnational companies is significantly increasing, which, in fact, squeeze out the state and seek to replace it with themselves. At the same time, the nature and essence of transnational corporations is very different from the nature and essence of the state, therefore, there is a process of transformation of “soft power”, filling it with new meanings and motives. If for states in their classical understanding, culture with its traditions, spiritual categories, and universal values could become the semantic content of the “soft power” policy, then for transnational corporations, the economic motive usually forms the basis of the policy. This kind of motive will easily result in the exploitation of some people by other people and the loss by society of such traits that define it as human. Thus, in the form in which the concept of “soft power” was relevant at the end of the twentieth century, it now looks like a vestige of a bygone historical era. Nevertheless, the degree of development of information technologies, the level of their accessibility can become a new content of «soft power» in the foreign policy of states.

Islamisches Rechtswesen und umweltökologische Nachhaltigkeit: Positionen zu einer islamisch geprägten Umweltethik

In recent decades, questions of climate change and environmental problems have received increasing attention not only in Germany and Europe, but also globally. This has been accompanied by transnational and societal debates on environmental ethics. Such debates have also found their way into Muslim discourses. Since the 1960s, Muslim environmental activists, theologians, and scholars have addressed these issues from an Islamic ethical perspective. In doing so, they have referred to Islamic normative texts such as the Qur'an and the Sunnah (traditions of the Prophet) in order to identify points of reference and relevant concepts for environmental ethics. In this context, particular reference is made to classical concepts such as tawḥīd (the oneness of God and His creation), ḫilāfa (the vicegerency of man), and amāna (trust). These are supposed to serve as the religious basis for so-called eco-Islam. However, it is questionable whether these concepts, in their classical understanding, are applicable to contemporary non-religious discourses on ecological sustainability as well as to current discourses on ethics. Against this background, the present article explores more recent approaches to environmental ethics. It examines the extent to which approaches and concepts stemming from Islamic sources can be used as a basis for contemporary discourses on Islamic environmental ethics. The article follows a historical-critical approach and aims to provide insights for rethinking the question of Islamic environmental ethics.

Pozitivno vs. negativno shvatanje slobode - političke implikacije

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the political implications of the distinction between positive and negative understanding of liberty. The author first explains the relevance of this topic within the framework of contemporary theoretical and political discussions. The starting point of this paper is Berlin's distinction between the concepts of positive and negative liberty. In the first part of the paper, the author will deal with the implications of this difference regarding the type of socio-political system and political culture. In this sense, the author will try showing the democratic concept of liberty is positive liberty, while the classical liberal understanding of liberty is negative. In other words, the relationship between positive and negative liberty reflects on the relationship between democracy and liberalism; this relationship implies possible compatibility, but also potential opposition. In the second part of the paper, the author deals with the implications of the difference between the two concepts of liberty concerning distinctive models of democracy. Referring to Riker's thesis, the author's goal is to show how a positive understanding of liberty leads to a populist model of democracy. On the other hand, a negative understanding leads to a liberal model. The difference between these models of democracy is also reflected in the attitude about whether democracy has instrumental or intrinsic value.

Social Policy in a Climate Emergency Context: Towards an Ecosocial Research Agenda

AbstractSocial policy developed as a research field and academic discipline to ensure protection from social risks in the era of emerging capitalism and industrialization. While welfare states have successfully increased their citizens’ wellbeing, they have also contributed to the ecological crisis, while the shared scientific understanding of exceeded planetary boundaries and worsening climate change scenarios has not (yet) reshaped mainstream social policy research. In this article, we suggest that the established traditions in social policy research can nevertheless provide a solid ground for responding to the climate emergency and facilitating the sustainable transformation of society and the economy. With a focus on four of the research fields that are central in social policy scholarship – risks, citizenship, welfare regimes, and wellbeing – we develop an ecosocial research agenda. By discussing the classic and climate-adjusted understandings of these fields, we open future pathways for social policy research and invite scholars to engage with our proposed research agenda.

