Parity-check Research Articles

The anomalous chiral Lagrangian at order p8

We derive the order p8 Lagrangian of odd intrinsic parity for mesonic chiral perturbation theory, and provide the resulting operator basis in the supplementary material. Neglecting the non-zero singlet trace, we find 999 operators for a general number of quark flavours Nf , 705 for Nf = 3 and 92 for Nf = 2. Our numbers agree with those obtained through the Hilbert series approach in the literature. Including a singlet trace, as needed for the physical case of Nf = 2, instead yields 1210 operators for a general Nf , 892 for Nf = 3 and 211 for Nf = 2.

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: Design of Cost Efficient Modular Digital QCA Circuits using Optimized XOR Gate

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles “Design of Cost Efficient Modular Digital QCA Circuits using Optimized XOR Gate” by Suhaib Ahmed and Syed Farah Naz in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE’s Publication Principles. This paper contains significant portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission. “Design and Analysis of a Novel Low-Power Exclusive-OR Gate Based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata” By Haotian Chen, Hongjun Lv, Zhang Zhang, Xin Cheng and Guangjun Xie in Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, Vol. 28, No. 8, 2017 The advantages such as high operating frequency (in the range of few THz), low power dissipation, small size and high density in the nano regime has led to the application of Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) in designing various digital circuits. In this brief, an ultra-efficient two input XOR gate design in QCA is proposed. It is a single layer design consisting of only 9 cells with no crossover and operating on cell to cell interaction. The functionality of the proposed gate has been verified at both physical and simulation level. In addition to this, fault tolerance to single cell missing defect, single cell addition defect and single cell displacement defect of the proposed XOR gate has also been presented. Based on the performance evaluation, it is seen that the proposed XOR gate has least cell count, least area and least latency which in turn leads to least circuit cost. Also, the proposed design dissipates least energy. The applicability of proposed XOR gate has also been investigated by designing various cost efficient digital circuits such as full adder, parity checker, etc.

ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN MODERN BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS

Advanced communication techniques are used to organize fixed-user access to corporate communication network (CCNs) resources, with the ability to quickly change the encoding speed during network overloads. Estimating the probability of a denial of service caused by a lack of free channel resources at Access Network was one of the research's aims. IP based network enable the delivery of different services. Primary determinants of users' subjective quality evaluation of communication: data transmission: fast, without errors or failures; video communication: high-quality images, no delays; audio communication: no voice distortion, no call failures. Important to network operators to make effective use of their own resources while maintaining transmission quality standards. Control over metrics such packet loss ratio, delay variations, and latency is crucial. For certain corporate networks, the implementation of 5G mobile communication equipment holds great potential, especially in terms of enabling remote access for staff members. Simultaneously, concerns over unauthorized access to information and the risk of packet loss during transmission have become increasingly pressing. This paper discusses the effectiveness of Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and polar codes in variable length packet transmission in a 5G system. The modeling results of 5G communication system operation at a fixed value of packet loss are discussed.

A Novel Voting Model Based on Parity Check Equations for Blind Detection of M-Sequences

A Novel Voting Model Based on Parity Check Equations for Blind Detection of M-Sequences

Design of a Three-Input Parity Checker Based on an All-Spin Logic Device and Its Clock Control Methodology

Design of a Three-Input Parity Checker Based on an All-Spin Logic Device and Its Clock Control Methodology

Gyrokinetic simulation of magnetic-island-induced electric potential vortex mode

Ion temperature gradient (ITG)-driven turbulence with embedded static magnetic islands is simulated by utilizing a gyrokinetic theory-based global turbulence transport code (GKNET) in this work. Different from the traditional equilibrium circular magnetic-surface average (EMSA) method, an advanced algorithm that calculates the perturbed magnetic-surface average (PMSA) of the electric potential has been developed to precisely deal with the zonal flow component in a non-circular magnetic surface perturbed by magnetic islands. Simulations show that the electric potential vortex structure inside islands induced by the magnetic islands is usually of odd parity when using the EMSA method. It is found that the odd symmetry vortex can transfer into an even one after a steep zonal flow gradient, i.e. the flow shear has been built in the vicinity of the magnetic islands by adopting the PMSA algorithm. The phase of the potential vortex in the poloidal cross section is coupled with the zonal flow shear. Such an electric potential vortex mode may be of essential importance in wide topics, such as the turbulence spreading across magnetic islands, neoclassical tearing mode physics, and also the interaction dynamics between the micro-turbulence and MHD activities.

