Ciprofloxacin HCl Research Articles

Development and Assessment of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Based Floating Tablets for Ciprofloxacin HCL Using Direct Compression Technique

The key findings and conclusions include: such as formulation approaches as aim and objective Development of floating tablets using sodium bicarbonate and HPMC aimed at enhancing gastric residence time for improved drug bioavailability. Physicochemical Compliances The formulated tablets met compliance standards for various physicochemical parameters, including dimensions, floating time, tablet density, and drug content. Method of Formulations F2, F5, and F6 displayed favorable drug release profiles, with the F7 formulation exhibiting excellent release characteristics. in the evaluation the drug release kinetics studies show Kinetic analysis revealed that F2, F5, F6, and F7 formulations followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, indicating non-Fickian diffusion with 'n' values ranging from 0.521 to 0.633 and the stability indicates the Optimal storage conditions for stability were determined as 2-8°C for 60 days. Formulations F2, F5, F6, and F7 demonstrated stability at room temperature, 40°C, and 2-8°C for 30 days, with refrigerated storage maintaining stability throughout the 60 days. In conclusion, the developed hydrodynamically balanced tablets of Ciprofloxacin HCl exhibit promising physicochemical characteristics, dissolution profiles, and stability. These tablets hold the potential for enhancing drug bioavailability, making them a viable option for localized drug delivery in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

STRUVITE CRYSTAL UROLITHIASIS IN A 2 YEAR OLD CASTRATED MALE CAT

Urolithiasis, kidney failure, urinary tract infections are examples of disorders of the urinary tract that often become problems in cats. Urolithiasis is a medical term to describe the presence of stones or crystals known as “urolith” in the urinary tract. Inappropriate composition and feeding methods can cause nutritional imbalances in the cat's body, which can affect the acidity level (pH) of urine, urine volume and urine concentration which can cause the formation of excessive minerals in the urine. The aim of writing this article is to provide information regarding the treatment of crystal urolithiasis in local cats. A male cat named Goblin, has been castrated, has colored hair orange with body weight 5.3 kg, experiencing difficulty urinating since 3 weeks, excreting a small volume of urine, and blood in the urine. On physical examination the cat always curled up and felt pain when palpation was carried out abdominal part. The results of the cat's blood test showed leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and RDW CV increased and PCT decreased. The results of the cat's urinalysis showed presence of leukocytes +2, Protein +1, pH 8.0, specific gravity 1.030, Calcium +1, Microalbumin +1.Sediment test results also found the presence of deposits of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystal particles (struvite crystals).Results of urine culture examination bacteria were foundStaphylococcus sp. Ultrasound results showed enlargement of the left kidney and deposits of hyperechoic particles (crystals) accompanied by enlargement of the uterine sac. The cat was diagnosed with urolithiasis with a fausta prognosis. The cat was treated by installing a 4Fr/1.3x130mm urinary catheter and flushing using 0.9% physiological NaCl to make it easier for the cat to urinate. The therapy given is the antibiotic ciprofloxacin hcl 5 mg/kg BW s500 mg preparation with a dose of 50 mg/kg BW per oral (PO) administered 2 times a day for seven days, administering the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone 0.5 mg with a dose of 1 mg/kg BW PO and given 2 times a day for four days, and kejibeling herbal medicine 1 tablet times a day for seven days. Cats are also given feed therapy in the form of Royal Canin Urinary S/O for 3 months. Evaluation of the cat's condition improved after therapy for 7 days. There is a need to educate clients regarding cat care, feeding and drinking water. Therefore, the cat's feed in cases must be replaced by providing urinary therapy feed.

Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin HCl Resin Complex

Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin HCl Resin Complex

Environmentally safe biopolymer-clay composite for efficient adsorption of ciprofloxacin in fresh and saline solutions

In alignment with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), recent trends in water management have been directed toward using environmentally friendly bio-based materials for removing contaminants. In this work, we prepared a biocomposite of chitosan (CS) intercalated into acid activated calcium bentonite (Bent). A thermally stable mesoporous CS-Bent composite was prepared with a zeta potential of 15.5 to −34.4 mV in the pH range of 2.22–10. The biocomposite successfully removed up to 99.2% and 50 mg/g of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin HCl (CPX) at pH 5.5 via electrostatic and hydrogen bonding forces. In a multi-component aqueous system of heavy metal and CPX, the composite was more selective to CPX than to the heavy metals and removal of CPX in this system was comparable to that in a single-component system. The composite also maintained its high adsorption efficiency in NaCl solutions which makes it suitable for treating fresh and saline solutions. The combination of CS and bent produced a biodegradable eco-friendly composite characterized with good thermal and surface properties along with efficient and selective adsorption performance.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ion-Triggered In situ gel for Effective Ocular Delivery of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Olopatadine HCl in Combination

Background: Ocular in situ gels (ISG) are an adequate substitute to overcome the pitfalls of conventional eye drops as they acquaintance the advantages of solutions, including accuracy, dosing frequency, and ease of administration with prolonged contact with the ocular membrane. Objective: The present investigation aims to develop the ion-triggered in situ gel (ITISG) system for the convenient administration of Ciprofloxacin HCl (CFH) and Olopatadine HCl (OLH) in combination by employing gellan gum to prolong the pre-corneal residence, optic bioavailability and declines dosing frequency. Methods: The ISG material and critical quality attributes (CQA) were identified. Quality by De-sign (QbD) was established to optimize the formulation. Nine experimental formulations were de-signed (F1-F9) and assigned to distinct physicochemical and in vitro examinations. Results: Optimized batch F2 exhibited all the findings within acceptable limits. The Ion-triggered ISG technique exhibits maximum drug release over a 240-min cycle, much more significant than conventional eyedrops (60 min), suggesting sustained drug distribution and superior corneal penetration and absorption. Conclusion: Comprehensive findings of the present investigation conclude that the CFH and OLH would be effectively formulated as an ion-triggered ISG system to manage several draw-backs associated with prolonged release, ocular retention, and better corneal penetration com-pared with conventional eyedrops.

Self‐Healing, Biocompatible Injectable Hydrogel Based on Multialdehyde Moringa oleifera Gum and Carboxymethyl Chitosan: A Suitable Platform for Drug Delivery in Wound Healing Application

AbstractThis study focuses on synthesizing an injectable hydrogel (IH) using Moringa oleifera gum (MOG) with multi‐aldehyde groups (MOG‐CHO) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) through a Schiff base reaction at 37 °C. The study includes the optimal concentration of the oxidizing agent to achieve the best content of aldehydes in Moringa oleifera gum. Furthermore, the best oxidized Moringa oleifera gum decides the least gelation time. The physical properties of the optimized IH (IH‐3‐7) are assessed, including color, gel content, porosity, load‐bearing capacity, syringeability, and self‐healing capability. Structural characterization is performed using Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (1H NMR), while scanning electron microscope (SEM) and rheometer are used to analyze surface morphology and rheological properties. IH‐3‐7 exhibits a porous structure with 35 % porosity and interconnected holes of 1.45 to 4 μm diameter. Higher swelling at pH 5.5 is shown by swelling ratio test conducted in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5. Ciprofloxacin HCl (Cipro) is loaded into IH for release assays, revealing pH‐dependent drug release. In vitro, cytotoxicity assessments on L‐929 fibroblast cell lines show IH′s biocompatibility. Hydrolytic degradation of IH in PBS at pH 7.4 is also evaluated.

