Chemical Composition Of Extracts Research Articles

Effect of the maceration time on chemical composition of extracts of Brazilian propolis

Effect of the maceration time on chemical composition of extracts of Brazilian propolis

Effect of the maceration time on chemical composition of extracts of Brazilian propolis

Effect of the maceration time on chemical composition of extracts of Brazilian propolis

Chemical composition of extracts from shungite and “shungite water”

A chemical analysis of aqueous extracts from shungite-III from the Zazhogino deposit (Republic of Karelia) and of natural water contacting with shungite rocks was made. The chemical composition and bactericide properties of “shungite water” were studied.

Effect of the maceration time on chemical composition of extracts of Brazilian propolis

SummaryIt is believed that longer maceration times change significantly the ethanolic extract composition of propolis, improving its pharmacological, nutritional and antimicrobial properties. To probe whether such superior composition is indeed obtained, 10 samples of propolis from several regions in Brazil and one sample from North America were left to macerate in 70% ethanol for periods between 20 days and one year. The resultant extracts were evaluated in terms of the yield of extracted material and also analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) fingerprinting. A small increase in the yield of the extracted material over the period analyzed was observed. ESI-MS fingerprints indicate qualitatively the same composition but with a greater incidence of the high-mass components after six months. The extracts of one sample of green Brazilian propolis were also quantified using both gas chromatography mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. No new components were identified after longer maceration times and the changes in the relative concentrations of the identified components were in line with the results of the yield and ESI-MS fingerprints. Therefore, prolonged extraction periods do not necessarily result in richer propolis extracts.

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts obtained from the flower, leaf and stem of Salvia officinalis L

In this paper a comparison of the chemical composition and antimicrobial action of the ethanol extracts from the flower, leaf and stem of the herbal species Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), originating from the southeast region of Serbia was carried out. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Manool has the highest level of all the components (9.0?11.1 %). Antimicrobial activity was determined by the diffusion and dilution method, whereby the latter one was modified by use of cellulose discs, and it was applied for the determination of the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal lethal concentrations (MLC). The leaf extract has a stronger antimicrobial activity than those of the flower and stem.

Variation during dormancy and the effect of freezing and postharvest incubation on the chemical composition of blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L.)

SummaryThe yield and chemical composition of extracts of buds collected from blackcurrant stems (Ribes nigrum L.) throughout dormancy were investigated. Selections from ‘White Bud’, which produce higher levels of the odorous thiol, 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-thiol-butane, were compared with the standard ‘White Bud’. The dry bud weight of all variants decreased by 16% throughout dormancy until immediately before bud burst. The amount of volatiles extracted also decreased. The most discriminating feature distinguishing the new clones from ‘White Bud’ were higher levels of 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-thiol-butane, myrcene, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene oxide and hardwickic acid. β-Caryophyllene and the combination of β-phellandrene and limonene were higher in ‘White Bud’. The effects of post-harvest storage conditions on the volatile components of solvent extracts of blackcurrant buds were investigated. Fifty four per cent of the 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-thiol butane and 18% of other volatile components were lost within 24 h of freezing. Longer term freezing resulted in a steady overall loss of volatile components. The effects of storage of fresh and previously frozen, hand-cut and machine-harvested buds at 10°C were investigated. Incubation of hand-cut buds in air and nitrogen for 48 h resulted in a 2.6 and a 1.4 fold increase of thiol content respectively. Levels declined thereafter. Thiols were also produced in buds which had been frozen prior to incubation with a 1.2 fold increase recorded in both hand-cut and machine-harvested buds following storage for 72 hours in air. The other terpene-based volatiles in hand-cut fresh buds increased slightly in all incubations, compared with a small decline in fresh machine-harvested buds. The volatile content of hand-cut buds which had been frozen prior to incubation remained relatively constant. In contrast, machine-harvested buds (previously frozen) showed a 1.9 fold increase in volatiles when incubated for up to 72 h. However, a decrease in volatiles was evident over a similar incubation period if machine-harvested buds were rolled for freezing.

Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Extracts from Fruiting Bodies of Xylotrophic Fungi Growing on Birch

The search for new natural sources of biologically active substances is a major issue in pharmaceutical industry. Xylotrophic basidiomycetes are common in forests worldwide, but as a prospective raw source of biologically active compounds they have not been studied as extensively as plants and other groups of fungi. The study is aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts from 10 species of tinder fungi growing on birch and common in the forests in Russia. The chaga muchroom (Inonotus obliquus), traditionally used in medicine, was chosen as a standard species. Extracts from fruiting bodies were obtained with water or 95 % ethanol. They contained 4 to 8 types of free amino acids including 2 to 6 essential ones. Perennial basidiocarps were shown to be richer in phenolic compounds and poorer in amino acids than annual ones. Alkaloids and saponins were found in perennial basidiocarps of two species, saponins were also found in annual basidiocarps of one species. Water and alcohol extracts differed in composition and concentration of extractives, and showed different antioxidant (inhibition of lipid peroxidation) and antiradical (ABTS‑test, inhibition of NO production) activity. This way it was shown that the nature of the solvent extraction agent is important for the manifestation of biological activity. In most tests, water extracts from chaga showed better antioxidant properties; extracts from Piptoporus betulinus and Fomitopsis pinicola were also effective as antioxidants, which may be promising avenues for future research

Effects of fungal infection on lipid extract composition of higher plant remains: comparison of shoots of a Cenomanian conifer, uninfected and infected by extinct fungi

The lipid fraction extracted from uninfected shoots of a fossil conifer, Frenelopsis alata, was analysed by gas-chromatography–mass-spectrometry, and compared with shoots of the same conifer infected by extinct epiphyllous fungi, so as to study the effects of fungal infection on the chemical composition of extracts from higher plant remains. The extracts from the uninfected shoots appeared to be composed of (i) common constituents of higher plant lipids such as n-alkanes and fatty acids, (ii) elemental sulphur, and (iii) substantial amounts of terpenoids characteristic of conifers, such as cadalene, beyerane, dehydroabietane and related compounds. Comparison of this extract with that of fungal-infected shoots revealed, in addition to the aforementioned compounds, the presence of substantial amounts of hydroxysuccinic acid and functionalised benzoic compounds that were interpreted as degradation products of lignin by fungi. This study afforded preliminary indications of the composition of extracts from higher plant remains infected by fungi.

Antiinflammatory activity and chemical composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis

Antiinflammatory activity and chemical composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis

Chemical composition of extractives from Abies nordmanniana

Wood and bark from Abies nordmanniana were studied for chemical composition of the extractives. The wood contained very low amounts of lipophilic and polar components. The lipophilic fraction of the extractives was composed of fatty acids, resin acids, alcohols and sterols, and the polar fraction was composed of monosaccharides and lignans. The bark contained very high amounts of lipophilic and polar components in comparison with the wood. The composition of lipophilic fraction did not significantly vary from the respective wood extract. Glycerol, gallic acid, sucrose, catechin isomers, gallocatechin isomers were identified in addition to monosaccharides and lignans among numerous components of the polar fraction of the bark. Successive extractions with benzene, ether, hot water and ethanol amounted up to 30% of the bark. Total solubles exceeded 50% of the bark by the treatment of the extractive-free bark with 1% hot NaOH. There were no significant differences between the samples prepared from young and old trees for the yields of the consecutive extractions and 1% NaOH solubility. However, Stiasny number determined as a measure of the phenol content (condensed tannins) was found to be much higher in the old samples than in the young ones.

