Principles Of Choice Research Articles

The certainty–offending relationship as a function of a nation's free market cultural ethos

The current study sought to integrate aspects of classic strain and institutional anomie theories with concepts from deterrence and rational choice theories for application in a large sample of European respondents. Participants were 52,458 individuals (55% female, average age = 48 years) from the fifth round of the 27-country European Social Survey. Each participant rated their involvement in three relatively minor offenses (false insurance claims, buying stolen property, and traffic offenses) over the past five years along with their perceived certainty of getting caught and punished should they commit one or more of these prohibited acts. Each country's total 2010 Index of Economic Freedom score was also included in the study as a level 2 variable in a two-level multilevel modeling analysis. Consistent with predictions, participants from countries with higher Index of Economic Freedom scores displayed a significantly stronger connection between certainty of punishment and involvement in minor offending than participants from lower Index of Economic Freedom countries. An additional individual-level variable, the marketized mentality, was also included in the analysis and while it correlated with minor offending, it failed to interact with the Index of Economic Freedom or alter free market cultural ethos moderation of the certainty-offending relationship. These findings suggest that individuals living in a country with a strong free market cultural ethos are more apt to incorporate rational choice principles like certainty into their crime-related decisions than individuals residing in a country with a weaker free market cultural ethos.

Effectivity and reducibility with ordinal Turing machines

This article expands our work in (LNCS 9709 (2016), 225–233). By its reliance on Turing computability, the classical theory of effectivity, along with effective reducibility and Weihrauch reducibility, is only applicable to objects that are either countable or can be encoded by countable objects. We propose a notion of effectivity based on Koepke’s Ordinal Turing Machines (OTMs) that applies to arbitrary set-theoretical Π 2 -statements, along with according variants of effective reducibility and Weihrauch reducibility. As a sample application, we compare various choice principles with respect to effectivity.

Higher investment levels into pre-planned routes increase the adherence of pedestrians to them

Extensive research has focused on identifying the principles in pedestrian route choice, often assuming that pedestrians follow an optimal route measured by factors, such as route length and busyness. However, the question of the extent to which pedestrians adhere to their planned route has not been convincingly resolved. Here, we form the hypothesis that the more pedestrians invest into a planned route by walking further along it, the bigger their tendency to stick to this route, even when it becomes less attractive than other options due to congestion, for example. We term this behaviour “route commitment effect” and conduct an online survey with over 300 participants to test and establish the existence of this effect. We propose a novel model to formalise this effect. Using simulations of our model, we give illustrative examples for the consequences of the route commitment effect. Our findings suggest that the route commitment effect can significantly influence pedestrian route choice in a simple scenario with only two possible routes. In more complex scenarios with many routes, the impact of the route commitment effect on the overall dynamics is much weaker, as pedestrians are distributed across routes. In general, we find that the route commitment effect reduces the efficiency of pedestrian flow and leads to more predictable pedestrian dynamics. Our study sheds light on the role of cognitive bias in pedestrian decision-making and may thus be helpful for facility design or operations.

What’s love got to do with it? Marriage and the security state

ABSTRACT This article explores how marriage animates the racial logic of the security state. While the pursuit of romantic love culminating in a wedding is considered to be a universal good, arranged marriages are viewed as a dangerous anachronism which threaten the state’s authority. By revealing the animating force of arranged marriage in the UK immigration regime and the War on Terror, we can see the central role of love marriage within the principles of choice, autonomy and individuality around which the liberal subject organises their moral economy. The legalisation of gay marriage – constructed as a kind of love marriagepar excellence – becomes the means through which the nation state can uphold this moral economy and be renewed and reinvigorated in the process. By putting gay marriage in dialogue with arranged marriage, the gendered and racial configuration of the UK as a security state becomes visible.

Compliance with Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 by banking and financial institutions, a legal survey on privacy policies

ABSTRACT The sensitivity and value of personal information, especially financial data concerning the increasing threats, particularly in the online domain, make it urgent to assess how far financial companies are serious about respecting and protecting individuals’ information privacy. The recent incidents and cases in Malaysia indicate this necessity. To date, there is not any official report or study concerning this issue in Malaysia. The purpose of the research was to assess the out-put of the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 through evaluating the privacy policies of the Banks and Financial Institutions. In this qualitative research, the compliance assessment is delimited to compliance with specific requirements, especially the Notice and Choice Principle and individuals’ rights through document study. We proposed an evaluation model based on the standards of the PDPA. The qualitative analysis of the results showed a non-compliance with the requirements of the Act by the financial sector. Hence, suggestions and solutions are provided in line with a standard privacy policy for these types of companies.

