Civil Military Research Articles

The nexus of political connections and corporate tax strategies in Pakistan

PurposeExtant literature investigating the tax payment behaviour of politically connected firms largely supports the notion that politically connected firms have tax sheltering incentives, i.e. politically connected firms pay significantly less tax. Our paper adds to this stream of literature by considering the tax payment behaviour of two different groups of politically connected firms in Pakistan, viz. civil connected firms and military connected firms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper sheds light on the tax payment behaviour of politically connected firms and provides evidence that the tax incentives of politically connected firms are shaped by the institutional structure and contextual factors.FindingsThe results indicate that civil (military) connected firms pay significantly lower (higher) tax than non-connected firms. The findings hold in the face of a number of robustness tests, including the use of alternative proxies for the tax variable and endogeneity concerns.Originality/valueThese results make a significant contribution to the existing literature examining the tax payment behaviour of politically connected firms by providing evidence suggesting that tax sheltering is not the only viable option for politically connected firms; rather, some groups of connected firms have tax under-sheltering incentives. Our findings add to the political cost hypothesis and the signalling hypothesis in relation to tax payment incentives of politically connected firms.

Civilian Control, Civil–Military Friction, and Foreign Military Intervention

The relationship between domestic civil–military relations and the use of foreign military force has been long debated. The two primary perspectives on the issue, civilian conservatism and military conservatism, are antithetical. The former maintains that military authorities are more likely to advocate for the use of military force than civilian counterparts, while the latter advances the opposite argument. Empirical research to date has added little clarity to the relationship. We shed new light on this long running controversy through analyses of a different, and arguably more appropriate, set of measures for the key variables of concern: civilian control, civil–military conflict, and the use of foreign military force. In zero-inflated negative binomial estimates of 165 countries from 1946 to 2010, we find consistent support for civilian conservatism. More specifically, when civilian control erodes or civil–military conflict reaches particularly high levels, the likelihood that a state will launch a foreign military intervention increases.

Ethical framework and inclusivity: research mechanics of difficult-to-reach migrants in civil military context

In the midst of humanitarian crises, understanding and helping hard-to-reach migrant communities, is a major challenge for researchers. This article addresses the ethical framework and dimensions of inclusivity associated with researching such populations in civilian-military setting. With the overarching aim of improving methodological discourse, this study seeks to understand the mechanisms involved in working with crisis-affected migrants who are often marginalised and geographically isolated. The significance of this research lies in its multi-layered approach to understanding the ethical considerations and inclusivity that are essential to conducting research in crisis situations. By examining existing theories in the field, including participatory research methods, ethnographic studies and community-based research frameworks, this study critically evaluates their applicability in the context of crisis-affected migrant communities. This research contributes to methodological approaches by proposing innovative strategies that emphasise ethical integrity, cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. It argues for the development of collaborative and culturally sensitive research practises that enable migrant communities to actively participate in the research process and ensure that their voices are heard, and their perspectives accurately represented. This study contributes to existing knowledge by illuminating the complexities of researching hard-to-reach migrant communities in civil military setting. This study provides researchers and practitioners with the necessary tools and perspectives required for engaging with crisis-affected migrant communities in a manner that is both ethical, respectful, and impactful.

Concordance Theory: A Retrospective on the Creation of New Civil–Military Relations Theory

This piece is part of the 50th Anniversary Armed Forces & Society (AF&S) special issue. I am honored to be a part of this selection of essays. I am grateful to my colleagues at AF&S for their expertise and intellectual insights over the years since my original Concordance theory article—“Civil–Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance”—was published in 1995. Any comments made here that reflect on the current state of the academy and my experience with it over the years are in no way directed at AF&S and the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society (IUS-AF&S). Both AF&S and IUS have been extremely supportive of my work and the scholarship of many students, researchers, and academics around the world. I have been proud to be a part of both the journal and the organization that supports the study of civil–military relations. My Concordance theory and its evolution have only benefited because of my affiliation with AF&S and IUS.

Building a National Army: The Paradoxes of Civil–Military Relations in Ethiopia

The nature of civil–military relations in postconflict states where rebel groups won a civil war and built the national army anew is underappreciated and undertheorized. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of Ethiopia’s experience of building a national army from 1991 to 2018 as a case study, this article attempts to fill this gap. The article argues that the rebel-origin of the regime and the army, the ideology underpinning the regime, and its aspiration to emerge as a hegemonic political force determine the nature of civil–military relations in a postconflict state where the rebel won the war. The article adopts a qualitative case study methodology and relies on data collected through key-informant interviews, government archives, and extensive survey of the state-owned daily newspaper, Addis Zemen. The article contributes to the body of knowledge on civil–military relations in postconflict states in general, and the study of civil–military relations in Africa in particular.