The effectiveness of multivariate and univariate spectrophotometric techniques for the concurrent estimation of ornidazole and ciprofloxacin HCl in tablet formulation and spiked serum: estimating greenness and whiteness profile

In this manuscript, the effectiveness of multivariate and univariate tools in conjunction with spectrophotometric techniques was evaluated for the concurrent analysis of ciprofloxacin (CI) and ornidazole (OR) in prepared mixtures, tablets, and human serum. The artificial neural network was chosen as the multivariate Technique. Bayesian regularization (trainbr) and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithms (trainlm), were constructed and trained using feed-forward back-propagation learning. The optimal logarithm was determined based on mean recovery, mean square error of prediction (MSEP), relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP), and bias-corrected MSEP (BCMSEP) scores. Trainbr outperformed trainlm, yielding a mean recovery of 100.05% for CI and 99.84% for OR, making it the preferred algorithm. Fourier self-deconvolution and mean-centering transforms were chosen as the univariate Techniques. Fourier self-deconvolution was applied to the zero-order spectra of ciprofloxacin and ornidazole by electing an appropriate full width at half maximum, enhancing peak resolution at 380.1 nm and 314.2 nm for CI and OR, respectively. Mean centering transform was applied to CI and OR ratio spectra to eliminate constant signals, enabling accurate quantification of CI and OR at 272.0 nm and 306.2 nm, respectively. The introduced approaches were optimized and validated for precise CI and OR analysis, with statistical comparison against the HPLC method revealing no notable differences. The sustainability of these approaches was confirmed through the green certificate (modified eco-scale), AGP, and whiteness-evaluation tool, corroborating their ecological viability.

Therapeutic potential of lipopeptide biosurfactant-fabricated copper oxide nanoparticles: Mechanistic insight into their biocompatibility using zebra fish

Nanoscale copper oxide (CuO NPs) with diameters in the 80–150 nm range has been biosynthesized using lipopeptide biosurfactant derived from Bacillus vallismortis and characterized by XRD and FE-SEM. The CuO NPs could be introduced as nanocarrier systems for combination therapy and a potential candidate for antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activity. The antibacterial activity of CuO NPs was studied by incorporating the nanoparticles with fluorescent antibiotic Ciprofloxacin HCL (CIP) to form CIP@CuO NPs and tracked inside HEK-293 cell lines. The MIC values of CIP@CuO NPs against 1 × 106 CFU ml−1Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined to be 76 µg ml−1and 69 µg ml−1 against 1 × 106 CFU ml−1Staphylococcus aureus. The CuO NPs were conjugated with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) to form DOX@CuONPs, improving delivery toward cancer (HeLa) cells. The intracellular uptake of the drug-loaded CuO NPs was confirmed from confocal micrographs. Finally, the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of lipopeptide-coated CuO NPs was confirmed by the inhibitory activity of α-amylase. In contrast, the in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy of CuO NPs was validated by a significant reduction in blood glucose and glutathione levels. The CuO NPs positively affected the histopathological changes of the pancreas in induced diabetic mice. Cytotoxicity testing with Zebrafish demonstrated abnormal organ development with varying viability and hatching rates at 72 and 96 hpf, with an LC50 of 45 µg/l. Aside from the various potential medicinal characteristics, the study provided valuable information on cytotoxic impact, which can be used in future investigations of their eco-toxicological impacts.

UV- Spectrophotometric technique- based method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Quercetin in bulk powder

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide, especially among ocular pathogens and one of the major reasons for this severity is the formation of biofilm which causes antibacterial specialists like Ciprofloxacin HCl to be ineffective, but combining it with substances that inhibit quorum sensing, a process that leads towards the development of biofilm, such as Quercetin, in a single formulation is an effective way to treat these infections. Aiming to develop and approve a new analytical method for the simultaneous evaluation of ciprofloxacin HCl and quercetin in their mass powder, the current examination is expected to accomplish this. Two strategies—the simultaneous equation approach (I) and the absorbance ratio method (II)—were created and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines for specificity, selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. Quercetin's and Ciprofloxacin HCl's absorbance maxima (λmax) were determined to be at 327 nm and 271 nm, respectively, with coefficient correlation values of 0.999 and 0.997. Their isosbestic point was noticed at a maximum wavelength of 283 nm. Both Ciprofloxacin HCl and Quercetin demonstrated linearity in the focus range from 1 µg/ml to 10 µg/ml when absorbances were measured at any of the aforementioned levels. It was discovered that the developed processes were exact and precise with less than 2% relative standard deviation (%RSD). %Recovery studies were found to be 98.62-101.15% for Ciprofloxacin HCl at 271nm, 99.34-100.94% for Quercetin at 327nm, 99.63-104.62%, and 101.23-102.64% for Ciprofloxacin HCl and Quercetin respectively at their isosbestic point. Because it was discovered to be simple, rapid, specific, selective, linear, exact, and based on absorptivity measurements, the established UV Spectrophotometric technique can be used for in vitro depiction and contemporaneous assessment of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Quercetin.