Choice, voice and collaboration: using preference accommodation and feedback in trauma therapy

Purpose Organisations are increasingly understanding the need to be trauma informed. However, how trauma therapies in such organisations apply the principles of choice and collaboration is less understood. The present paper applies two trans-theoretical methods for involving clients in their therapy through preference accommodation and feedback-informed treatment (FIT). A case vignette is provided demonstrating how to involve clients in trauma therapy by listening to their preferences, needs and by providing them with a voice on their experience of the process and outcome of care. Design/methodology/approach A focused review of the literature was conducted, with relevant randomised control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses sourced. The resulting information informed the design and this model for working with those in trauma therapy. Findings The research regarding trauma-specific therapies being more effective is far from conclusive. At the same time, early attrition and negative outcomes make up a large percentage of those seeking therapy. Using preference accommodation and FIT is one possibly way to mitigate against these experiences in therapy and to provide choice, preference and collaboration consisting with the principles of trauma-informed approaches. Research limitations/implications Methods to improve the experiences of those seeking trauma therapy have been identified and discussed. According to the author’s knowledge, this is the first known paper aligning trauma therapy and trauma-informed approaches with preference accommodation and FIT. Future empirical studies may wish to examine the relative effectiveness of this approach. Practical implications Methods to improve outcomes for those seeking trauma therapy are at the disposal of practitioners. Improving outcomes, while also providing choice, voice and collaboration is a clinical setting. Originality/value This is a novel paper adding to value and extending how practitioners can use principles of trauma-informed approaches within trauma therapy.

Tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts: an analysis of Asian jurisdictions and the Asian Principles of Private International Law

Abstract This article analyses the determination of a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts in China (including Hong Kong), Japan, Singapore, and South Korea (the Republic of Korea). The article also examines the proposed Asian Principles of Private International Law (APPIL). The APPIL is intended as a model for Asian jurisdictions to interpret or supplement their private international law rules. Legislators in these jurisdictions may also use it to enact their own statutes on private international law. In the globalized era, the need for certainty regarding the rules and principles of choice of law is of the utmost importance in international commercial contracts. The APPIL may prove particularly useful in bringing more clarity to the issues related to the determination of a tacit choice of law in the region.

A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ANALYTIC CHOICE PRINCIPLES

AbstractWe investigate computability theoretic and descriptive set theoretic contents of various kinds of analytic choice principles by performing a detailed analysis of the Medvedev lattice of $\Sigma ^1_1$ -closed sets. Among others, we solve an open problem on the Weihrauch degree of the parallelization of the $\Sigma ^1_1$ -choice principle on the integers. Harrington’s unpublished result on a jump hierarchy along a pseudo-well-ordering plays a key role in solving this problem.

ASSESSMENT OF CRISIS-FORMING FACTORS AS A MEANS OF MONITORING THREATS TO EFFECTIVE BODY SUPPORT OF NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE MILITARY UNITS

This article presents the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for methods of monitoring and assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The proposed classification of various factors may cause a crisis in the logistics of military units. An objective relationship between the threat of a crisis and the factors that give rise to it is presented in the form of a linear regression equation of functional relationships. The study proposes a formalized presentation of the system of objectives for assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. In this article the economic-mathematical modeling of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics of military divisions of National guard of Ukraine in the form of game with opposite interests is carried out. In this regard, the paper proposes to use a certain principle of rational choice of player strategy. In the context of assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics, the article considers and formally presents the principle of the most guaranteed result, which is used in case of insufficient awareness of the influence of factors. Similarly, the paper considers the principle of indicator behavior and performs its economic and mathematical representation. A mathematical representation of the optimization problem is proposed, in the arcs of which the volume of agreements of military units with stakeholders and the cost of implemented innovations are determined. The article focuses on the fact that local management of individual factors and groups does not give the maximum possible result due to the high importance of synergistic relationships. The possibility of obtaining a positive result in this work is largely determined by the integrated management of factors in order to effectively adapt to variations and influences of the environment. The practical significance of the obtained results is the formation of appropriate recommendations to the command of military units regarding the formation of a system of anti-crisis monitoring of the impact of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics.

