Chemical Composition Of Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Two Endemic Onosma Species (Onosma cappadocica and O. rutilum)

Onosma species have been used by the public for centuries to treat various diseases. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity potentials of the methanol extracts of O. cappadocica and O. rutilum, endemic to Turkish flora. The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The biological activities of the extracts were determined by using antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory test systems. It was determined that the extracts contain high amounts of hesperidin, hyperoside, and rosmarinic acid. While O. rutilum exhibited higher activity in phosphomolybdenum, ABTS radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating assays, reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging tests resulted in the superiority of O. cappadocica. O. rutilum exhibited higher inhibition activity on all enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and -amylase), except for -glucosidase. It was concluded that the extracts in question could be used as alternative agents in the food, cosmetic and medical industries due to their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities.

Definition of Chemical Markers For Hancornia Speciosa Gomes by Chemometric Analysis Based on the Chemical Composition of Extracts, Their Vasorelaxant Effect and Α-Glucosidase Inhibition

Definition of Chemical Markers For Hancornia Speciosa Gomes by Chemometric Analysis Based on the Chemical Composition of Extracts, Their Vasorelaxant Effect and Α-Glucosidase Inhibition

Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extracts from the leaves of Hydrcotyle bonariensis comm. Ex Lam

Several studies revealed that oxidative stress was involved in a great number of diseases as a triggering factor or associated with evolutionary complications. Due to the side effects of synthetic molecules, medicinal plants always remained the reliable source of active substances for their therapeutic properties. In effect, this study of antioxidant activity and chemical composition was carried on Hydrocotyle bonariensis, a species frequently used for medical applications in Ivory Coast, but still very under researched. Different extracts obtained with solvents of increasing polarity were tested by the ABTS radical scavenging method and compared to a reference antioxidant, namely vitamin C. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed according to standard procedures. The results revealed that all extracts significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the ABTS- radical. Ethylacetate and methanolic extracts were most active with IC50 values of 58.8±0.30 and 86.4±0.51 µg/mL, respectively, relative to vitamin C (IC50 = 15.7±0.06 µg/mL). Antioxidant-associated phytocompounds such as flavonoids and coumarins were detected in ethylacetate and methanolic extracts. These compounds were responsible for the ABTS radical reduction reported. This study indicated the presence of substances in Hydrocotyle bonariensis’s leaves, which, in generally are excellent antioxidants and can contribute to prevent various diseases as cardiovascular diseases among others.

Agricultural by-product extracts as scale inhibitors of mild steel in tap water

Three industry by-products, namely rapeseed pomace from the wastes of edible oil production, sugar beet pulp from the wastes of sugar production and fodder radish cake, have been tested as scale inhibitors of mild steel in tap water. Ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration and the electrochemical approach to study the scale formation was utilized, based on the measurement of oxygen reduction current during nucleation and formation of calcium carbonate in the presence of extracts. Scaling time, porosity and area density of the scale was determined and used to characterize the inhibition efficiency. Chemical compositions of extracts were analysed by GC–MS analysis (gas chromatography with mass selective detector by mass selective integration). The rapeseed pomace extract and fodder radish cake extract at the concentration of 10 mL/L appeared to be efficient scaling inhibitors. Sugar beet pulp extract increases the crystallization time, however the amount of deposited scale appeared to be the same as in the tap water. The scale inhibition is caused mainly by the formation of adsorbed film on the scale nucleus that blocks the surface and prevent further crystal growth.

Terpenoid composition and antioxidant activity of extracts from four chemotypes of Cinnamomum camphora and their main antioxidant agents

AbstractCinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl can produce an abundance of terpenoids, and has four main chemotypes: linalool, eucalyptol, camphor, and borneol. Antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of extracts from the four chemotypes were investigated during spring (May), summer (July), and autumn (November) with the aim of developing natural antioxidants using suitable chemotypes of C. camphora in suitable seasons, together with their main terpenoids. The main antioxidant terpenoids were identified. The four chemotype extracts showed strong scavenging activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals as well as O2–· and ·OH in July, due to the fact that their terpenoid content was at its highest during this month. Among the four chemotypes, the strongest scavenging activity was mainly detected in the linalool chemotype extracts, which had the highest terpenoid content. Among the ten main terpenoids in C. camphora extracts, ocimene, linalool, β‐pinene, longifolene and eucalyptol showed stronger scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals, and ocimene exhibited the strongest scavenging activity. Extracts from the four chemotypes of C. camphora and their main terpenoids have the potential for development as natural antioxidants, with summer as the best season, linalool chemotypes as the optimum choice, and ocimene as the optimum compound. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Novel UV filters from Pentacalia pulchella extracts with photoprotective properties and antioxidant activity.

