System In Case Research Articles

Multilingualism and the heteroglossia of ideologies in Lower Fungom (Cameroon)

Located at the northwestern edge of the Cameroonian Grassfields, Lower Fungom is a rural, linguistically highly diverse region (pop. ca. 12,000) where individual multilingualism in three local languages plus Cameroonian Pidgin English (henceforth CPE) is the norm, with a minority also speaking Cameroonian English. This article focuses on the different types of identity that can be projected via the use of English, CPE, and the local languages. Data come from language documentation projects and include self-reports, ethnographic observations, and analysis of language use. Such a diverse dataset allows us to uncover and discuss a number of aspects of the local language ideologies. Key here is the recognition that only exoglossic languages allow the representation of different identities qua membership in stereotypical categories – such as the case of English, which calls up stereotypes connected with authority and prestige – whereas the use of local languages is associated with village affiliation and, hence, relational rather than categorical identities. This ideological layer is not regimented by any form of prestige- or domain-based compartmentalization and, therefore, can hardly be captured by classical theories such as Fishman’s (1967) extended diglossia theory, whose limits in doing research on African rural settings are highlighted. Also, inspired by Jenks and Lee (2016), this article suggests the existence of a heteroglossia of ideologies of personal identity (relational vs. categorical) most likely determined by the relatively recent entry of English in the local language ecology.

Specificity of Cognate Nouns and Adjectives Functioning

Introduction. The aim of the article is to determine whether syntactic behavior of linguistic unit depends on its part-of-speech identity or only its semantics. The importance of the research is determined by the absence of systematic description of the specificity of cognate words functioning in linguistics.Methodology and sources. The research deals with the cognate nouns and adjectives functioning. According to the classification of semantic types of predicates developed by A. G. Eliseeva, O. N. Seliverstova we define the researched predicates as the ones denoting state. These predicates are studied in terms of case grammar, i. e. they are compared in the aspect of an argument structure realization. In determining the semantic cases of predicates, we mainly rely on the set of semantic cases proposed by V. V. Bogdanov.Results and discussion. It is shown that the analyzed nouns, as a rule, expressing given or known information require a lower number of cases in its explicit forms which still can be implicit. The researched adjectives that usually denote new information are accompanied by a higher number of cases in a surface structure. These predicates also differ in the forms of their arguments.Conclusion. The revealed features of cognate nouns and adjectives functioning show the significant influence of the form of linguistic unit on syntactic behavior and indicate that formation of syntactic structures is not only determined by semantics.

Learnification and the outcomes‐focused curriculum: The case of secondary school English in Aotearoa New Zealand

AbstractThe last 30 years have witnessed a global ‘curricular turn’, with curricula increasingly moving from specifying particular content to specifying broad, skill‐based ‘learning objectives’. This paper explores the implications of this curricular turn through a critical assessment of the current state of secondary school English in Aotearoa New Zealand. This is achieved through a critical discourse analysis of key curricular and assessment documents and a series of semi‐structured interviews with English teachers. Biesta's concept of ‘learnification’, which captures how contemporary schooling can focus on learning in a way which can obscure important questions of what students are learning and why, is used as a lens through which to analyse this data. The paper argues that secondary school English in New Zealand is highly ‘learnified’, that is, both official documents and teachers are concerned above all else with ensuring ‘learning’ is happening and ‘learning objectives’ are being met, rather than with bigger questions of purpose. This problematically decreases the opportunity for what Biesta calls a ‘pedagogy of interruption’: the opportunity for curricular encounters to challenge and extend students’ horizons.

Comparing teaching practices, teacher content knowledge and pay in Punjab

This study utilises a unique school based survey of public, private and Public Partnership Programme (PPP) schools in Punjab, Pakistan to identify the correlates of: teacher behaviour in the classroom, teacher content knowledge mastery, and teacher pay. The study finds that private school teachers are associated with lower classroom observation scores than public school teachers, and both private and PPP school teachers are less likely to exhibit content knowledge mastery in Urdu than public school teachers (however, this is not the case for math and English). Public school teachers recruited after the introduction of test-based teacher recruitment are 30 percentage points more likely to demonstrate math content knowledge mastery than teachers recruited prior to test-based recruitment. The study also finds evidence of a pay gap between male and female teachers in both public and PPP schools after controlling for other characteristics. Teachers’ math content knowledge scores were found to be statistically significant correlates of teacher pay for private school teachers, but not for PPP or public school teachers. For female PPP school teachers, having higher academic qualifications is associated with higher wages however, this is not the case for male teachers in these schools.