Producer subsidies: Legal problems in the context of economic inhomogeneity

Continuing to consistently maintain the public nature of relations on the provision of subsidies to producers of goods, works and services, the author turns to the identification of their economic essence. In this context, we note the legislator’s departure from the classical understanding of a subsidy, the transformation of the gratuitousness nature of subsidies and, in some cases, the obvious conventionality of the legislator’s reference to this instrument. Special attention in the article is paid to the study of economic heterogeneity of subsidies to cover the costs or loss of income of producers, the structure of which is analysed as independent types of subsidies for the reimbursement of relevant costs in the case of imperative involvement of producers in the implementation of public functions; incentive subsidies, and subsidies as an alternative to state (municipal) procurement. The legislator considers the peculiarities of the economic nature of the considered types of subsidies as a necessary prerequisite for ensuring proper legal certainty in the regulation of the relevant relations and increasing the level of guarantees for the protection of their participants. The research into the differences in the economic nature of the relations accompanied by the provision of subsidies to producers to cover costs or loss of income leads the author to the conclusion that there are basis both for the differentiation of approaches at the level of law to establish the legal framework of their public regulation, and for identifying the permissible limits of application of civil law to them. At the same time, the author believes that this does not preclude the universalization, within certain limits, of public rules on subsidies, primarily in terms of establishing basic guarantees of protection for the participants of the relevant relations.

A New Era of Value Creation – Vertical Value Creation

Increasing cost pressure due to actual crises and growing competition and actual skill shortage are affecting today's manufacturers. Higher capacity utilization and an increase of workers’ and machines’ productivity are possibilities to face those challenges. Based on knowledge management as well as usually Machine Learning (ML) a new and complementary approach for value creation is presented in this article. It enables companies to face the above-mentioned challenges and is called Vertical Value Creation (VVC). Its aim is the targeted multiplication of data, information, knowledge, and competencies during the regular operation of production systems to make them tradeable. VVC can be distinguished into Human Vertical Value Creation (H-VVC) and Machine Vertical Value Creation (M-VVC). Whereas H-VVC is already known partially, M-VVC can fundamentally change value creation in production systems. In contrast to the approaches of knowledge management or intellectual capital, information, knowledge or competencies can be implemented in software code automatically due to ML and thus can be made explicit, fungible and tradeable. VVC extends the existing value-creating area by adding a value-creation dimension to the classic understanding of value creation. The article starts with some basics and related work concerning value creation. Thereafter, prerequisites for VVC, in order to fully exploit its potential, are mentioned. This includes an additional view on value-adding distinguishing three points in time: the creation of (potential) value, the possibility for realizing created values, and the realization of created values. Followed by the vision of a data production system, some hypotheses regarding VVC are presented in the article.

Распределенное научное познание внутри академии и за ее пределами

In the article, I consider the problem of distributed scientific knowledge in two aspects: (1) from the point of view of distributed cognition as one of the ways for scientists to obtain scientific knowledge; (2) from the point of view of recruiting scientific personnel to the academy. I believe that in both the cases the problem of epistemic injustice in relation to new participants in the cognitive process remains. The concept of distributed cognition, in my opinion, is not able by itself to solve the problem of epistemic injustice and unequal access to both the results of scientific research and the status of their participants, that is, to make a transition from epistemic asymmetry to epistemic balance or parity of the parties. The most productive implication of the concept of distributed cognition is that its application to scientific practice highlights situations of epistemic injustice, each time on an ever-increasing scale. Finally, I return to the concept of science as a public good and consider some of its implications from the perspective of the classical understanding of science and the possibilities for redressing epistemic injustice.

Систематизация научных взглядов в Китае на изучение урбанизации

China’s scientific views of the urbanization process, taking into account the specifics of its course and state regulation are analyzed at the article. It was revealed that urbanization in China is fundamentally different in approaches to the classical understanding of the process and spatial development in comparison with developed countries. The main factors of differences are the intensive industrialization, regional differences of the country and the special role of the state in solving the problem of urbanization. Features of the dynamics of urbanization in China led to the allocation of four stages, characterized by a change in the priorities of scientific views on its study: the initial period of urbanization research in China (1978–1983); the period of development of domestic theories, models and leading factors of urbanization based on classical theories of urbanization (1984–1997); the period of promotion of research by the state (1998–2004); the heyday of urban science research in China (2005 to present). This article focuses on the study by Chinese scientists of theoretical approaches, basic concepts and models of urbanization (small cities, endogenous urbanization, local urbanization of settlements, top-down and bottom-up urbanization models, pluralistic urbanization).