Most of the plant species found in the high mountain ecosystems of the tropics is unique and exceptional, because they have developed complex adaptations to survive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high levels of UVR and low temperatures of these ecological environments. In an exploratory study carried out on some plants of this ecosystem, we found that one of the most promising species was the Pentacalia pulchella (Kunth) Cuatrec. (Asteraceae) an endemic plant of Colombia, which grows between 2500 and 3500m.a.s.l. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the photoprotective, antioxidant, and chemical composition of extracts from the leaves of P. pulchella. Extracts showed good absorption coefficients in UVA-UVB, high content of total phenols, with antioxidant activity comparable to that obtained with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). Finally, the formulation labeled "7" with 10% extract presented adequate sensory characteristics for topical use, good in vitro photoprotection values in the UVA-UVB range (SPF (Sun Protection Factor): 7.3 ± 0.9, UVAPF (Ultraviolet A Protection Factor): 5.3 ± 0.6, λc 376), and antioxidant activity. Results obtained allow us to suggest that the extract of P. pulchella has a high potential as a source of new natural solar filters.

Chemical Composition Related to Antimicrobial Activity of Moroccan Nigella sativa L. Extracts and Isolated Fractions.

Background Nigella sativa L. (NS) is an aromatic and medicinal plant commonly used in Mediterranean cuisine. Its grains contain a large amount of fixed oil and have many therapeutic virtues and medicinal properties (antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer). Aim The aim of this work is to study the antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa L. extracts and separated fractions on various pathogenic strains and to correlate that with its chemical composition. Methods Extracts from Moroccan Nigella sativa seeds were extracted using successive organic solvents, and their hexane and acetone extracts were separated by column chromatography. The chemical composition of extracts, fractions, and essential oil was determined by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. Extracts and fractions were evaluated for antimicrobial activity through disk diffusion against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria innocua), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and yeast (Candida pelliculosa) for 1 mg/mL concentration. Bacterial strains were followed to study their behaviors over time in different concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Nigella sativa essential oil was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Results and Conclusion. Although hexane extract was active against both types of bacteria (Gram+ and Gram−), some of its fractions were specifically active against only one type. Fraction (SH4) had the highest activity (15 mm inhibitory diameter). Acetone extract was nonactive but surprisingly resulted in specific active fractions, and the most interesting one was (SA7) that had an inhibitory diameter of 13 mm. This antibacterial effect was related to fatty acids (linoleic and palmitic acids) in (SH4) and 17 pentatriacontene in (SA7). Moreover, the antifungal activity of hexane fractions (10–13 mm) was higher than hexane extract (8 mm), but for acetone, it was the opposite. Acetone extract had a higher activity (18 mm) than its fractions (8–12 mm), except for (SA7) (19 mm). Those inhibitions were attributed to gallic acid, cysteine, and apigenin in acetone extract and cysteine with ascorbic acid in fraction (SA7). Antifungal activity of the essential oil was more pronounced than the antibacterial one. Indeed, determined MICs in the first case were on the microgram scale (MIC = 8 μg/mL, Candida albicans), while in the second case, they were on the milligram scale (MIC = 0.96 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.5 mg/mL for Bacillus cereus, and 0.68 mg/mL for Escherichia coli). This antifungal activity was attributed to three major compounds beta-cymene, alpha-thujene, origanene, and thymoquinone. Results of strains behavior over time at different concentrations of the fractions showed all the curves went through a maximum around 20 hours and had a delay of expression of 5 hours at the start. Taking all results into count, Nigella sativa L. extracts and/or derived principles could form promising antimicrobial agents for therapeutical and industrial uses.

Wood Extractives of Silver Fir and Their Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties.

The chemical composition of extractives in the sapwood (SW), heartwood (HW), knotwood (KW), and branchwood (BW of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was analyzed, and their antifungal and antioxidant properties were studied. In addition, the variability of extractives content in a centripetal direction, i.e., from the periphery of the stem towards the pith, was investigated. The extracts were analyzed chemically with gravimetry, spectrophotometry, and chromatography. The antifungal and antioxidative properties of the extracts were evaluated by the agar well diffusion method and the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. Average amounts of hydrophilic extractives were higher in KW (up to 210.4 mg/g) and BW (148.6 mg/g) than in HW (34.1 mg/g) and SW (14.8 mg/g). Extractives identified included lignans (isolariciresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, pinoresinol, matairesinol) phenolic acids (homovanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid), and flavonoids epicatechin, taxifolin, quercetin). Secoisolariciresinol was confirmed to be the predominant compound in the KW (29.8 mg/g) and BW (37.6 mg/g) extracts. The largest amount of phenolic compounds was extracted from parts of knots (281.7 mg/g) embedded in the sapwood and from parts of branches (258.9 mg/g) adjacent to the stem. HW contained more lignans in its older sections. Hydrophilic extracts from knots and branches inhibited the growth of wood-decaying fungi and molds. KW and BW extracts were better free radical scavengers than HW extracts. The results of the biological activity tests suggest that the protective function of phenolic extracts in silver fir wood can also be explained by their antioxidative properties. The results of this study describe BW as a potential source of phenolic extractives in silver fir.