A Contrastive View of Intonation; The Case of English and Persian

Intonation plays an important part in communicating the precise meaning. Despite similarities, there are potentially differences between languages in terms of function-intonation relationships. Adopting a contrastive analysis framework and an intuitive approach, the present study sought to find if there are such differences between Persian and English. English movies as well as the observation notes by the researcher from his years of teaching English constituted the data. Instances of one-to-one correspondences between functions and intonations were abstracted both in English utterances and their Persian equivalents. These were then collated to find the similarities and differences. A number of differences were observed in both neutral and pragmatic use of some intonation patterns. Assuming that the cases of divergence would potentially create problems for L2 learners, only these were highlighted and delineated. Suggestion is made about the necessity of including the findings in the design of L2 course materials.

ORIGINS OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSITION WITHIN THE CATEGORY OF TIME AND SPACE PREPOSITIONS: LEXICALIZATION AND GRAMMATICALIZATION

This paper is an attempt to reanalyze the established order within the category of parts of speech, in particular prepositions and adverbs, as the units from these categories are characterized by the highest level of functional transposition in the language. We argue that overlapping of the categories was caused by the inclination of the Old English grammarians to take over main grammatical rules and exceptions, class division, definitions etc. from the Latin language. At the same time, grammatical phenomena existing in Old English were ignored or fitted to the already adopted Latin definitions and rules. That led to confusions, misunderstandings and overlapping in the grammatical system of Old English. The paper addresses the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization which, according to our hypothesis, are observed within the category of prepositions in Old English and predetermined subsequent functional transposition. The analysis explains the phenomenon of functional transposition of the units which are simultaneously ascribed to several categories, e.g. prepositions, adverbs, particles etc. The class of space and time prepositions has undergone lexical and grammatical transformations which were consequently institutionalized in the language and the units became subjects to functional-semantic and functional-grammatical transposition the results of which are observed in present-day English. The former process resulted in transposition of the meaning, sometimes metaphorical, and further functioning of these units as adverbs, particles etc.; whereas the latter led to purely grammatical usage of the units, for instance substitution of the category of cases in English, uprise of new grammatical prefixes, loss of rigidness in word order.

Epistentiality, manner and dialogic contraction: The case of English clearly and Spanish claramente

This paper presents an analysis of the English adverb clearly and its Spanish equivalent claramente, both of which have a meaning of manner that pertains to the internal structure of the state of affairs, and an epistential (epistemic and evidential) meaning that expresses a propositional attitude of high commitment to the information transmitted, based on evidence. The adverbs have been submitted to a quantitative analysis of occurrences extracted from two corpora of contemporary language, which uncovers a strong relationship between the two meanings in present-day language, evidenced by a number of facts: 1) cases of merger where the two meanings co-occur; 2) expression of dialogic contraction in all the epistential occurrences and part of the manner occurrences; 3) marginal gradability and negatability of the epistential meaning; 4) relative positional freedom of the adverbs with the two meanings, and 5) occurrences of manner in combination with verbs of perception, cognition or communication, in contexts favouring expression of dialogic contraction directly or as a conversational implicature. Two subsidiary issues are also addressed, namely the similarities and differences between clearly and claramente and between their use in spoken and newspaper discourse.

ESP textbook design and evaluation: the case of English for students of applied physics textbook

ESP textbook design and evaluation: the case of English for students of applied physics textbook

Automatic Detection and Classification of Information Events in Media Texts

The solution to the problem of automatically identifying and classifying information events in media texts is described based on the model of phraseological conceptual analysis of texts. The proposed solution is based on the use of previously developed methods for formalizing the semantic structure of sentences, as well as methods and algorithms for identifying fragments of media texts that describe information events. The developed algorithm implements the rules of C. Fillmore’s case grammar, which are based on the procedures of semantic–syntactic and conceptual analysis of texts.