ШЛЯХИ ФОРМУВАННЯ В УЧНІВ СТАРШОЇ ШКОЛИ СВІДОМОГО СТАВЛЕННЯ ДО СВОГО ЗДОРОВʼЯ

The article reveals the ways of forming high school pupils’ conscious attitude to the health, in it the analysis of the research has been done, the essence of the interpretation of the concept «health» which is the key category providing the productivity of a person’s life has been justified. The author affirms that for the research motor activity, healthy lifestyle, physical culture and health education, valeological literacy, psychological attitudes etc. have become the leading factors determining the health of student youth. Physical education and valeological literacy should be considered comprehensively as the way of providing information, teaching methods, techniques, healthy lifestyle skills, education in the spirit of unconditional priority of values of individual health and health of others in all its manifestations and spheres. Widespread using of the health-improving effect of physical training for harmonious development of physical and mental capabilities of the pupil’s personality is considered by the author as an effective direction of forming a conscious attitude to his health. It gives pupils a free choice of physical activity in different directions, belief in their own physical capabilities based on the assimilation of a new variety of information in the form of motor skills and emotional pleasure. The article emphasizes that the regulation of motor activity in physical education classes acquires the model of personality-oriented physical education, which provides the possibility of differential influence on the development of physical qualitiesand implements the health function of different in volume and intensity physical activities. That is why the involvement of high school pupils in various types of physicalculture and health activities should be based on the principle of free choice, voluntary participation, stimulating activity to independent training etc. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the formation of a conscious attitude to the health should be considered in the context of motivating student youth for a healthy lifestyle and it means the activation of physical activity, rational use of free time for active recreation etc. Giving high school students theoretical knowledge about the implementation of adequate self-assessment and self-regulation of their health and physical fitness as the prerequisite for the working-out of the self-development and self-improvement program is the leading direction of solving the above-mentioned problem.

Understanding the principle of consumer choice in delivering housing first

Based on an analysis of a Housing First program this study explores the principle of ‘consumer choice’. Housing First is a model aimed at rapidly ending experiences of housing loss. Based on interviews with 4 program staff and 7 Housing First recipients, this analysis brought to light complexities in ‘consumer choice’ . The provision of consumer choice can be constrained when housing markets are tight, or when consumers seek congregate living when scattered-site is the focus. Choice can also be a challenge if consumers request housing readiness prior to re-housing. While the principle of choice has allowed services to move away from a staircase model, also considered as a “one size fits all” approach, we need to critically assess whether our current system supports self-determination around unique needs and preferences. This paper provides a thorough discussion on the challenges associated with enacting the principles of Housing First, and how policy environments can either impede or support consumer choice.

Modern principles of treatment of arterial hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis

The literature review presents current international data on the principles of choice of hypotensive therapy tactics in patients with chronic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis. safe levels of blood pressure reduction, reflected in the regulatory documents of European and American nephrological and cardiological associations, methods of their control are discussed. Data on the nephroprotective effects of the main classes of hypotensive drugs – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers – are presented. The necessity of monitoring the safety of hypotensive therapy in glomerulonephritis with chronic kidney disease using methods of blood pressure monitoring is emphasized.

"Why didn't we do it"? Reproductive loss and the problem of post-mortem consent.

Informed consent has been a much debated topic within the social sciences. It often forms a central feature of discussions on research in medical settings and in social research methods more broadly. While sympathetic to its' underlying principles of autonomy and choice, social scientists have tended to argue that these are seldom enacted in research or clinical practice. Rather, such principles are often circumscribed by wider social structures and by a culture of medical dominance. Drawing on data from a qualitative study on perinatal post-mortem, this paper explores informed consent in the emotionally charged clinical arena of perinatal pathology. Our in-depth analysis will provide fresh insight into post-mortem decision-making in the sensitive arena of baby loss. Our findings show how parents often found it difficult to give consent for post-mortem, and also for professionals to take consent from parents. It was also not uncommon for parents to experience regret over non-consent later on. One of our key findings, however, related to the sense of emotional and diagnostic closure often afforded by post-mortem when consent had been given. We conclude by arguing that, although we cannot resolve the tension between the principles of consent and their enactment in practice, we can develop a reflexive approach with which to navigate the process. In doing so, the paper contributes to wider sociological discussions on the meaning and use of informed consent in various settings beyond medical contexts.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF MUNICIPAL COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES OF MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC TRANSPORT