Unravelling the antioxidant and anti-cancerous properties of the chemical constituents present in methanol extract of green algae Chaetomorpha antennina

Background: Chaetomorpha antennina is a green seaweed with numerous pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-tumour and antioxidant properties. Thus, it is essential to perform preliminary studies to identify the chemical composition of seaweed extracts and explore the phytoconstituent responsible for pharmacological activities. Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The discovery of novel therapeutic mediators for the treatment of cancer is the main task. Since efficient drug delivery is possible through nanotechnology, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was done, followed by molecular docking studies to investigate the anti-cancer activity of seaweed extract.Methods: Phytochemical analysis of extracts of Chaetomorpha antennina was performed, followed by biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using these algal extracts. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction. Agar-well diffusion method and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were used to determine the antibacterial potential and antioxidant potential of algal extracts. Further, the chemical composition of the extract was distinguished by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results: Seaweed extracts possessed numerous phytochemicals and methanol extract showed the best antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Docking studies exposed the occurrence of Carpesterol dehydrate and triazines as an anti-cancer component of Chaetomorpha antennina. Conclusion: It can be concluded that seaweed is enriched with chemical constituents possessing high antioxidant activity and therefore, can serve as a promising antioxidant and anti-cancer agent.

Aqueous extracts characteristics obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction from Ascophyllum nodosum seaweeds: effect of operation conditions

Aqueous extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum brown edible seaweeds were obtained after continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of sonication time (from 2 to 6 min), sonication amplitude (from 80 to 100%) and solvent-solid ratio (from 20 to 40 g water g−1 dried seaweed) on the extracts features was studied employing a Box-Behnken experimental design. Extracts were characterised by polyphenols, carbohydrate and uronic acid content. Response surface method (by means of a quadratic model) was successfully employed to relate chemical composition of extracts and operation conditions. Optimal experimental conditions were established to obtain maximal polyphenols content and several polyphenols-carbohydrates ratios together with the conditions that minimise energy consumption per extracted polyphenols amount relationship. Antioxidant capacities of extracts were measured employing different methods (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS). Positive linear correlations between antioxidant activity and total polyphenols content were established.

HPLC/HR-MS-Based Metabolite Profiling and Chemometrics: A Powerful Approach to Identify Bioactive Compounds from Abarema cochliacarpos.

Despite its importance as a medicinal plant, there is a lack of studies that assessed the chemical composition of A. cochliacarpos extracts. Herein, we used a metabolite profiling approach and chemometrics as a powerful strategy to correlate the chemical composition with the antioxidant activity of A. cochliacarpos extracts. Extracts obtained with ethyl acetate showed greater antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic content than extracts obtained with hexane. The chemical composition was assessed by HPLC/HR-MS and it encompassed fatty alcohols, terpenoids, phenolic derivatives, lipids, carotenoid-like compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyketides, and glycerophospholipids. Chemometrics successfully differentiated not only the chemical composition of extracts in response to the nature of the extraction solvent and the botanical part used during extraction but also it allowed us to associate the chemical composition with the antioxidant activity of the extracts, which might be particularly helpful for drug discovery and development programs.

Chemical profile and antibacterial activity of Mentha viridis L. essential oils and ethanolic extract

Mentha viridis was the model plant for this study to estimate the antibacterial activity and define the essential metabolites' essential chemical compositions. This study was designed to estimate ethanol extract's chemical composition and essential oil isolated from leaves of commercial M. viridis. The essential primary and secondary metabolites were estimated and defined as: total protein (45.29 µg/ml), total alkaloids (0.116 mg/g), total flavonoids (0.9931 mg/g), and total phenolic compounds (0.2326 mg/g). The antibacterial activity of M. viridis ethanol extract was screened against two-gram negative bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (DH5-α). This work proved that both the ethanol extract and the essential oil extract of M. viridis leave have potent antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. There is a difference in clear zone diameter by comparing the control ethanol treatment to the ethanol extract. The total essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation technique and identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds of the oil were Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)- (33.46%), D-Carvone (32.30%), Cyclohexanol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1.alpha., 2.beta., 5.alpha.) (7.13%), Carveol (5.31%), Dihydrocarvyl acetate (5.30%). All these characterizations enable M. viridis to have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, essential oils, ethanol extract, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Mentha Viridis.