Theoretical and practical relationship in the translation process: The case of 1st grade English Translating & Interpreting students at Bartin University, Translation Studies Department

Bu çalışma, Bartın Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Bölümü İngilizce Mütercim Tercümanlık I. Sınıf öğrencilerinin 2019-2020 Güz döneminde zorunlu olarak aldıkları 14 haftalık IMT 103 Çeviri ve Çeviribilime Giriş dersi müfredatında yer alan kuramsal yaklaşımları, çeviri yöntem ve stratejilerini çeviri sürecine ne oranda yansıttığını incelemektedir. Bu maksatla dersin ilk haftasında öğrencilere ders içeriğine dair bir izlence verilmiş olup, ilk 7 hafta boyunca çeviribilim ve çeviride önemli kavramlar, terimler, kuramsal yaklaşımlar, çeviri yöntem ve stratejileri üzerinde durularak bazı örnekler sunulmuştur. Sonraki 7 hafta ise birtakım metin türleri tanıtılarak bu metinlerin ders esnasında interaktif olarak çevirileri yaptırılmış ve bir önceki haftalarda öğrenilen bilgilerin çeviri sürecine yansıtılıp yansıtılmadığı sorgulanmıştır. Unutulmamalıdır ki salt kuram bilgisi ezberden öteye geçemediği durumda bir yararı ve işlevi olmayıp uygulamayla desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Benzer şekilde kuram bilgisi olmadan uygulama yapmak da imkansızdır. Bu doğrultuda IMT 103 Çeviri ve Çeviribilime Giriş dersinde öğretilen her türlü kuramsal yaklaşım, çeviri yöntemi, strateji ve çeviri dünyasına ait terimlerin çeviri sürecine ne oranda yansıdığını görmek ve böylelikle sürecin kolay atlatılıp atlatılmadığını ortaya çıkarmak açısından dersin sonunda sınıftan 3 öğrenci seçilmiş ve öğrencilerden yaklaşık 1000 kelimelik Koronavirüs hakkında kısa bir tıp metnini herhangi bir makine çevirisi aracı kullanmaksızın çevirmeleri istenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda 1.sınıftan itibaren kuram ve uygulama arasında bütünlük oluşturmak gerektiği, bu bilincin en başında kazandırılması durumunda çeviri sürecinin daha kaliteli ve başarılı olacağı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Zaten çeviri öğrencilerinin zihinlerinde önceden var olan kuramsal alt yapı sayesinde çeviri sürecine daha sorgulayıcı yaklaşarak ve çevirinin birçok boyutunu birden düşünerek daha başarılı bir çeviri süreci deneyimleyeceği beklenen bir durumdur. Ancak alt yapı birinci sınıftan itibaren kazandırılırsa sonraki yıllarda çeviriye olan sorgulayıcı yaklaşım artacak ve çeviri edinci daha çok gelişecektir. Bu nedenle söz konusu araştırma, 3 öğrencinin yaptığı çevirilerden de görüleceği gibi daha birinci sınıftan itibaren bunun aşılanması gerektiğini gözler önüne sermeyi hedeflemiştir.

Word-final Coronal Stop Variation across Words : Cases of American and British English

It is well-documented that coronal stops in English are most likely to undergo lenition when appearing in a prosodically weak position. Based on the data in the two corpora, this paper analyzes the patterns of coronal stop realizations across words in American English (AE) and British English (or Received Pronunciation (RP)). Results showed that coronal stops over a word boundary were subject to flapping, glottaling, nasal plosion and deletion. Coronal stops in AE, specifically those in superlative and derivational suffixes, were commonly deleted. Most coronal stops in RP, however, stayed unchanged across words. In addition, coronal stops in AE tended heavily to undergo flapping between vowels, but those in RP did not. The underlying voicing contrast also played a significant role in the variation where voiceless coronal stops often underwent glottaling whereas voiced counterparts did not in both AE and RP. Also, word frequency had an influence on such alternations in the sense that low-frequency words resisted weakening in both dialects.