Studies on the microbial degradation of ancient leather bookbindings. Part 2

Studies were carried out on the role of microorganisms in the decomposition of ancient vegetable tanned leather. The samples were neutralized or sterilized to study the changes in chemical composition of extracts after their long-term humidification. The extracted (soluble compoounds and tannins) leather powder inoculated with various microorganisms was analyzed after 8 months of microbial development. It was shown that neutralization of leather causes an abundant development of microorganisms accompanied by chemical changes and that autoclaving does not cause the accelerated chemical hydrolysis of leather. The most active organisms in the decay were Chaetomium globosum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Streptomyces sp. 1. Heavy deterioration of old leather collagen fibres was proved by chemical and SEM analyses.

A New Technique for Collecting Ambient Diesel Particles for Bioassays

This paper describes a new application of a viable aerosol sampler, the Liquid Electrostatic Aerosol Precipitator (LEAP), for the collection of diesel particles for bioassays of pulmonary toxicity and mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. Currently used methods (filtration, dry electrostatic precipitation) cause agglomeration of particles and increases in particle size up to twenty-fold, which may alter particle toxicity significantly. Collection of diesel particles with the LEAP preserved submicronic particle size. Differences in chemical composition of extracts of surface adsorbents as compared to particles collected on filters also were observed. This technique may be applicable for collection of other types of combustion products or oil mists that agglomerate when collected by filtration.

Phytometric estimation of fertility of waterlogged rich-fen peats usingEpilobium hirsutum L.

The above-ground net production of herbaceous vegetation in 16 stands of waterlogged rich fen in Broadland, Norfolk UK, has been compared with the growth ofEpilobium hirsutum seedlings (in controlled environment) on replicate peat samples from each site and with the chemical composition of extracts from sub-samples of each peat (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, inorganic P, inorganic N). There were no consistent or significant relationships between measured concentrations of major nutrients (K, N, P) in peat samples and netin situ production of the vegetation or with growth ofE. hirsutum seedlings on each peat. There was a strong, significant (p<0.001) relationship between above ground productionin situ and growth ofE. hirsutum seedlings. Seedling growth thus provided a simple, sensitive phytometric measure of fertility of the waterlogged peats (pH range 6.0–7.0). One possible limitation is the apparent sensitivity ofE. hirsutum seedlings to high manganese concentrations.

Chemical composition of extracts from Polish bituminous coal

The composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons-constituents of a bituminous coal extract (Silesia)-were examined. The extract contained precursor hydrocarbons in the range C/sub 16/-C/sub 30/ and included normal paraffins; C/sub 18/, C/sub 19/ and C/sub 20/ isoprenanes; C/sub 28/ sterane (isocampestane) and eighteen (C/sub 27/-C/sub 34/) triterpanes, namely C/sub 27/ trisnorhopane and two of its isomers, three C/sub 29/ adiantane isomers, three C/sub 30/ hopane isomers, three C/sub 31/ homohopane isomers and two triterpane isomers (C/sub 32/, C/sub 33/ and C/sub 34/). The extract contained 0.2% triterpanes. The triterpanes identified in the extract were representatives of 17 ..cap alpha.. H hopane, typical of petroleum hydrocarbons. The extract contained aromatic hydrocarbons with 2 to 5 condensed rings in the molecule (homologous series ranging from C /sub n/ H /sub 2n-10/ to C /sub n/ H /sub 2n-28/ ). Homologues of naphthalene, acenaphthene, diphenyl, anthracene (phenanthrene, phenylnaphthalene and methanophenanthrene) were present in the largest proportion.

The Effect of Sodium Carbonates' Presence on the Soil Extract's Chemical Composition

AbstractIt is shown experimentally that some sodic soils contain difficult‐to‐detect Na carbonate minerals which affect the chemical compositions of their aqueous extracts. Upon extraction with water, a portion of the dissolved HCO‐3 reacts with Ca2+ initially present in the soil (in a solid phase or occupying exchange sites) and is immediately precipitated as CaCO3. This phenomenon reduces extract pH and alkalinity (by precipitation of CaCO3 and release of CO2 gas) which obscures the initial presence of alkalinity.