Theories of Democratic Civil–Military Relations and the Enduring Value of the Citizen-Soldier Ideal

Theories of Democratic Civil–Military Relations and the Enduring Value of the Citizen-Soldier Ideal

Contagious Coups In Africa? History Of Civil–Military imbalance

Contagious Coups In Africa? History Of Civil–Military imbalance

China’s distinctive civil–military integration policy and firm innovation

Abstract Despite the widespread implementation of civil–military integration (CMI) policies in various countries, there remains a significant debate surrounding their impact on innovation. Taking the set of the National Civil–Military Integration Strategy in China in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper uses the Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method to systematically examine the impact of CMI policy on firm innovation. The results demonstrate that the CMI policy has notably increased the intensity of firms’ Research and Development (R&D) investment, but does not exert a significant influence on their innovation output and efficiency. Notably, the policy effect is primarily observed among incumbent military firms and large-scale firms. Moreover, the CMI policy exhibits a considerable effect on fostering new cooperation links, but does not yield a significant impact on deepening cooperation or promoting network agglomeration. The results imply that the policy has not yet deeply affected firms’ innovation processes and patterns. These findings provide manifold implications for policy understanding and decision-making.

Military Civilian Regimes and Socio Economic Development in Nigeria a Comparative Discourse and Evaluation

Nigeria, like other African countries, is faced with the problem of providing its citizens with the basic needs that make life worth living, whether under the military or civilian regime. This paper attempted a comparative evaluation of the military and civilian administrations’ efforts at the socio-economic development of Nigeria. The paper relied heavily on data culled from existing records and analysed using descriptive techniques. The paper noted that both the military and civilian regimes in Nigeria have initiated and implemented several policies and programmes towards the socio-economic development of the country but with little and in most cases, no positive impact on the lives of the citizens. The paper observed conclusively that the civilians are believed to be the best administrators of government whereas the military are meant to be specialists in handling ammunition and warrelated strategies, not governance. It was recommended that the Nigerian government should encourage professionalism as well as increase budgetary allocation to military formations to keep them from meddling in governance while the civilian administrators should endeavour to reduce unemployment and inflation rates in addition to improving the nation’s GDP through sustainable economic policies.

Trump(ing) Tradition: Old Laws, New Norms, and the Danger to Civil–Military Relations

Before, during, and after his presidency, Donald J. Trump’s behavior and statements provoked segments of the U.S. military and civil society, with some decisions criticized and declared illegal by critics. Some current and former U.S. military personnel openly criticized and displayed contempt toward the president, thereby violating Article 88 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Prior to the 2021 conviction of a Marine Corps officer, the last Article 88 conviction occurred in 1966 when an off-duty Army Lieutenant held a sign criticizing President Johnson at an anti-Vietnam War protest. Despite Trump engaging in norm-eroding behaviors that politicized the Armed Forces, these actions were well within his legal rights. However, open criticism against President Trump by many retired flag officers was illegal per UCMJ laws, yet not enforced. The paradox of a UCMJ law becoming dead letter law indicates a major disjuncture between normative civil–military relations and the laws regulating the behavior of active and retired U.S. military officers. We conclude that UCMJ laws must be enforced, rewritten, or abolished because non-enforcement degrades civil–military relations and military professionalism.

미래 환경 변화에 부합된 해군 국방인력구조 혁신방향

In this study, the direction of innovation in the Navy defense workforce structure was suggested by optimizing the size of the Navy defense workforce, improving the manpower structure in the field of combat and combat support, and elaborating the manpower planning system. First, it is necessary to expand the size of the officer/NCO corps and adjust the size of the enlisted person in the long term in order to solve decease of military service resources for the future. Second, the manpower of warships, which are crucial for combat activities in the Navy, should be expanded, meanwhile the usage of military civil service members should be expanded from non-combat area to combat support area. Third, it is required to promote measures to refine the manpower planning system, such as the establishment of an ‘organization/workforce department’ and the prepare and use ‘Navy Defense Workforce Structure Plan’.

La educación en el proceso inicial de articulación institucional de la Dictadura Civil Militar en Chile (1973-1975)

This article seeks to analyze the role assigned to education in the first moments of institutional construction of the Civil Military Dictatorship in Chile (1973-1975). Methodologically, a historical study was developed based on the analysis of different types of sources, such as laws, decrees, minutes and strategic documents, documents that communicate the main ideological guidelines of the regime. The conclusions indicate that education in these documents is located in a place of political restriction, neoliberal in economics and conservative in values.