Two-dimensional electron gases as non-Newtonian fluids

Two-dimensional electron systems offer an appealing platform to explore long-lived excitations arising due to collinear carrier scattering enabled by phase-space constraints at the Fermi surface. Recently it was found that these effects can boost excitation lifetimes over the fundamental bound set by Landau’s Fermi-liquid theory by a factor as large as (TF/T)α with α≈2. Long-lived degrees of freedom possess the capability to amplify the response to weak perturbations, producing lasting collective memory effects. This leads to non-Newtonian hydrodynamics in 2D electron fluids driven by multiple viscous modes with scale-dependent viscosity. We describe these modes as Fermi surface modulations of odd parity evolving in space and time, and discuss their implications for experimental studies of electron hydrodynamics.

Parity Check Codes for Second Order Diversity

Short block length “block” codes are typically not used in wireless standards as soft decision decoding is computationally intensive and hard decision decoding results in performance loss. However, short block lengths are of interest to massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). In this paper, we propose a diversity preserving enhanced hard-decision decoding scheme for parity check codes (PCC) over Rayleigh fading channels. The proposed flip decoding scheme has linear complexity in the block length. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the correctness of the proposed detection scheme.

An optimal channel coding scheme for high-speed data communication

This paper presents a novel channel-coding scheme called Binary to Gray Code Conversion based Error Detection and Correction (BGCC-EDAC) code to correct the maximum number of errors that occur at the receiving end during wireless transmission. The proposed method adds the parity bit using Binary to Gray Code Conversion (BGCC). The decoding algorithm proposed in this paper will not perform the regular Gray-to-Binary code conversion. Instead, a novel decoding algorithm is proposed to detect and correct most of the errors in the message bits. It will require retransmission only if any parity error occurs. The efficiency of the proposed channel code stems from its redundant bit calculation and decoding algorithm. The simulation results using Cadence 90 nm technology show that the proposed BGCC-EDAC code consumes low power, less area, and less propagation delay. Simulation analysis using MATLAB reveals that the proposed BGCC-EDAC outperforms the existing error-correcting codes in terms of BER performance. This makes the proposed BGCC-EDAC code, with a shorter code word length, highly suitable for high-speed, reliable data communications.

Socioecological correlates of parental lifestyle patterns during the prenatal period

Abstract Background There is growing evidence that family lifestyle patterns in early life are associated with the risk of child obesity. However, beyond the influence of socio-economic position, scarce are studies on the social determinants of such lifestyle patterns. The aim was therefore to investigate the socio-ecological correlates of parental lifestyle patterns in pregnancy. Methods We selected 1,110 families from the EDEN birth cohort, recruited in two maternity hospitals in France between 2003 and 2006. In a previous work, we identified two parental lifestyle patterns characterized by 1) “high parental smoking, low maternal diet quality, and low leisure physical activity 2) “low parental body mass index and high gestational weight gain”. Within the framework of both socio-ecological and hierarchical approaches, we conducted multivariable linear regression analyses, with socio-ecological factors added progressively from the most distal to the most proximal, i.e. urban environment variables (block 1); socio-economics, geographic origin, parents’ age, parity (block 2); and psychological factors or access to health care (block 3). Results Parents with a higher socio-economic position (education level, household income), first-time or older mothers and those having attended antenatal sessions had lower scores on the first pattern. Multiparous women, with an intermediate level of education, and older fathers had lower scores on the second pattern. No major associations were reported with urban environment or psychological factors. Conclusions Beyond the expected socio-economic gradient of family lifestyle patterns, we report novel insights into potential levers specific to the prenatal period, such as the opportunity of parenting preparation to engage in healthy behaviours. Analyses will be replicated in three other European cohorts, if confirmed, these findings will be valuable to increase the effectiveness of future childhood obesity prevention strategies in early life. Key messages • Higher socio-economic conditions and attendance of parenting preparation classes are associated with healthier family lifestyle in pregnancy. • The identification of potential facilitators and barriers for family lifestyle in early life will help for further translation to effective childhood obesity prevention and implementation strategies.

Exploiting data compression to improve reliability of phase-modulated holographic data storage.