Effect of CaCl2 Crosslinker Concentration On The Characteristics, Release and Stability of Ciprofloxacin HCl-Alginate-Carrageenan Microspheres

Background: Ciprofloxacin HCl is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has the lowest MIC against Mycobacterium tuberculosis but has limitations in oral use, so inhalation microspheres are made. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of CaCl2 crosslinker concentration on the characteristics, release and stability of ciprofloxacin-alginate-carrageenan microspheres. Methods: Microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation using aerosolization with calcium chloride 0.5M (F1), 1.0M (F2), 1.5M (F3), 2.0M (F4) as crosslinker and then dried using freeze dryer. Results: Ciprofloxacin-alginate-carrageenan microspheres formed of yellowish-white powder, smooth morphology and excellent flow properties with the particle size of less than 5µm, drug loading and entrapment efficiency were between 2.05% - 2.42% and 75.34% - 98.09%, yield was between 84.69% - 97.57%, moisture content of less than 10%. Ciprofloxacin-alginate-carrageenan microspheres with 1.5M crosslinker (F3) was the optimal formula. For 12 hours, ciprofloxacin released was 49.89% - 63.78% at pH 7.4, and the kinetics of drug release showed that of Korsmeyer-peppas with a mechanism based on fickian diffusion. The microspheres were discovered to be stable for up to 28 days of storage. Conclusion: The increased concentration of the CaCl2 crosslinker from 0.5M to 2.0M decreased the particle size and drug release but increased the yield, drug loading and entrapment efficiency.

Development of a Skin Scaffold for Wound Healing Using a Polymer Blend

Native skin consists mainly of epidermal and dermal layers. Here in this work, we have constructed an artificial skin scaffold mimicking the bilayered structure of the native skin using electrospinning technique for wound healing. Polyurethane (PU) and Gelatin (Ge) were used for developing the epidermal layer and the dermal layer respectively. Ciprofloxacin HCl (Cip. HCl) a fluoroquinolone antibiotic was incorporated in both the layers for rapid wound healing. Morphology of the skin scaffold was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the chemical characterization was performed using FTIR spectroscopy. Water vapor transmission rate test and oxygen transmission rate test was conducted to evaluate the barrier properties of the scaffold. Thermal stability of the skin scaffold was evaluated using DSC and TGA while an understanding of the exudate absorbing capacity and degradation behavior of the scaffold was obtained from water absorption studies and in vitro degradation studies respectively. In vitro drug release study and drug release kinetics was explored to understand the release mechanism of Cip. HCl from the scaffold. Both the layers showed nano and micropores when analyzed using SEM. The dermal layer showed comparatively more water absorption capacity and degradation, hence providing a moist environment for the wound. The skin scaffold was permeable to water vapor and oxygen, and hence will speed up the process of wound healing. In vitro release for Cip. HCl showed a non-Fickian swelling type release with zero-order kinetics. Disk diffusion test conducted on the bilayers proved the antibacterial activity of the membrane. Hence the electrospun PU-Ge skin scaffold containing Cip. HCl is a promising candidate among modern day wound healing materials.