Arctium lappa and Arctium tomentosum, Sources of Arctii radix: Comparison of Anti-Lipoxygenase and Antioxidant Activity as well as the Chemical Composition of Extracts from Aerial Parts and from Roots.

Arctium lappa is a weed used in traditional medicine in the treatment of skin inflammation and digestive tract diseases. Arctium tomentosum is used in folk medicine interchangeably with Arctium lappa and, according to European Medicines Agency (EMA) monography, provides an equal source of Arctii radix (Bardanae radix), despite the small amount of research confirming its activity and chemical composition. The aim of the study was the comparison of the anti-lipoxygenase and the antioxidant activity, scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2•−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), of 70 % (v/v) ethanolic extracts from the aerial parts and the roots of Arctium lappa and Arctium tomentosum. In the tested extracts, the total polyphenols content and the chemical composition, analyzed with the HPLC–DAD–MSn method, were also compared. The extracts were characterized by strong antioxidant properties, but their ability to inhibit lipoxygenase activity was rather weak. A correlation between the content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was observed. The extracts from A. lappa plant materials scavenged reactive oxygen species more strongly than the extracts from A. tomentosum plant materials. Moreover, the extracts from A. lappa plant materials were characterized by the statistically significantly higher content of polyphenolic compounds.

Chemical composition and neurotherapeutic potential of Glaucium corniculatum extracts

Background: The discovery of natural agents that suppress neural apoptosis is of strategic importance for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucium corniculatum has been used as a traditional medicine because of its memory-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. However, there has not been a study about this plant's apoptosis suppressive properties until now. Objectives: The present study examines the possible suppressive effects on apoptosis of three different G. corniculatum extracts (chloroform, methanol, and water) in neuronal-differentiated PC12 (dPC12) cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and presents the first association of compound content differences in extracts with the suppressive property. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of these extracts was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The changes caused by the extracts in apoptotic markers were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: Extracts contained alkaloid, fatty acid, alcohol, alkane hydrocarbon, ester, ether, alkane, alkene, aliphatic, aromatic, and phenolic compounds with different relative proportions. In all the three extracts, the major compound was allocriptopine. Oleamide and 2-monopalmitin were the major fatty acids, respectively, identified in water and methanol extracts. Extracts were suppressed H2O2-induced apoptosis via decreasing the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and -9, while increasing Bcl-2, in a concentration-dependent manner. The water extract showed the highest apoptosis suppression while methanol was the second. Conclusion: G. corniculatum extracts suppress apoptosis in dPC12 cells and allocriptopine, oleamide, and 2-monopalmitin may be responsible of apoptosis suppressive effect.

Cutaneous mucosal immune-parameters and intestinal immune-relevant genes expression in streptococcal-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A comparative study with the administration of florfenicol and olive leaf extract

This study evaluated changes in cutaneous mucosal immunity (total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin (TIg), lysozyme, protease, esterase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and some immune-related genes expression (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8, hepcidin-like antimicrobial peptides (HAMP), and immunoglobulin M (IgM)) in the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) orally-administrated florfenicol (FFC) and/or olive leaf extract (OLE), experimentally infected with Streptococcus iniae. The juvenile fish (55 ± 7.6 g) were divided into different groups according to the use of added OLE (80 g kg−1 food), the presence/absence of FFC (15 mg kg−1 body weight for 10 consecutive days), and the streptococcal infectivity (2.87 × 107 CFU mL−1 as 30% of LD50-96h). The extract's chemical composition was analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The skin mucus and intestine of fish were sampled after a 10-day therapeutic period for all groups, and their noted indices were measured. Our results signified that the oleuropein, quercetin, and trans-ferulic acid were the most obvious active components of OLE which were found by HPLC analysis. The combined use of OLE and FFC could lowered some skin mucus immunological indices (e.g., TP, TIg, and ALP), and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1β) of rainbow trout. Moreover, lysozyme and protease activities respectively were invigorated by the FFC and OLE treatment. Also, the use of OLE as a potential medicine induced the gene expression of HAMP. As the prevention approach, it would be recommended to find the best dose of OLE alone or in combination with the drug through therapeutics period before the farm involved in the streptococcal infection.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of extracts from thyme and rosemary against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans

Different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of thyme (Zataria multiflora) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were evaluated to determine their antimicrobial activity using the agar-well diffusion method. The values of inhibition zone diameter (IZD) for Candida albicans fungus and Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive bacteria were determined. The bioactivities of two various extracts were studied, and the chemical composition of the extracts were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results of the test showed that at concentrations of 10% and 40% thyme extract, the values of IZD were 12.5 mm and 23.3 mm, respectively, against the growth of S. aureus, which were higher than C. albicans (7.0 mm and 22.5 mm, respectively). The rosemary extract at concentrations of 20% and 60% showed lower antibacterial activity against S. aureus (4.7 mm and 8.7 mm IZD, respectively) and lower antifungal activity against C. albicans (12.2 mm and 1.7 mm IZD, respectively). At a concentration of 40% thyme extract, the highest antibacterial (23.3 mm IZD) and antifungal (22.5 mm IZD) activities were observed. The GC/MS analysis showed that carvacrol (52.3%), linalool L (16%), and thymol (9.6%) were the main components of thyme extract, while in the rosemary extract β-amyrone (18.0%), verbenone (8.0%), and 1,8-cineole (7.26%) were the major constituents.

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Two Native Fruits of Chile: Arrayan (Luma apiculata) and Peumo (Cryptocarya alba)

Arrayan and peumo fruits are commonly used in the traditional medicine of Chile. In this study, the concentration of the extracts halving the bacterial viability and biofilms formation and disruption of the drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined. The chemical composition of extracts was analyzed by high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (U-HPLC/MS). The arrayan extract (Inhibitory concentration IC50 0.35 ± 0.01 mg/mL) was more effective than peumo extract (IC50 0.53 ± 0.02 mg/mL) in the inhibition of S. aureus planktonic cells. Similarly, the arrayan extract was more effective in inhibiting the adhesion (S. aureus IC50 0.23 ± 0.02 mg/mL, P. aeruginosa IC50 0.29 ± 0.02 mg/mL) than peumo extracts (S. aureus IC50 0.47 ± 0.03 mg/mL, P. aeruginosa IC50 0.35 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Both extracts inhibited quorum sensing in a concentration-dependent manner, and the most significant was the autoinducer-2 type communication inhibition by arrayan extract. Both extracts also disrupted preformed biofilm of P. aeruginosa (arrayan IC50 0.56 ± 0.04 mg/mL, peumo IC50 0.59 ± 0.04 mg/mL). However, neither arrayan nor peumo extracts disrupted S. aureus mature biofilm. U-HPLC/MS showed that both fruit extracts mainly possessed quercetin compounds; the peumo fruit extract also contained phenolic acids and phenylpropanoids. Our results suggested that both extracts could be used as natural antimicrobials for some skin and nosocomial infections.

UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis of extracts from linden flowers (Tiliae flos): Differences in the chemical composition between five Tilia species growing in Europe

Lime flowers are traditionally used as medicinal plants. According to the Pharmacopeia Europaea, only three species of Tilia are admitted as source species. However, so far, no methods enabling the discrimination between these three species and other species of Tilia occurring in Europe have been established. It is also not clear whether the chemical composition of extracts from lime flowers differs between source species. Here, we describe a comprehensive validated UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method to distinguish the five most important Tilia species in Europe based on phytochemical analyses of extracts prepared from their flowers. Forty-two phenolics were detected in the analyzed extracts and twenty-one of them were quantified using a validated method. A chemometric analysis revealed significant differences between the investigated species. Based on the chemical profile of their extracts, we provide a dichotomous key for the identification of Tiliae flos source species.

Comparison of Biochemical, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Propolis Samples from Malatya and Bilecik

Propolis is a resinous natural mixtures collected and produced by honey bees. It is rich in essential oils and phenolic components so it has high levels of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral activity. In this study the biochemical activity of propolis extracts were determined. The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity of the extracts of the nine different propolis samples were invastigated. Their antimicrobial activities were tested by microdillution metod and define as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Chemical composition of extracts was determined by using GC-MS equipment. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the extracts was carried out as well. All of the extracts showed antimicrobial activity on bacteria and yeasts used. Extracts had generally lower MIC values on yeasts. Therefore, yeasts were detected as more susceptible against the propolis extracts than the bacteria. Cytotoxic activity of extract were determined aganist A549 and Beas2B cell lines and IC50 values were calculated. Ma-Arapgir had the highest cytotoxic activity on A549 and Beas2B. They were determined as 6.72 and 26.44 mg/mL, respectively. It could be concluded that propolis extracts have antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity thus, propolis could be used in the treatment of cancer.