The article provides a detailed analysis of the socio-economic significance of urban electric transport, separately considered its economic and social impacts on the urban economy. Addressing the crisis of urban electric transport on the one hand will lead to increased economic and business activity, and on the other - to social stability. It was found that any enterprise of urban electric transport can become an active participant in business activities, the purpose of which is to make a profit by carrying out production and other economic activities. The development of enterprises can be carried out on the basis of the principle of free choice of activities, as a result of which additional jobs can be created from profits, in addition, increase the economic and social working conditions of enterprises and increase public satisfaction by meeting its social needs. Also in the article the peculiarities of the activity of municipal commercial enterprises of urban electric transport and the state and prospects of development of their investment and innovation activity are revealed and described in detail. The common features, and hence the common problems of urban electric transport enterprises, the solution of which, according to the authors, is seen 1) in the implementation of full or partial commercialization of urban passenger transport and 2) its integrated development. The authors propose to focus on the second approach, which involves the development of an effective organizational and economic mechanism for managing innovation and investment activities of urban electric transport enterprises to improve the management of its work. Thus, overcoming the crisis of public transport companies will have a positive impact on the entire national economy.

ПРИНЦИПЫ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КОГНИТИВНЫХ СТРУКТУР В ЯЗЫКОВОМ СОЗНАНИИ ШКОЛЬНИКА

Objective of the article is to describe the main stages of the associative experiment of cognitive structure formation represented by the everysemantic words in the language consciousness of a school student. The article presents the planning stages of the experiment. Special attention is drawn to the principles of choice of words for the study and the carrying out of the three stages of the longitude experiment, selection of the participants and the performance of the experiment itself. The characteristic of the participants is given in the article. The methods of data procession and particular trends obtained in the experiment are described. Applied methods . Associative experiment is the leading method in psycholinguistic researches which helps to study the language consciousness and obtain precise for further use. Two stages were performed in class, one in distant-learning class. Results . The article contains the data received during the experiment and the methods to analyse the information obtained. Conclusion. The analysis of the data shows that the number of reactions in English increases throughout the three stages of the experiment, the number of Russian words and refuses in answers decreases. The results of the experiment give the opportunity to form the semantic field for each everysemantic word and prove that the student’s vocabulary is based not only on the vocabulary he/she studies at school but also on the mental outlook. in formation of cognitive structures represented by everysemantic words in the language consciousness of a modern school student.

THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO DIMINISHED CHOICE PRINCIPLES

AbstractFor every$n\in \omega \setminus \{0,1\}$we introduce the following weak choice principle:$\operatorname {nC}_{<\aleph _0}^-:$For every infinite family$\mathcal {F}$of finite sets of size at least n there is an infinite subfamily$\mathcal {G}\subseteq \mathcal {F}$with a selection function$f:\mathcal {G}\to \left [\bigcup \mathcal {G}\right ]^n$such that$f(F)\in [F]^n$for all$F\in \mathcal {G}$.Moreover, we consider the following choice principle:$\operatorname {KWF}^-:$For every infinite family$\mathcal {F}$of finite sets of size at least$2$there is an infinite subfamily$\mathcal {G}\subseteq \mathcal {F}$with a Kinna–Wagner selection function. That is, there is a function$g\colon \mathcal {G}\to \mathcal {P}\left (\bigcup \mathcal {G}\right )$with$\emptyset \not =f(F)\subsetneq F$for every$F\in \mathcal {G}$.We will discuss the relations between these two choice principles and their relations to other well-known weak choice principles. Moreover, we will discuss what happens when we replace$\mathcal {F}$by a linearly ordered or a well-ordered family.