Three new, UV spectrum filtration protocols for the synchronous quantification of ciprofloxacin HCl and ornidazole in the existence of ciprofloxacin-induced degradation compound

Three new spectrum filtration protocols have been developed and adapted to overcome some difficulties in dealing with highly overlapping triple drug mixtures by proposing new smart mathematical techniques that facilitate the resolution of the ternary mixture and the recovery of a filtrated zero-order spectrum (D0 spectrum) of each component without any overlapping from the accompanying components. The three established spectrophotometric protocols were conducted on the combination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ornidazole as a green alternative to the usual chromatographic technique: the first protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with ratio difference-areas under the curve (RD-ISO/RD-AUC); the second protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with dual-wavelength equation (RD-ISO/DWE); and the third protocol is signal retrieval by zero-crossing point (SRZ). All three developed protocols have the power to recover a filtrated zero-order spectrum of each ornidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride without any involvement from the ciprofloxacin-induced degradation substance through processing their spectral data either in the zero-order spectrum, ratio spectrum, or derivative spectrum. The correctness of the spectral filtration process for each protocol was checked by involving the spectral print recognition index to ensure the drug's purity and freeness from impurities or degradation products. The validation process was performed as per the directions of ICH, which confirmed the effectiveness of the elaborated protocols and their usability as daily analysis methods with a linearity range of (3.5–15 μg/ml) for ciprofloxacin in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (RD-AUC/DWE) protocols and (1.5–15 μg/ml) in (SRZ) protocol; and a linearity range of (3–20 μg/ml) for ornidazole in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (SRZ) protocols and (3–15 μg/ml) in (RD-ISO/DWE) protocol. A statistical comparison and greenness evaluation utilizing NEMI, AGREE, GAPI, and CALIFICAMET-HEXAGON tools were made with the reference approach, confirming no statistical variations and a better greenness profile for the newly established protocols.

Antibiotic Resistance in Vibrio spp. Causing Disease in Barramundi Fish (Lates Calcarifer) Eye

The cultivation of barramundi fish (Lates calcarifer) is widely carried out because barramundi fish has a relatively high economic value. The disease in question is caused by Vibrio spp. bacteria, which are marine bacteria that often affect barramundi fish, and the treatment for the bacteria is antibiotics. Therefore, research was conducted to test several types of antibiotics and observe the bacterial resistance reaction to the administration of these antibiotics. The methods used in this study included media preparation, purification, and microscopic characterization, liquid media preparation, solid media preparation, and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Vibrio spp. are still sensitive to antibiotics at a rate of 61.27%, resistant at 18.14%, and intermediate at 20.59%. Bacterial isolate characteristics were divided into several types: Irregular, Punctiform, Round, and Round Umbonate. Irregular, Punctiform, Round, and Round Umbonate are still sensitive to antibiotics at rates ranging from 37.5% to 66.67%. Other results include intermediate and resistance with results ranging from 15.63% to 37.5% and 15.10% to 25.00%, respectively. The highest sensitivity results were found in antibiotics such as Gentamycin (98.94%), Co-Amoxiclave (86%), Tetracycline HCl (72.55%), Ciprofloxacin HCl (82.35%), Azithromycin (52.94%), and Doxycycline (54.90%). On the other hand, the highest intermediate and resistance results were found in chloramphenicol (52.94%) and Ampicillin (60.78%), respectively. Ampicillin is considered to be the antibiotic that the bacteria are resistant to because of its small inhibitory zone.

Susceptibility of Vibrio spp. from Viscera Organ and Flesh of Lates calcarifer Against Antibiotics

Cultivation of Lates calcarifer is widely developed in Indonesia due to its high market demand and economic value. The biggest challenge in aquaculture is the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pathogenic bacteria can disrupt the cultivation process and even lead to mass mortality in fish. Vibrio spp. is one of the pathogenic bacteria found in the cultivation of white snapper. The growth and development of Vibrio spp. bacteria can be controlled by the use of antibiotics. However, excessive and improper use of antibiotics can trigger the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, resistance testing is necessary to determine the level of resistance of Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcarifer to 8 types of antibiotics, namely Gentamicin, Co-Amoxiclav, Tetracycline HCl, Ciprofloxacin HCl, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, and Doxycycline. Resistance testing of Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcalifer to these 8 types of antibiotics is carried out using the disc diffusion method. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ of fish have resistance to Ampicillin and Co-Amoxiclav with a resistance percentage of 35.7%, while Vibrio spp. bacteria from the flesh of L. calcarifer have resistance to Ampicillin and Azithromycin with a resistance percentage of 57.1%. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh are sensitive to Gentamicin with a percentage of 100%. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcarifer have different resistance and sensitivity to various types of antibiotics. Overall, the Vibrio spp. obtained in this study are still sensitive to antibiotics.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Evaluation, and DFT Estimation of some New Cyclohexenone Derivatives Derived from Benzyloxy Chalcones.

