Civil Military Research Articles

In the Shadow of Service: Veteran Masculinity and Civil–Military Disjuncture in theUnitedStates

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Measuring Spiritual Fitness: Atheist Military Personnel, Veterans, and Civilians

This study investigated the impact of transcendent item phrasing (i.e., phrasing which assumes the respondent believes in certain sacred or supernatural concepts) on the validity of the U.S. Army’s Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program’s spiritual fitness scale when administered to atheist military personnel, veterans, and civilians. Results indicated that the inclusion of transcendent phrasing led to reduced concurrent validity for the spiritual fitness scale when administered to atheist military personnel and veterans, reduced concurrent and predictive validity when administered to atheists’ but not Christians’ spiritual fitness. Notably, the removal of transcendent phrasing actually led to increased concurrent validity for Christian respondents. Taken together, these findings suggest the Revised scale, which is composed of items that do not rely on transcendent phrasing, produces better psychometric outcomes for both atheist and Christian respondents. Implications for the CSF program and the measurement of spiritual fitness are addressed.

Coup Plots and the Transformation of Civil–Military Relations in Turkey under AKP Rule

This article examines the ongoing transformation of civil–military relations in Turkey under Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule, which was triggered by uncovering of the Ergenekon affair and a series of alleged plots against the AKP government by groups within the armed forces. Legal-constitutional changes, anti-coup trials, increasing civil influence in the military promotions and a dramatic turnaround of public opinion of the military interventions in the aftermath of the Ergenekon affair point to a paradigmatic shift in civil–military relations in Turkey.

Book Review: Britain and Ireland: Guarding the Guardians: Civil–Military Relations and Democratic Governance in Africa

Book Review: Britain and Ireland: Guarding the Guardians: Civil–Military Relations and Democratic Governance in Africa

Beyond Annexationism: The Central Powers’ Ostpolitik as Structural Transformation, 1917–18

This article explores the eastern policy of Germany and Austria-Hungary during the latter half of the First World War (1917–18). It attempts to go beyond the traditional annexationist–non-annexationist dichotomy prevalent in the literature and approach the issue from the perspective of structural transformation of the international system. It argues that the Central Powers endeavoured to accommodate imperial collapse in Eastern Europe and prevent its further spread by replacing the obsolete system of imperial dynasticism with a new arrangement based on autonomous and semi-autonomous states. German and Austrian leaders often disagreed on implementation and formed temporary understandings across the civilian–military divide. This policy ultimately proved counterproductive, as it failed to contain the westward spread of national and social revolution. Austro-German support for nominally independent states in Eastern Europe, national in form but Central European in cultural and political outlook, inadvertently contributed to further imperial collapse, as the increasingly restless nationalities of Austria-Hungary began to challenge the legitimacy of imperial dynasticism in Central Europe. The Central Powers’ Ostpolitik in 1917–18 became a transformative historical event due to the fact that it facilitated the structural transformation of international relations in Central and Eastern Europe from imperial dynasticism to a system of nation-states.

Review: François Blondel: Architecture, Erudition, and the Scientific Revolution by Anthony Gerbino