Purchasing Power and Self-Determination: Social Worker Perspectives

Abstract The international policy trend towards personalised budgets, which is designed to offer people with disabilities purchasing power to choose services that suit them, is exemplified in the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). This article examines how the ‘purchasing power’ afforded to service users through individualised budgets impacts on social work practice and the choice and self-determination of NDIS service users. Social workers’ views were sought on the alignment between the NDIS principles of choice and control and social work principles of participation and self-determination and how their social work practice has changed in order to facilitate client access to supports through NDIS budgets and meaningful participation in decision-making. A survey was completed by forty-five social workers, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with five of these participants. The findings identify how social workers have responded to the shortfalls of the NDIS by the following: interpreting information for clients; assisting service users to navigate complex service provision systems; supporting clients through goal setting, decision-making and implementation of action plans; and adopting case management approaches. The incorporation of social work services into the NDIS service model is proposed in order to facilitate meaningful choice and self-determination associated with purchasing power.

Language accessibility in allied healthcare for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families of young children with chronic health conditions: a qualitative systematic review

ABSTRACT This review synthesized recent qualitative research evidence on language accessibility in early intervention allied health services in the context of providing family-centred care (FCC) for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families of children with chronic health conditions. A search was conducted using nine bibliographic databases, and hand-searching. 11,888 articles were screened and assessed; 15 articles were then included. Analysis of data from these articles resulted in four themes: service delivery barriers in working with CALD families, clinicians’ use of individualized strategies and interventions, benefits and challenges in involving interpreters, and recommendations for clinical practice. Current practices regarding language accessibility reflect FCC principles of family strengths, individualized family services, and the family-professional relationship; however, the principle of family choice was not always reflected. Greater language accessibility was achieved by clinicians using strategies to facilitate communication, using language-appropriate resources, and by families and professionals working in partnership.

ВИКЛАДАННЯ ПРЕДМЕТІВ РЕЛІГІЙНОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ В АВСТРАЛІЙСЬКИХ ШКОЛАХ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХХ СТ

The article contains general review of the state of Australian education in context of teaching subjects of religious direction; historical review of system of education is done, since the times of land settlement of the continent; key changes that happened in Australian society regarding reinterpretation of the place of subjects of spiritual direction in the educational state program were highlighted. Key reasons the caused the transformation of understanding of importance of teaching religion in state educational establishments are defined and described, these are demographical changes that happened in Australian society after the World War II and eventually led to necessity of upbringing the ability of understanding and respect of citizens towards the representatives of different beliefs and values, forming cultural pluralism in pupils of these schools, which is the determinative feature and demand towards democratic society and transformation from catechistic approaches towards pedagogical approaches in teaching subjects of spiritual upbringing, which had its main feature in forming the pupil’s ability to manifest positive influence of religion for the development of the society; to understand peculiarities of basic church traditions and educate tolerance and sense of respect for all religions as representatives and providers of all-human values. Result of rethinking by Australian society for the important role of religion for the democratic development of the state is indicated, which led to the practice of studying according subjects of spiritual direction in state schools, having given for the pupils the chance to receive knowledge and abilities as result of studying miscellaneous religious beliefs. The review is done regarding opportunities and conditions for teaching religion in educational establishments of Australia by representatives of religious confessions; principles of choice of the content of program of subject of spiritual direction and criteria for its estimation by school administration and also the keeping of democratic rights of parents and pupils, that content the freedom of choice towards of subjects of this kind are noted. The article contains the presumption that the experience of teaching subjects of spiritual direction can be valuable for Ukrainian education at modern stage of its development in the context of value-directed education of pupils of secondary schools.Key words: Australia, religious education, democracy, multi-confession, multi-culture, cultural pluralism, state schools, teaching religion, catechistic approaches, pedagogical approaches.

On metrizability and compactness of certain products without the Axiom of Choice

We prove that there exists a model of ZF (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice (AC)) in which there is a compact, metrizable, non-second countable, Cantor cube. This answers in the affirmative an open question by E. Wajch (2018) [15].Furthermore, we strengthen a result in the above paper, namely “Countable products of metrizable spaces are quasi-metrizable implies van Douwen's Choice Principle”, by first observing that the above topological statement implies the weak choice principle MC(ℵ0,ℵ0), i.e. “Every countably infinite set of countably infinite sets has a multiple choice function”, and then by establishing that van Douwen's choice principle is strictly weaker than MC(ℵ0,ℵ0) in ZF. The above independence result also resolves an open problem in P. Howard and J.E. Rubin (1998) [7], and strengthens a result by P. Howard, K. Keremedis, H. Rubin, and J.E. Rubin (1998) [6].