New cyclohexenone derivatives candidates were designed to discover their antioxidant and antibacterial activity potentials, respectively. Aldehydes with the diverse functional group were prepared from 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde and benzyl bromide and converted to chalcones by reaction with 4-substituted benzophenones and 2-acetyl naphthalene. When chalcone derivatives were subjected to ethyl acetoacetate, it produced new cyclohexenone derivatives through NaOH- catalyzed addition-ring closure reaction. The new compound structures were strengthened by their spectral information. The new compounds are examined for in vitro antifungal and antibacterial actions through broth microdilution technique, and they exhibited potential responses against various bacteria and fungi. As a result, composites with (-F) group as a substituent on para position were established to be the forceful derivatives against S. aureus, E. coli organism, and C Albicans since this compound could inhibit the microbial and Fungai growth at lower concentrations compared to the standards (Ciprofloxacin HCl, and Fluconazole). DPPH radical scavenging experiments were used to evaluate proton donating antioxidant effects; it was exposed that compound 7c has the most significant antioxidant activity, while less than the standard ascorbic acid. Finally, HOMO-LUMO was calculated, which represents the quantum mechanical calculations of energies and conducted by the theory of density functional (DFT) method based on the level of (B3LYP) with 6-31G (d, p) basis set.

Design of experiment-oriented development of solvent-free mixed micellar chromatographic method for concomitant determination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

A green, fast and robust solvent-free chromatographic method has been developed for concomitant analysis of ciprofloxacin HCl and metronidazole in bulk powder as well as in dosage form using levofloxacin as internal standard (I.S.). Two different designs including fractional factorial (FFD) and Box–Behnken (BBD) designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic separation was accomplished using mobile phase composed of 0.13 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 0.02 M Birij-35 solution adjusted to pH 2.5 using phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and column oven temperature of 40 °C. Chromatographic analysis was performed on X-Bridge (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with UV detection at 280 nm. A linear response was acquired over the range of 0.4–50 μg/mL for both drugs. The developed method was applied for quantitation of cited drugs in commercially available tablet with mean percent recovery ± SD of 99.45 ± 0.72 and 100.13 ± 0.81 for metronidazole and ciprofloxacin respectively. The method was proven to be green as evaluated by three greenness assessment tools. The run time was 8 min, thus saving time and reagent.

Chemical Detoxification of Therapeutic Hybrid Complexes Prepared by the Compatible Combination of Ayurvedic Herb and Allopathic Drug

Background & Objective: The treatment of diseases and good health maintenance are the common fundamental aims of ayurvedic and allopathic medical systems. Limited information is available in the public domain for the concept of symbiohealth, i.e., the symbiotic interaction of ayurveda and allopathy, that needs to be explored for an efficient and robust health system. Therefore, an attempt has been made to reduce the toxicity of therapeutic drugs via the integration approach of ayurveda and allopathy. Methods: Three different categories of allopathy and ayurvedic medicines, such as antacids (omeprazole, ranitidine, and sooktybhasma), antibacterial (amoxicillin trihydrate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, Curcuma longa, and Datura stramonium) and antiviral (acyclovir, efavirenz, Echinacea, Calendula, Allium sativum, and Citrullus colocynthis) were targeted. Results: Best therapeutic hybrid combination was obtained on the basis of their UV absorption maxima and peak shift. Acyclovir with A. sativum (1-6%), sooktybhasma 20% with rantidine, Ciprofloxacin HCl (2%) with 10% aqueous datura and Ciprofloxacin HCl (0.02-0.2%) with 0.02-0.06% acetonitrile turmeric showed best integration result. This drug integration can be applied to improve the potential results or detoxification of hybrid drugs that target the drug moiety results in reduced side effects or the dose of important drugs, which might be due to the chelation pattern of their functional group, absorption, bonding, and pi-pi interaction. Conclusion: This study will provide the leadership for the betterment of a therapeutic hybrid drug complex that might be useful as an allopathic drug and less harmful than its ayurvedic component. The proposed integration fusion of different medication therapies, such as Ayurvedic and allopathic, has the potential for a scientific merger.

