Civil Military Research Articles

Julio Ríos-Figueroa , Constitutional Courts as Mediators. Armed Conflict, Civil–Military Relations and the Rule of Law in Latin America (New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. xv + 238, $110.00; £69.99, hb.

Julio Ríos-Figueroa , Constitutional Courts as Mediators. Armed Conflict, Civil–Military Relations and the Rule of Law in Latin America (New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. xv + 238, $110.00; £69.99, hb.

The Delegation of State Sovereignty over Air Space in the Implementation of Air Navigation: The Analysis of the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore on Management of the Batam and Natuna Flight Information Region

The state sovereignty over airspace with its complete and exclusive nature experiences a significant dynamic in both its concept and implementation in the international air law. Sovereignty over the airspace not only provides legislative, executive, and judicialauthorities of the state but also puts an obligation on the state to provide facilities for aviation safety. The reason for aviation safety airspace of a sovereign state can be delegated to other states to manage the service of navigation, for example, Indonesian air spaces in the Natuna and Batam, are maintained by Singapore for the sake of aviation safety. The taking over of the management of FIR in Batam and Natuna had been carried out through several steps. First, establishing Civil Military Aviation Coordination (CMAC) as outlined in the Government Regulation (Ministry of Transportation Regulation Number 55 on 2016) concerning the order of the national airspace. Second, evaluating the implementation of air navigation by reformulating the institutional of LPPNPI, evaluating the cooperation agreement between the Government of Indonesia and Singapore, and providing air navigation service during the transition period in Natuna Islands. Third, conducting the taking over concept phase by phase, in which the first phase, Singapore only provides air navigation service, while Indonesia only monitors. The second phase, Indonesia provides air navigation services, while Singapore only monitors, and for the third phase, as the final implementation, Indonesia provides air navigation services fully. Keywords: Delegation, Sovereignty, Air Space, Air Navigation, Agreement

Capture from Below: Civil–Military Relations during Indonesia's Anticommunist Violence, 1965–66

Capture from Below: Civil–Military Relations during Indonesia's Anticommunist Violence, 1965–66

PRC’S MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX UNDER XI JINPING

The article is dedicated to the achievements and problems of the Chinese military-industrial complex and its role in the economy building during the Xi Jinping` s term (2012–2017). The evolution of the problem is particularly interesting in the context of the realization of the National Security modernization Program of China 2050. The author provides a description of the current state of military-industrial complex fields. Chinese atomic industry has been growing rapidly during the last years. There are significant achievements in the field of the rocket and space industry. Aviation industry, and in particular the aviation engine construction, has been traditionally considered as underdeveloped in comparison with the American, Western European and Russian aviation. In this sense, the Chinese government endeavors to improve the situation. Microelectronics, which has also been rather underdeveloped, is expected to obtain a new quality. The shipbuilding industry in China nowadays gives positive examples of design and building heavy-tonnage vessels, such as nuclear-powered submarines. Apart from the military and technological achievements, many efforts are put in order to reduce the level of the Chinese dependence on the import of foreign technologies. The author stresses the significance of the military industry conversion practices, which used to be one of the main driving forces of the China`s economic growth in 1980–1990s. The so-called military civil integration is one of the most effective strategies aimed at overcoming the technological backwardness of the military- industrial complex. It contributes to the technological growth in the fields of security due to the practices of redirection the civil technologies into the military field. Such an approach allows China to avoid the Western military embargo.

Karakteristik Wanita Dengan Perdarahan Uterus Abnormal di Poli Kandungan Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut Dr Ramelan Surabaya Tahun 2016

Background : Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is one of the causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding during women’s reproduction period. AUB can be possibly caused by various factors, either structural or non-structural abnormalities. FIGO classified 9 causes of AUB as it is arranged in an acronym: ‘PALM-COEIN’.
 Method : The design of this research is restrospective descriptive and the sampling technique of this research was purposive sampling. Data source used was secondary data obtained from patient’s medical record which has been diagnosed with AUB.
 Result : There are 82 cases concerning AUB which mostly distributed on 41-50 years age group (48.8%). The highest cases on AUB were Islamic religion (90.3%), diploma and bachelor as the last educational program (46.3%), occupational background such as cervants which cover civil servant, military, and police (41.5%), Surabaya domiciled (74.4%), married (80.5%), normal Body Mass Index (65.8%), and parity multiparous (56.1%). The major causes classified in PALM-COEIN is ovulatory disfunction (37.8%) and medical management (73.1%)
 Conclusion : Out of 82 cases of AUB in prenatal poly of Naval Hospital Dr. Ramelan Surabaya in 2016, it was found the highest case on 41-50 years age group, Moeslem, diploma and bachelor as the last educational program, civil servants, Surabaya domiciled, married, normal BMI, parity multiparous, the cause of AUB ovulatory disfunction, and medical management.