Due to the interference of complex noise in holographic channels and the limitation of phase retrieve algorithms, the reliability of phase-modulated holographic data storage (PHDS) is seriously threatened, especially for multi-level phase modulation. A method for improving data reliability of PHDS is proposed by applying lossless data compression and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which can eliminate data redundancy and correct errors effectively. We allocate the space saved by compression to store more LDPC parity bits and develop a method to determine the LDPC code rate and a method to manage the free space. Our method does not require the characteristics of the reconstructed phase distribution, which simplifies the statistical analysis and calculation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that our method greatly decreases the bit error rate (BER) and decoding iterations, and boosts the decoding success probability. For instance, when the phase error rate is 0.029 and the compression rate is 0.6, our method reduces the BER by 87.8%, the decoding iterations by 84.3%, and improves the decoding success probability by 93%. Our method enhances both data reliability and storage efficiency in PHDS.

Design and Implementation of Bit-Coupled Recursive Decoding for Turbo Codes for IoT Networks

The internet of things framework has seen a rapid change in terms of the applications and users worldwide. However, the need for trustworthiness to satisfactory quality of service is of utmost importance keeping in mind the nature of data transfer in wireless media. The advent of high compute power processors with miniature sizes and low power consumption, implementing relatively complex algorithms has become possible which is necessity for internet of things applications. This research paper focusses on the design and implementation of the code blocks of turbo codes based on the BCJR algorithm so as to couple the bits in the code blocks in the composite transport block. The information and parity bits are to be coupled so as to have more information sharing within the transport block and hence reduce the error rate steeply in section of the error waterfall. The proposed technique attains lower bit error rate performance compared to the conventional un-coded and hard coded counterparts. A comparative analysis with respect to the error rate has been done so as to evaluate the quality of service of the proposed work. The lower error rate of the proposed work ensures the high quality of service and trustworthiness of the IoT system. Keywords: Internet of things, Turbo Codes, trustworthiness, error rate, bit sharing.

Dynamical Polarization of the Fermion Parity in a Nanowire Josephson Junction.

Josephson junctions in InAs nanowires proximitized with an Al shell can host gate-tunable Andreev bound states. Depending on the bound state occupation, the fermion parity of the junction can be even or odd. Coherent control of Andreev bound states has recently been achieved within each parity sector, but it is impeded by incoherent parity switches due to excess quasiparticles in the superconducting environment. Here, we show that we can polarize the fermion parity dynamically using microwave pulses by embedding the junction in a superconducting LC resonator. We demonstrate polarization up to 94%±1% (89%±1%) for the even (odd) parity as verified by single shot parity readout. Finally, we apply this scheme to probe the flux-dependent transition spectrum of the even or odd parity sector selectively, without any postprocessing or heralding.

Efficient Protection of FPGA Implemented LDPC Decoders Against Single Event Upsets (SEUs) on Configuration Memories

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are used in 5G systems for traffic channels due to their excellent error correction capability for long sequences, and the Min-Sum algorithm is widely applied in practical implementations of LDPC decoders due to its low complexity. If the decoder is implemented on a SRAM-based field-programmable gate array (SRAM-FPGA), the radiation-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) can affect the operation of the LDPC decoder by corrupting the configuration memory, which can change the circuit functionality and will not be corrected unless the FPGA is reconfigured. Therefore, protection of LDPC decoders with low overhead is an important problem, especially for resource-limited on-board space systems. In this paper, an efficient Duplicate With Comparison (DWC) protection scheme is proposed based on the different distribution of the parity check sum of the LDPC decoder in the error-free case and the faulty case. In particular, the check sum accumulation number and threshold are optimized to achieve high detection probability with short delay. FPGA based implementation and hardware fault injection experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed schemes. Experimental results show that, the effect of SEUs on the LDPC decoder can be completely eliminated by the proposed scheme with 2 times computational overhead and 1.69 times power consumption overhead compared to the unprotected decoder.

Modified Proficient Adjacent Error Correcting Codes

As the technology scales down, the soft errors manifested from faults appear in memories due to radiation effects. This paper suggests two decoding mechanisms using hamming bits, extended hamming bits and vertical parity bits applied on matrix codes. Among the proposed two ways of decoding, the method-2 induces less number of errors if the number of adjacent bits exceeds N/2 for N-bit data. Both decoding mechanisms are capable of correcting a maximum of N/2 adjacent errors in N data bits. The codes are modelled in Verilog HDL and are verified in Xilinx Vivado 2021.2 Tool for Zynq 7000 series FPGA. The results prove that the minimum bit overhead of 31.25% and maximum code rate of 76.19% can be achieved if 64-bits of data are processed at a time using proposed AEDAC codes but with a trade-off in terms of area.