Anthony Gerbino Francois Blondel: Architecture, Erudition, and the Scientific Revolution Abingdon, UK, and New York: Routledge, 2010, 326 pp., 88 b/w illus. $135, ISBN 9780415491990 Anthony Gerbino’s treatment of Francois Blondel (1618–86) is at once architectural history and cultural history, for the book opens new paths of research into essential and largely ignored aspects of architectural practice that clarify the murky intersection of mathematics, geometry, theory, and design. Blondel is famous as the author of the Cours d’architecture (vol. I, 1675; II–III, 1683), founding director of the Academie Royale d’Architecture beginning in 1671, and designer of city gates in Paris, such as the Porte Saint-Denis (1672–74) and Porte Saint-Martin (1674–77), as well as the now-demolished Porte Saint-Bernard and Porte Saint-Antoine at the Bastille. A military leader and civil engineer, Blondel had traveled widely and was a learned scholar of the classics, mathematics, and a host of other fields. All his experiences coalesced in his belief that his architectural forebears—Vitruvius, Alberti, Serlio, Palladio, Vignola, and Scamozzi—had arrived at the ratios, harmonies, and measurements in architecture that guaranteed perfect beauty and that to depart from those precedents was an invitation to licentiousness and ugliness. In these regards Blondel’s position was pitted against that of Claude Perrault (1613–88), who, while respecting the collective inheritance of the classical tradition, denied the existence of absolute principles of proportion and the universal authority of the ancients and their followers. Unlike Blondel, Perrault insisted that good architecture ultimately relied on matters of taste and personal judgment rather than slavish emulation. Thus began a quarrel of the ancients versus the moderns that enlivened contemporary architectural debate and reverberated through the profession for centuries. Claude’s position was laid out in his 1673 translation of Vitruvius. It was followed by the publication of the famous Parallele des anciens et des modernes (1688–92) by Claude’s brother, Charles Perrault (1628–1703), who linked Blondel’s position with the past, in contrast to his and his brother’s embrace of “the …

UGANDA: Civil Military Operation

UGANDA: Civil Military Operation

Emergent Postmodern US Military Culture

This article examines recent cultural adaptations in the contemporary emergent postmodern American armed forces’ culture. First, the piece provides a concise working definition for culture, including a beneficial cultural toolkit concept. Second, the article discusses the concept of postmodernism and then explores applicable examples of contested, divergent, fragmented, and complementary cultural changes, currents, and new tools in US military culture. This study explains cases of cultural innovation linked to the global growth of ambiguity, movement toward greater multiculturalism, impact of the information age, growth of military civilians, increasing questioning of authority and ideas, and the emergence of a multimission military. This project illuminates the stark oppositional qualities and cultural tools of two currently prominent and highly relevant cultural orientations—the warrior and the peacekeeper–diplomat—which, along with other conflicted and necessary cultural spheres, ultimately coalesce and comprise emergent postmodern US military culture. Finally, the article argues that the postmodern military theory requires a new military culture variable.

Serving in the Virtual Army: Military Games and the Civil-Military Divide

Over the past two decades, many scholars have reported a deep division between the American military and the civilian population—a division that is partly caused by civilians’ lack of knowledge of the military and its personnel. During this same period, critics of military entertainment have argued that military video games, especially those developed by the Army, are militarizing the American public. This essay provides a brief overview of this new formulation of the fusionist view of military video games. It argues that America's Army, a game produced and distributed by the Army, may help to bridge the civil–military divide.

The Civil–Military Divide in Protracted Small War

This article examines the basis of military leadership preferences toward war termination, and thus the basis of the associated civil–military divide, within the context of protracted small war. The conventional wisdom posits military leadership preferences as a near-constant in favor of persistence and thus expects a dominant pattern of military obstructionism. However, such a pattern does not hold empirically across the population of small wars. This gap between expectation and evidence derives at least in part from the limits of the bureaucratic–organizational model, focused on the military’s desire for resources, autonomy, and influence, that underlies the conventional wisdom. In contrast, this article suggests an alternative model privileging the demands of institutional legitimacy. The legitimacy motive as conceptualized here is particularly salient to the small war context. It accordingly provides a foundation for better understanding variation in military leadership preferences toward war termination and thus variation in the direction and intensity of the civil–military divide.

Civil–Military Relations and Democratic Control over the Armed Forces in the Republic of Serbia

This article focuses on the democratization of civil–military relations and the implementation of democratic control of the armed forces in the Republic of Serbia. By analyzing the basic parameters of democratic civil–military relations, we attempt to evaluate whether civil–military relations in the Republic of Serbia can be classified into a type of relations that occur in consolidated democracies. Based on an examination of legal documents and other data, this article concludes that democratic changes since October 2000 have greatly influenced the course of relations between military and political elites and that civil–military relation in Serbia meet most of the defined parameters. However, due to the difficulties in the implementation of this control in practice, civil–military relations in Serbia can only partially be classified as a type of relations that occur in consolidated democracies.