What Goes Up Must Come Down: Military Expenditure and Civil Wars

This paper examines the impact of civil war on military expenditure. We employ two measures of military expenditure: the share of military expenditure in general government expenditure and the logarithm of military expenditures. We would reasonably expect a priori that military expenditure as a share of general government expenditure increases during a civil war and that such increases would taper off over the duration of a civil war. We also explore whether the termination of a civil war induces a decline in the share of military expenditure as a share of the general government expenditure in the short-run. We find evidence the of share of military expenditure increases during a civil war and falls in the year succeeding the end of a civil war, and, in particular, if a war ends in a peace treaty. The level of military expenditures, however, rises during civil wars and does not appear to decline in the short-term after the end of a civil war.

Impacting Factors of the Chinese Military Enterprises’ Capital Structure and Approaches of Importing Private Capital

This paper analyzes the impacting factors of the capital structure of military listed companies in China, based on the 2001–2015 panel data of 104 Chinese listed companies, and we explore practical approaches for Chinese private capital entering the military enterprises, given the strategy of the civil–military integration. We show that: (1) state-owned shares and domestic legal person shares negatively impact the capital structure of military enterprises and mainly show in non-current liability. While the foreign legal person shares and the shareholding ratio of executives and managers have no significant impact. (2) As for the financial indicators, coefficients of firm size, asset tangibility, and growth are positive, while those of profitability, non-debt tax shield, and growth opportunity are negative. (3) Given the civil–military integration strategy, equity financing imposes a negative impact on the capital structure of military enterprises. The negative impact increases, with the increase in military enterprises’ profitability, business risk, and growth opportunities, and with the decrease in military enterprises’ growth and firm size. (4) The negative impacts of equity financing are significant, if debt ratios of the military enterprises are too small or too large. While the state-owned shares only have significant negative impact on military enterprises whose debt ratios are too small. As a conclusion, we suggest private capital to prioritize the corporate bonds or short-term borrowing to enter the military industry, and choose smaller or medium-sized military enterprises with more growth opportunities and lower business risks.

Defected Civilian Civil Servants: Perceptions of Regime Strength in Syria

This paper explores why Syrian civil servants decide to defect from the Syrian bureaucratic apparatus and how regime strength is perceived among these defectors. The paper contributes to existing studies on defection in which the main focus is often on military civil servants, by expanding the scope of the investigation to defections among civilian civil servants working in public administration. The analytical framework of ‘state infrastructural power’ guides the study. The results of the investigation indicate that defections take place, not as a result of perceived regime strength through military and territorial control, but rather as a result of perceived illegitimate rule by the regime. The material consists of semi-structured interviews with 13 high-level civilian civil servants that defected from the Syrian state apparatus between June 2011 and March 2013.

A pilot treatment study for mild traumatic brain injury: Neuroimaging changes detected by MEG after low-intensity pulse-based transcranial electrical stimulation

ABSTRACTBackground: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a leading cause of sustained impairments in military service members, Veterans, and civilians. However, few treatments are available for mTBI, partially because the mechanism of persistent mTBI deficits is not fully understood.Methods: We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate neuronal changes in individuals with mTBI following a passive neurofeedback-based treatment programme called IASIS. This programme involved applying low-intensity pulses using transcranial electrical stimulation (LIP-tES) with electroencephalography monitoring. Study participants included six individuals with mTBI and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS). MEG exams were performed at baseline and follow-up to evaluate the effect of IASIS on brain functioning.Results: At the baseline MEG exam, all participants had abnormal slow-waves. In the follow-up MEG exam, the participants showed significantly reduced abnormal slow-waves with an average reduction of 53.6 ± 24.6% in slow-wave total score. The participants also showed significant reduction of PCS scores after IASIS treatment, with an average reduction of 52.76 ± 26.4% in PCS total score.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the neuroimaging-based documentation of the effect of LIP-tES treatment on brain functioning in mTBI. The mechanisms of LIP-tES treatment are discussed, with an emphasis on LIP-tES’s potentiation of the mTBI healing process.