Concatenated Forward Error Correction With KP4 and Single Parity Check Codes

Concatenated forward error correction is studied using an outer KP4 Reed-Solomon code with hard-decision decoding and inner single parity check (SPC) codes with Chase/Wagner soft-decision decoding. Analytical expressions are derived for the end-to-end frame and bit error rates for transmission over additive white Gaussian noise channels with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quaternary amplitude shift keying (4-ASK), as well as with symbol interleavers and quantized channel outputs. The BPSK error rates are compared to those of two other inner codes: a two-dimensional product code with SPC component codes and an extended Hamming code. Simulation results for unit-memory inter-symbol interference channels and 4-ASK are also presented. The results show that the coding schemes achieve similar error rates, but SPC codes have the lowest complexity and permit flexible rate adaptation.

Designing A Multi-Frequency Low Power Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Encoder with A Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Approach

Designing A Multi-Frequency Low Power Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Encoder with A Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Approach

A novel package of key generation and integrity validation in symmetric key cryptography

In this paper we presents a new cryptography method on symmetric key Cryptography along with that it will ensure the integrity of the data during the transmission. Here encryption and decryption operation is performed on bit stream of data. It is suitable for any type of text files. This method of encryption is simple and powerful to secure data in network against passive attack like traffic analysis to provide data confidentiality. The Cryptography package deals with generating a simple encryption key by choosing a byte of data in the plaintext. By using that secure encryption key Plain text is converted to cipher text and in the destination Cipher text is converted to plain text by performing basic XOR and other operation. To ensure integrity of data available parity bit methods are applied.

Design Rules for Binary Bisamide Gelators: toward Gels with Tailor-Made Structures and Properties.

This study intends to develop design rules for binary mixture of gelators that govern their assembly behavior and subsequently explore the impact of their supramolecular assembly patterns on the gels' rheological properties. To achieve these goals, nBA gelators with odd and even parities [n-methylene spacers between the amide groups (n = 5-10) and 17 carbons at each end] were blended at different ratios. Such bisamides with simple structures were selected to study because their different spacer lengths offer the possibility to have matching or non-matching hydrogen bonds. The results show that the assembly behavior of binary mixtures of bisamide gelators is the same in the solid and gel states. Binary mixtures of gelators, which only differ two methylene moieties in the spacer length, form compounds and co-assemble into fibers and sheets observed for (5BA)1(7BA)1 and (6BA)1(8BA)1 mixtures, respectively. Binary gelator mixtures of the same parity and a larger spacer length difference still lead to mixing for the odd parity couple (5BA)1(9BA)1), but to partial phase separation for the even parity mixture (6BA)1(10BA)1. Binary mixtures of gelators of different parities gave complete phase separation in the solid state, and self-sorted gels consisting of discrete fibers and sheets in the gels of (5BA)3(6BA)1 and (5BA)3(10BA)1. The even-even binary gels (20 wt %) consisting of co-assembled sheets show higher G' than odd-odd binary gels (20 wt %) consisting of co-assembled fibers. In general, the self-sorting of odd and even molecules into the separate primary structures results in a dramatic decrease of G' compared to the co-assembled gels (20 wt %), except for (5BA)1(9BA)1 gel (20 wt %). It might be due to larger woven spheres in (5BA)1(9BA)1 gel (20 wt %), which probably have a less entangled gel network.

Effective Hamiltonian of magnetic moments in proximity with an s-wave superconductor

In this paper, we consider two magnetic moments in proximity with an s-wave superconductor, where each magnetic moment has an internal energy level. The effective Hamiltonian of the two magnetic moments is derived in this paper by the method of path integral in the weak coupling limit. Interestingly, there are four new terms by the proximity effect, including the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interaction, the hopping term, the cross and on-site superconducting pairing potentials. Additionally, since the parity of electrons is conserved, the Hilbert space is split into two subspaces of even and odd parities, respectively. We also investigate the consequences of the effective Hamiltonian in the Coulomb blockade regime by varying the distance between the two magnetic moments. We found that a quantum phase transition happens whenever there is a level crossing for the ground states. The degeneracy of the ground states is also changed after the quantum phase transition, and the electron occupations for the magnetic moments with both singlet and triplet states are discontinuous at the level crossing, since the electronic states are always entangled with the spin states of the two magnetic moments.