The Cost of Clarity: The Case for a Strict Approach to the Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations

In August 2012, the United States Congress directed Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to determine whether the Haqqani organization, a militant faction loosely associated with the Taliban and based in the tribal region of Pakistan, met criteria for designation as a terrorist organization.The Haqqani organization has grown to be the predominate force attacking United States military and Afghan civilians in the years since the US-led invasion of Afghanistan and toppling of the Taliban regime. The issue now forced by Congress has drawn a line in the sand between two distinct camps in United States foreign policy. Proponents of the designation of the Haqqani network as a foreign terrorist organization argue that this designation is necessary to force Pakistani compliance with targeting the group, and also to achieve secondary effects such as isolating and attacking the economic capabilities and alliances available to the organization. Opponents to the designation cite the risk that the United States runs in alienating powerful opposition elements that have the capability and growing desire to negotiate a lasting peace in the region, expediting to an eventual withdrawal of United States forces. This article, then, argues that a hard line approach to organizations under scrutiny as foreign terrorist entities will best achieve the objective of maintaining international peace and security. In contrast, a softer approach, hedged on aspirations of reconciliation, yields results directly counter, with organizations dedicated to the targeting of United States interests to continue violence free of consequences.Specifically, application of this hard line approach to designation of foreign terrorist organizations will provide a clear line of demarcation for groups targeting United States interests. It will add clarity to the twilight zone that currently exists between when the United States will and will not entertain negotiations with elements seeking concessions adverse to stated United States policy. Part I of this article describes the situation that currently exists in which extremist organizations are able to exploit the gap in US designations of groups as foreign terrorist organizations. In Part II, the article explains how a hard line approach would yield beneficial results when dealing with organizations adverse to US foreign policy goals, exploring the trade in consequences of designating a terrorist organization early and consistently versus later and without fidelity. Finally, Part III, the article demonstrates why early and consistent designation of terrorist organizations furthers international peace and security objectives by eliminating the ability of these organizations to mature into threats of international significance.

What is a good control group?

There are numerous analytical detection methods available for human breath investigations. The major spectrometric methods used are solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/ MS) [1–4], selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) [5–9], proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PRT-MS) [10–14], and multi-capillary column coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (MCC/IMS) [15–20]. In all cases mentioned, a non–invasive and an easy method for early diagnosis or therapy monitoring are developed by identifying diseasespecific biomarkers in the breath of patients. IonMobility Spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique to determine and discriminate analytes in the gas phase and has been used from the early 70’s, originally for military use and civil protection [21]. But until the 90’s this technique has not begun to develop considerably. Initially it was thought that the modern analytical ion mobility spectrometers would be more suitable for military applications involving chemical agents. Some of the applications adopted during the last decade include: locations security [15, 22–25], airport security [26, 27], customs control [28], forensic examination [29], drugs detection [29–33], and medical applications [34–37]. Metabolomics is the “systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind” [38], where the IMS has been used for headspace measurements of fungus, bacteria or cell cultures to characterize their volatile metabolome [39–41]. Breath studies with IMS have demonstrated the early diagnostics of lung cancer [42], that different kinds of tumors can also be distinguished [36], the capability for discrimination between different states of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) [43], and also it turned out that even carcinoma in situ can be detected [44]. In addition, the use of IMS for online-monitoring of drug levels in a patient undergoing anesthesia is also possible, for example propofol anesthetic monitoring [45, 46]. In any medical experiment, there is the need to have a control group that is used as a standard of comparison. A control group is a set of items or people that serves as a standard or reference for comparison with an experimental group [47]. A control group is similar to the experimental group in number and is identical in specified characteristics, such as sex, age, annual income, parity, or other factors, but does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention. Therefore, in the present paper the need of using a control group and what is need to consider is presented, focused on Breath Analysis.