Formulation development, in vivo bioequivalence and pediatric PBPK modeling studies of taste-masked ciprofloxacin chewable tablets

A taste-masked chewable tablet of ciprofloxacin using ion exchange resin Kyron T-134 for enhancing compliance for the paediatric population was developed. The drug-to-resin ratio was optimized for maximum taste masking by studying the effects of soaking time (X1) and mixing time (X2) on complexation (%) using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The resin complexes were characterized by bitterness score, DSC, FTIR, and PXRD. The complex was further formulated and optimized into chewable tablets through full factorial design, The optimized formulation was subjected to a bioequivalence study, and a virtual approach of PBPK modelling was adapted to predict the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the paediatric group. The drug resin ratio of 1:1.5 yielded an optimum drug loading of 99.05%. The optimized formulation shows minimum disintegration time with more than 99% drug release within 30 min. The formulation F-9 was found to be bioequivalent with a geometric mean ratio of Cmax, Tmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ within 90% CI. It was concluded that quality by design approach can successfully be applied to optimize the drug resin ratio and PBPK modeling is a successful predictive tool for estimating the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin HCl in the paediatric population.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF THERMO-RESPONSIVE OCULAR IN SITU GEL OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND OLOPATADINE HCL

Ocular in situ gel (ISG) is a promising alternative to alleviate the shortcomings of conventional formulations due to their association with dose accuracy and effective administration with prolonged contact time. Therefore, present research aimed to develop a thermo-responsive in situ gel (TRISG) for ocular drug delivery (ODD) with different levels of Pluronic® F407 and Pluronic® F188 for ciprofloxacin HCl (CFH) and olopatadine HCl (OLH). The three optimal formulations were selected based on the physicochemical characterization of nine batches and were evaluated successfully. The batch F5 of CFHOLH-TRISG explored the remarkable outcomes within acceptable limits in aspects of physicochemical characterization and other parameters. The TRISG has proven to release over 120 min, which was more significant than conventional drops (60 min), suggesting sustained release and better corneal penetration. A compressive finding explored the TRISG with combination might be a pragmatic choice for ODD with effective administration, enhanced ocular bioavailability, and sustained release.

Infection responsive coatings to reduce biofilm formation and encrustation of urinary catheters.

The care of patients undergoing long-term urethral catheterization is frequently complicated by Proteus mirabilis infection. This organism forms dense, crystalline biofilms, which block catheters leading to serious clinical conditions. However, there are currently no truly effective approaches to control this problem. Here, we describe the development of a novel theranostic catheter coating, to simultaneously provide early warning of blockage, and actively delay crystalline biofilm formation. The coating comprises of a pH sensitive upper polymer layer (poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid); Eudragit S 100®) and a hydrogel base layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), which is loaded with therapeutic agents (acetohydroxamic acid or ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) and a fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF). The elevation of urinary pH due to P. mirabilis urease activity results in the dissolution of the upper layer and release of cargo agents contained in the base layer. Experiments using in vitro models, which were representative of P. mirabilis catheter-associated urinary tract infections, demonstrated that these coatings significantly delay time taken for catheters to block. Coatings containing both CF dye and ciprofloxacin HCl were able to provide an average of ca. 79h advanced warning of blockage and extend catheter lifespan ca. 3.40-fold. This study has demonstrated the potential for theranostic, infection-responsive coatings to form a promising approach to combat catheter encrustation and actively delay blockage.