The Positive Influence of British Industrial Revolution on Women's Life

The British Industrial Revolution is one of the most important revolutionary events that profoundly changed the environment for human survival and development in the western economic and social history. In 1884, Arnold Toynbee delivered a lecture on the British Industrial Revolution, and pointed out that it was not only a technological revolution, but also a far-reaching social revolution. This view was generally accepted by the academic community and the society as a classic understanding of the phenomenon of Industrial Revolution. Since the reform and opening up, Chinese scholars have conducted in-depth studies on major issues in British history, such as the British revolution and the Industrial Revolution.[1] Since the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft's the defense of women's rights, British women have had their own voice. At the same time, they deconstructed the social discourse centered on the aristocratic language at that time by creating a family social circle, entering new factory labor, and directly or indirectly participating in political activities. It can be said that they play an important role in deconstruction. This paper focuses on the great role played by British women during the industrial revolution. And it is divided into two parts, namely, the impact of the British Industrial Revolution on women's economy and spirit, and the impact of the British Industrial Revolution on women's marital status.

The Vacuum as Imaginary Space. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Complex Numbers

The background to the article is the classic and quantum understandings of the vacuum and the use of imaginary numbers in quantum models. The purpose of the article is to outline the possible understanding of the vacuum as imaginary space always coupled with the real space in the complex space of complex numbers. This understanding relates to the duality real-potential, collapsed–collapsible, and superimpositions of waves-phenomena as in quantum mechanics. The incomputability of the imaginary parts may represent the physical meaning of the permanent potential pending nature of the vacuum. The presence of imaginary numbers in models may be intended as warranty that it is not possible to compute definitive results, but it is possible to have pending multiple equivalences and superimpositions as in quantum physics and emergent collective processes in complexity. We consider how much the complexity (i.e., the study of emergence and chaos) may be considered related to and represented by complex numbers (i.e., properties of their dual variables and their collapsibility in real numbers). The usage of imaginary numbers may also be intended as the expression or manifestation of something we do not understand yet, as it was for the indemonstrability of the fifth Euclidian postulate and the unavailability of a distribution law for prime numbers. We conclude that a new global understanding is necessary and capable of explaining what we understand as the unreasonable effectiveness of complex numbers.

Osteoarthritis: A contemporary view of the problem, the possibilities of therapy and prospects for further research

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by the destructive changes in the articular cartilage, synovitis, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation. Today it is the most common joint disease and one of the main causes of disability of elderly people.<br /> This review provides an overview of advances in understanding of osteoarthritis etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, as well as the results of up-to-date research of the molecular mechanisms underlying this heterogeneous age-related disease at the clinical and fundamental levels.<br /> The article is devoted to a comprehensive review of the osteoarthritis problem, compiled considering the classical understanding of morphological changes, clinical picture, diagnostic methods, and current therapy protocols, supplemented by the modern trends of world research with the prospect of further development and implementation of the latest therapeutic methods, such as nerve growth factor-inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor-18 and stem cells treatments.

Muslim Minority and Jihad: The Cases of Rohingyas and Uyghurs

The minority Uyghurs in Xinjiang province, China, and Rohingyas in Rakhine State, Myanmar are facing civil and violent persecution by authoritarian governments. These minority ethnic groups are also Muslims. As the world watches in condemnation, there is curiously little traction by Islamic jihadist groups in these countries. That is not to say that their influence is absent in the regions: al-Qaeda in South Asia is taking advantage of the Rohingya refugee crisis and the so-called Islamic State was able to attract Uyghurs to their doomed caliphate. Nevertheless, this paper seeks to understand why jihadists failed to make much inroad in these places. It is important that we understand this phenomenon in order to undermine the influence of jihadists in other parts of the world. Using the framework of ethnic minorities living in Dar al-‘Ahd, this paper argues that the governments in China and Myanmar are oppressing a selective group of Muslims and thus making it difficult to build the case that they are at war with Muslims in general. This argument is based on the classical understanding of jihadism, which is to fight against foreign intrusion in Muslim territories, whereas the call to jihad against one’s government is a much recent and controversial innovation. Therefore, despite different types of persecution by the Chinese and Burmese governments, and the different response by the locals, there is a comparable relative absence of jihadist movements explained by the limited repression of specific Muslim minorities.