Discovering the Fault Lines in American Civil–Military Relations

This essay is in response to Thomas Crosbie and Meredith Kleykamp’s article that investigates relationships between what they consider to be three fault lines in the American military profession: ethical lapses, expertise, and identity. As they explore the literature to contemplate how professionalism might help to prevent ethical lapses, they also seek to reveal relationships between lapses, military expertise, and identity. To enhance the relevance of their research, it is recommended that they examine ethical lapses more broadly. Their core subject is American civil–military relations, which is a complex, contentious, and often ambiguous topic. They can mitigate the ambiguity by developing a clear problem statement and a set of research assumptions. In addition, because not all lapses are treated the same, they can be categorized to identify more serious lapses, which will allow for a focused examination of institutional responses to the lapses. Also, integrating other academic approaches such as political science and history into their research will improve the theoretical and explanatory power of their investigation. Adopting these and other aspects of inquiry will support the testing of their six hypotheses and improve our understanding of the military profession.

Memories of Boys, Girls, and Adolescent Victims of Political Prison and Torture by the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship.

This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of victims of political prison and torture during the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship who were minors when they experienced this violence. Participants in the study were 11 adults, six women and five men from the region of Valparaíso, who were victims of State terrorism during childhood and adolescence. The information production technique used was the focus group. A textual analysis was performed, based on interdisciplinary contributions from interpretation theory and discourse theories. The analysis of the information identified distinctive elements in the traumatic memories according to the sex-gender system associated with the private/public and passivity/agency dimensions. The results of this study reveal the urgent need to recognize boys, girls, and adolescents as people with rights who should be protected by both adults and States. Moreover, these results emphasize the need to implement early intervention programs in people affected by psychosocial traumas and disasters of different types, and improve their quality of life.

Civil–Military Relations during Transition and Post-Democratisation Periods: A View from Southeast Asia

The civil–military dynamic in Southeast Asia has been a contested issue for years. Although most countries in the region have been undertaken democratic governance, the military role in politics remains relatively unresolved. After having relatively stable civilian governments for over a decade, the Thai military launched another coup in 2014 to topple a democratically elected government. In Indonesia and the Philippines, the military has been moderately controlled by the democratically elected civilian governments, but their professional roles in sustaining democratic principles and values are also questionable. Accordingly, the crucial issues are the role that the military plays in the transition period, such as in Thailand, and the degree to which the military is institutionalised under civilian control in nascent democracies, such as Indonesia and the Philippines. These issues are addressed in the books discussed herein.

Reinvigorating Civil–Military Relationships in Building National Resilience

Russia’s application of a sophisticated hybrid strategy and the rise of Daesh (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ISIS) have been drivers for change in the complex security environment of the twenty-first century. While the significance of these threats does not preclude the conventional aspect of national defence planning, it does complicate societal preparedness. Vlasta Zekulić, Christopher Godwin and Jennifer Cole examine the relevance of NATO resilience policies and propose a synchronised approach to crisis decision-making, civil preparedness planning and national and collective defence to ensure they are balanced, mutually supportive and incur manageable cost.

Ten Global Challenges to Europe's Foreign Policy – Concluding Remarks at the Dahrendorf Symposium 2016

Ten Global Challenges to Europe's Foreign Policy – Concluding Remarks at the Dahrendorf Symposium 2016

Dangerous work: Terrorism against U.S. diplomats

ABSTRACTThe goal of diplomats is to represent their countries’ interests through diplomacy, not arms. Because they are not military personnel, they may be perceived as at lower risk of being the target of terrorists. However, recent events have called this perception into question. Despite this danger, there has been little research on terrorist attacks against diplomats. Drawing on the terrorism studies literature, this article argues that diplomats are targeted more than non-diplomatic targets in countries where certain U.S. foreign policies are implemented. An empirical analysis of 471 attacks against U.S. diplomats from 1970 to 2011 reveals that while U.S. alliances and foreign aid increase the likelihood of attacks against diplomats, U.S. military intervention and civil war, on the other hand, increase the risk of terrorism against non-diplomatic targets. This finding is relevant because it shows terrorist attacks against diplomats result from certain types of foreign policy.