Mortality and Morbidity Among Military Personnel and Civilians During the 1930s and World War II From Transmission of Hepatitis During Yellow Fever Vaccination: Systematic Review

During World War II, nearly all US and Allied troops received yellow fever vaccine. Until May 1942, it was both grown and suspended in human serum. In April 1942, major epidemics of hepatitis occurred in US and Allied troops who had received yellow fever vaccine. A rapid and thorough investigation by the US surgeon general followed, and a directive was issued discontinuing the use of human serum in vaccine production. The large number of cases of hepatitis caused by the administration of this vaccine could have been avoided. Had authorities undertaken a thorough review of the literature, they would have discovered published reports, as early as 1885, of postvaccination epidemics of hepatitis in both men and horses. It would take 4 additional decades of experiments and epidemiological research before viruses of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E were identified, their modes of transmission understood, and their genomes sequenced.

Diálogos de sordos. Una escena insistente entre los 70 y los 90 (en La grande de Juan José Saer y Cordero de Dios de Lucía Cedrón)

La grande (2005; the latest novel by Juan Jose Saer) and Cordero de Dios (the first feature film of Lucia Cedron) explore the possibility of returning to talk about the Argentine dictatorship of 1976-1983 and the effects it had on the two decades that followed, as well as on the present which is feebly articulated between past and future. Both works revolve around similar types of scenes, with obscure narratives in which characters are seen in forced meetings with military officials or civil accomplices. The characters’ voices, bodies, gestures, and silences testify to some private and frustrating search, controlled by the drastic changes that dominated Argentine society in the late 20th century.

Book Review: Britain and Ireland: US Civil–Military Relations after 9/11: Renegotiating the Civil–Military Bargain

Book Review: Britain and Ireland: US Civil–Military Relations after 9/11: Renegotiating the Civil–Military Bargain

Supplemental Material for Measuring Spiritual Fitness: Atheist Military Personnel, Veterans, and Civilians

Supplemental Material for Measuring Spiritual Fitness: Atheist Military Personnel, Veterans, and Civilians

CHINA'S SECURITY WISDOM: A HISTORICAL REVIEW

With Family and Nation (宗庙社稷) as the top priority, China has had strategic considerations to deal with domestic and foreign affairs, which gradually formed a series of relatively stable national security strategic thought throughout Chinese history. Based on literature surveys, the author systematically reviews the Chinese traditional security strategy from the Qin to the Qing Dynasty. The author then analyses the core security strategy wisdom of China which contains the following sayings: Balance civil or Wen and military or Wu (文武并重); Rich and powerful country contains a strong military power and thus indicates opportunities to win the in the future (国富者兵强，兵强者战胜); Political and military means support each other(文功武备), your country may be strong, asking for wars is suicide. Though it may seem peaceful, it is a deadly mistake to forget about war (国虽大，好战必亡。天下虽安，忘战必危); Attracting neighboring countries with strong power and peace within China in order to achieve regional peace(治安中国，而四夷自服). In the third part, the author analyses the Chinese traditional security strategy wisdom's significance by providing the essence of strategic thinking, positive and negative wisdom and lessons for developing national security, and epistemological tools. In the final part of the paper, the author comes to the conclusion that Chinese traditional security strategy encourage the integrated use of military, political, economic and other national strategic resources, by the way of balance civil or Wen and military or Wu (文武并重) to achieve the strategic objective of establishing and maintaining the feudal pattern of unity, strengthening the monarchy at the core of the centralized, and promoting national integration and unity.

Study on the Progress of the Foreign Security Fuel

The research history and recent achievements and application of fire resistant fuel in several countries were summarized. The emphases included the background of research, the mechanism of fire resistant, the development of emulsified fuel formulations, and the effects on the performance of engines. The situation of applying at present was also described. It was indicated that the research of fire resistant fuel was very important in the security of military vehicles and civil vehicles.

A Case Study about Civil Military Operations During the KoreanWar on Each Phase of Operations - Centered on the disadvantage case of civilian -

A Case Study about Civil Military Operations During the KoreanWar on Each Phase of Operations - Centered on the disadvantage case of civilian -