Visualisasi Wanita dalam Al-Qur’an: Pendekatan Tafsir Sufi terhadap Kosakata al-Ḥūr (Bidadari)

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">The dictions used by the Qur'an in visualizing women are often misinterpreted. Many people are still shackled to the classical understanding that women are a second creation. This understanding eventually gave birth to a stigma that women's status was lower and had limitations in pursuing piety. Not only so, the diction of the holy book (Al-Qur'an) which seems to explore the physical form of women in a vulgar way is also interpreted as it is, so that the meaning becomes irrelevant to contemporary reality. Thus, a new method of reading the scriptures is needed. In this context, the researcher will use a Sufi interpretation approach to review the verses of the Qur'an, especially the verses that visualize the physical appearance of women in the afterlife as angels (al-ḥūr). This study has its own relevance even though this issue has been responded to by many feminists. For researcher, the Sufi commentators' views on this issue need to be offered to the public, because from the beginning the Sufi did not differentiate between men and women - just as the spirit is not male and not female. This is of course different from feminists who started the discussion by distinguishing between men and women, so feminists need a movement that demands equality between men and women.</p>

Exploring the “Liminal” and “Sacred” Associated with Death in Hinduism through the Hindu Brahminic Death Rituals

Abstract This article aims to present the specificities associated with the Hindu liminal phase and the sacred associated with death through an ethnographic account of the death rituals of the Hindu Saryuparin Brahmin community. Through this ethnographic account, the author argues against a uniform liminal phase across different cultures by bringing to the fore aspects specific to the Hindu liminal phase in death. This aids in analyzing the Hindu cosmogenic world and the movement of the deceased’s “pret” or “ghost” within the same during the liminal phase. Building a connect between the liminal and the sacred in Hinduism, the author further discusses how the sacred is understood in terms of purity/impurity and life/death through death rituals. While exploring the sacred, the author contests the classical understanding of the sacred within the religious realm and presents its contextual nature by discussing the “context-based sacred.” This article is divided into three sections: (1) death rituals in the Hindu Brahminic tradition, (2) deconstructing the “liminal” in death in Hinduism, and (3) understanding the “sacred” associated with death in Hinduism.

Identifying individual and spatial drivers of heterogeneous transmission and virulence of malaria in Caribbean anoles

AbstractHeterogeneous distributions are a fundamental principle of ecology, manifesting as natural variability within ecological levels of organization from individuals to ecosystems. In disease ecology, variability in biotic and abiotic factors can result in heterogeneous patterns of transmission and virulence—broadly defined here as the negative consequences of infection. Still, our classic theoretical understanding of disease dynamics comes from models that assume homogeneous transmission and virulence. Here, we test this assumption by assessing the contribution of various sources of individual and spatial heterogeneity to patterns of transmission and sublethal measurements of virulence in two lizard–malaria systems: a three‐parasite assemblage (Plasmodium floridense,Plasmodium leukocytica, andPlasmodium azurophilum) infecting the lizardAnolis gundlachiin the rainforest of Puerto Rico and a single‐parasite system (P. floridense–Anolis sagrei) in Florida. Using a Bayesian model selection framework, we evaluated whether individual host differences (i.e., body size and sex) or spatial variability (i.e., habitat type and local‐scale host spatial structure) drive heterogeneity in the probability of infection or its associated health costs (i.e., body condition, blood chemistry). We found that the probability of infection increases with increasing lizard body size in both systems. However, in Florida, we found the relationship to be subdued in deforested habitats compared to the adjacent urban hydric forests. Furthermore, infection was spatially clustered within sampling sites, with “hot” and “cold” spots across the landscape. Nevertheless, we found no clear evidence of costs of infection on lizard health in any of the measures assessed and hence no grounds for inference regarding heterogeneous virulence. Ultimately, the consistency of our results across systems suggests prominent roles of individual and spatial heterogeneities as driving factors of transmission of vector‐borne diseases.

Positive Weathering Feedback Compensates Carbonates at Shallow Ocean Depths

AbstractContinental silicate weathering and seafloor carbonate precipitation are key steps in the carbonate-silicate cycle to draw down CO2. Contrary to the classic understanding of negative feedback, silicate weathering can exhibit positive feedback at high temperatures. Taking into account this positive feedback, the compensation depth (CCD) in exoplanet oceans becomes shallower, implying a potential instability in the carbonate-silicate cycle at high temperatures.