Field-effect transistor-based transduction and acoustic receiving transducers

Microphones and hydrophones are representative acoustic receiving transducers. To properly receive sound waves, a receiver must be smaller than the wavelength of the target sound. The target wave characteristics do not impose any lower limits on the size of microphones. When the performance of a smaller microphone or hydrophone will be satisfactory, users generally choose a smaller device since smaller receivers are easier to install and use. However, miniaturized microphones are less sensitive at low frequencies and conventional infrasound detectors are considerably larger than those for higher frequency sounds. These trends in receiver size can be explained by considering the transduction characteristics of microphones and hydrophones. We describe two transduction mechanisms based on field-effect transistors (FET) and use them to develop new microphones and hydrophones. We used theoretical analysis and experiments to show that the sensitivity and frequency response functions of FET-based microphones and hydrophones are size-independent. These results suggest that more sensitive micro-machined microphones and hydrophones, with better frequency response functions, may be available for use in the near future. [Work supported by the Institute of Civil Military Technology Cooperation Center (16-CM-SS-18).]

Right “Man” for the Job? The Influence of Gender on Civil–Military Friction

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of women in politics on the risk of a coup d’état. Previous research indicates that the relationship between female political leaders and security is dependent on the office she holds. Subsequently, we expect female legislators to have a different influence than a female chief executive on the likelihood of a coup. We argue that a higher level of female representation reduces the risk of a coup d’état. However, we assert that a female chief executive has a different effect and increases coup risk. Using data covering 160 states over the years 1952 to 2009, our empirical tests provide support for our expectations. All else being equal, increased levels of women in parliament lead to a substantial drop in coup likelihood. However, the argument that a female chief executive will be more coup prone is not fully supported in our findings.

Book Review: The Military Covenant. Its Impact on Civil–Military Relations in Britain. Sarah Ingham

Book Review: <i>The Military Covenant. Its Impact on Civil–Military Relations in Britain</i>. Sarah Ingham

Supporting the wartime economy: imperial maritime trade and the globalised maritime trade system, 1914–1916

ABSTRACTThe British Empire depended on international trade and financial systems for survival. These depended on general peace. The Empire could not afford extended periods of military expenditure, using civil–military and economic mechanisms to avoid the costs of an army. These demanded an efficient global maritime transport system feeding a free economic market with close industry–navy and insurance market–government–navy cooperation. These required a naval system to protect global maritime trade. The outbreak of war in 1914 stopped maritime trade, requiring rapid unprecedented government intervention to restart it. From this restart, the privately run global maritime trade system began to distort, but collapse was protracted and the commercial system showed remarkable elasticity. The imperial government progressively replaced an efficient, fluid maritime trade system based on meeting commercial demand with centralised control to meet the demands of a mobilising war economy. By July 1916 this process was complete and a remarkable example of international administration across all areas of the global and domestic economy was well advanced. The resulting centralised control of global maritime trade fed multinational economic demands of war economies: yet this broad, complex, multidisciplinary event remains largely unknown.

Encyclopedic approach to Marine History of Russia

Marine direction of foreign policy is for Russia one of key. It is determined geographical position of the Russian state banks of which is washed plenty of Maureies. Also it is related to that considerable part of population lives on the coast of Russian Maureies, and industry, located in an off-shore bar brings, in a large contribution to the economy. Many Russian marine travelers were the discoverers of «new» earths. The contribution of the Russian scientists to the hydrophysical, geological and biological study of Maureies and Oceans is great. Russia possesses a navy, to the constituents approximately one-third of total tonnage of world VMF and one of large in the world a rybopromyslovym fleet. Transport ships under the flag of Russian Federation it is possible to meet planets in the remotest corners. In a number of areas of military shipbuilding and civil shipbuilding Russia had and continues to save priority. Enhanceable interest to the Seas and Oceans found the reflection in the fundamental Russian documents, including, in the Marine doctrine of Russian Federation, ratified Russia President in 2015. In it the value of marine spaces for the Russian state is marked. In the Marine doctrine of Russian Federation is writtenin: «The skilled providing, marine teaching and education play an important role in the increase of efficiency of marine activity. They are directed on preparation, bringing in and maintainance of skilled shots of all levels, maintenance of professionalism, marine traditions and not indifferent relation of citizens to marine history of country, serve positive presentation, propaganda and support of national marine policy, to marine activity and marine service in society». Marine direction, marine science about regions found a reflection in the publications of row of the Russian authors, devoted research of policy of Russia in such regions, as: Black Sea region, Caspian region, Arctic, and also in the series of Encyclopaedias, devoted the Seas of Russia.