Public Policy Making in India: Civil Military Relations

Public Policy Making in India: Civil Military Relations

Latest Research Progress on Nano-Engineered Concrete

As one of the most obvious manifestations of tangible footprint of human civilization on Earth, concrete is largely and widely applied, and has become the largest amount of man-made engineering material in the world. Compared with other engineering materials, concrete consumes less production resource and energy, has fewer harmful by-products, and causes less environmental impact. Additionally, due to its excellent mechanical properties, such as compressive strength and fatigue resistance, along with its water and fire resistance, the infrastructure constructed by applying concrete has the advantages of high safety, durability, and low maintenance. Consequently, concrete remains a reliable choice for sustainable development of the field of human construction and engineering and remains indispensable in the future. However, inherent shortcomings and current performance limitations of concrete do not meet the requirements for the construction and expansion of human living spaces in the future. Moreover, the production and use of large quantities of concrete have a significant impact on resources, energy, and environment. Nanoscience and nanotechnology can be used to understand and control concrete at its fundamental level, enabling the realization of (ultra) high-performance and multifunctional/smart concrete, which in turn can give impetus to addressing the aforementioned challenges and achieving sustainable development. This article focuses on three core research advancements related to enhancement/modification mechanisms, preparation and performance control, and performance and functionality characterization for engineering applications of nanoengineered concrete. It mainly introduces the explanation/principle investigation of scientific phenomena including nano-core effect, nano-core effect zone, nano-core effect-induced enrichment effect for interface enhancement, nano-core effect-induced ultrahigh-density calcium silicate gel, and nanoscale pore structure characteristics, the exploration of advanced technologies for performance modulation and large-scale preparation of nano-engineered concrete (e. g. , surface treatment, self-assembly, and in-situ growth techniques, etc. ) , as well as the understanding gained from the expansion of the properties of nanoengineered concrete and the validation of engineering applications in the fields of civil engineering, transportation, municipal, marine, energy, and military.

Research on How Communication Enterprises Implement the Concept of "Military Civilian Integration" to Promote High-Quality Development

Research on How Communication Enterprises Implement the Concept of "Military Civilian Integration" to Promote High-Quality Development

Martial Law as a Pulling Mechanism and Civil Military Relations in Turkey

Martial Law as a Pulling Mechanism and Civil Military Relations in Turkey

The Role of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Civil–Military Cooperation (CIMIC) Perspective

This paper scrutinises the assimilation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia – TNI) into civilian structures to shape a harmonised civil–military cooperation (CIMIC) in post-conflict peacebuilding initiatives. Acting as a crucial state apparatus, the TNI confronts a spectrum of threats, upholds national integrity, and follows Law No. 34/2004 by promoting soft power in non-combative military operations. Notwithstanding concerns raised by peace activists regarding potential human rights breaches during armed interventions, peacebuilding heavily depends on trust-building, which is a key catalyst for stakeholder cooperation. In contradiction to activists’ apprehensions, 2022 surveys reveal an impressive public trust level of around 93% towards the TNI. This robust public confidence sets a promising stage for the active engagement of the TNI in peacebuilding. To ensure effective participation, the TNI must demonstrate human rights commitment and adaptability to civilian protocols and guarantee non-repressive methodologies in peace missions. Leveraging its soft power, the TNI can cultivate productive alliances with civil institutions via joint ventures under civilian supremacy within a regulated CIMIC construct. The theory of change offers a unique perspective on the intertwined dynamics of civil–military collaboration, public trust and soft military power in peacebuilding, steering state policy outcomes. These are shaped by the government’s ability to reshape military duties devoid of military overreach. In conclusion, civilian control over the military materialises through shared accountability in peacebuilding endeavours, encapsulated within the CIMIC framework.

Damage, recovery, and the geographies of military–civil entanglements

ABSTRACT This paper explores two forms of entanglements between military and civilian phenomena and activities, in contexts of recovery from damaging events. One concerns global civil–military entanglements in low earth orbital space, where recovery from damage is necessary for sustaining the civilian and military service support systems on which we increasingly depend. The other uses the damage caused by the UK state’s regimes of financial austerity to highlight how gendered, spatialized forms of personal labour through military Reserve forces sustain recovery. Both suggest ways in which military and political geography and geographers can find new ways of thinking through civil–military entanglements.

Reframing Civil–Military Relations in the EU: Insights From the Drone Strategy 2.0

AbstractIn November 2022, the European Commission presented its Drone Strategy 2.0 with two main objectives: to build the European Union's (EU's) drone service market and to strengthen the Union's civil, security and defence industry capabilities and synergies. From the Commission's perspective, accelerating the integration of drones in Europe's airspace has the potential to enable progress on numerous policy objectives, such as the green transition, urban mobility, industrial renewal and cutting‐edge R&D in the civil–military domain. In this commentary, though, we argue that the Strategy is indicative of wider contemporary trends in EU policy‐making regarding cross‐cutting policy agendas, industry‐centred R&D ambitions and the identification and promotion of infrastructural goals enabling further civil–military co‐operation. These tendencies capture the growing importance of dual‐use technologies, both in society at large and in the security and military domains. This is particularly relevant in the current European context of growing military expenditure with the war in Ukraine.

Economic Sanctions and Civil–Military Relations in Target Countries

How do economic sanctions affect civil–military relations in targeted states? Though much research has focused on how external military threats affect civil–military relations, no study to date has offered a thorough assessment of the degree to which non-military threats, particularly sanctions, alter civil–military dynamics. We posit that sanctions alter civil–military bargaining in ways that increase the military’s role in political decision-making, ultimately lessening civilian control. However, we also posit that targeted regime leaders want to fulfill as many of the military’s demands as possible with their restricted pot of resources, ultimately leading to sanctions’ limited role in observed coup attempts. We substantiate our theoretical claims using time-series, cross-national data on economic sanctions, civilian control, and coup attempts.