An ESP textbook evaluation: the case of English for Islamic Insight

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>. The crucial presence of instructional materials at English classes, especially English for Specific Purposes, has commonly been approved. ESP materials provide exposure to the genres needed by the students, including those at Islamic Education Department. It is, therefore, inevitable that the textbook meets some criteria for the success of the program. In this paper, the writers evaluated an ESP textbook institutionally prepared for students of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty at IAIN Tulungagung. The analysis in this qualitative descriptive research was based on Cunningsworth’s and Miekley’s checklists for textbook evaluation. The book was evaluated on the category of aims and approaches, design and organization, content, skills, topic, methodology, vocabulary and grammar, exercises and activities, attractiveness of the text and physical make up, context, and practical considerations. The results showed that almost all categories are marked as adequate. It is indicated that the textbook mainly focused on vocabulary enrichment. Some recommendations for textbook improvement and revision are given at the final part of this study, particularly those related to the challenge on the advanced of technology.</p><strong>Keywords</strong>. <em>ESP; Textbook Evaluation; English for Islamic Insight</em>

Tonal marking of absolutive case in Samoan

Samoan is an ergative-marking, (reportedly) non-tonal Polynesian language in which ergative case is marked segmentally, but absolutive case has been said to be unmarked. This paper shows that in fact, a high edge tone co-occurs with absolutive arguments, based on converging evidence from the phonetic and phonological analysis of intonational patterns in the spoken utterances of a systematically varied set of syntactic structures. This empirical observation raises puzzles that probe the nature of the syntax-prosody interface and the relation between tone and intonation: what is the relation between this absolutive high edge tone and: (i) other case markers in Samoan, which are all segmental?, and (ii) other high edge tones in Samoan that co-occur with fronted expressions and coordination? I propose that: (i) the absolutive high edge tone is a tonal case marker that may be related to an apparently moribund stressed, segmental absolutive particle [ˈia], (ii) the high tones that co-occur with absolutives, fronting, and coordination are all syntactically determined and each inserted in the spellout of distinct syntactic configurations, and (iii) there is another class of edge tones which reliably co-occur with pauses—intonational phrase boundary tones—that are not inserted in spellout but by the phonological grammar. While my proposal may seem surprising at first, I show that it fits the current data better than any alternative.

Проблема описания и развития дескриптивных умений студентов (на примере юридического английского языка)

Проблема описания и развития дескриптивных умений студентов (на примере юридического английского языка)

Correlation of Multidector 64 Ct Pulmonary Angiography and Well’s Clinical Score in Pulmonary Embolism

Objective: To correlate the findings of 64 MDCT Pulmonary angiography & Well’s clinical scoring systemin cases of pulmonary embolismPatients and Method: The study was done between April 2010 to may 2012, 50 patients with suspectedclinical pulmonary embolism underwent 64- Multislice CT pulmonary angiography. CT angiography wasused in examination and evaluation for patients suspected of having PE with Correlation with clinical Well’sscoring system.Results: Images from “41 of 50” thoracic CT pulmonary angiography examination revealed clots withinpulmonary arteries, which equals a prevalence of PE of 82%, overall (10 of 41 at pulmonary trunk, 8 of 41at segmental pulmonary arteries and 18 of 41 at subsegmental pulmonary arteries, of 24%, 19.5% and 43.9%respectively, 5 of 41 at multiple central/segmental and segmental/subsegmental arteries of 12%)Patients with low Well’s score probability confirmed to have very low incidence of pulmonary embolism,while patients with both medium & high Well’s score probability having high incidence of pulmonaryembolism in CT Pulmonary angiography in our studyConclusion: Correlation of Both 64-MDCT Pulmonary Angiography & Clinical Scoring Well’s systemsshowing high relation in-between, considering that group having low clinical probability to have PE,

Radiotelephony discourse analysis: the case of aviation English

Radiotelephony discourse analysis: the case of aviation English

Designing Functional ESP (English for Specific Purposes) Courses

This article is a study of the methods and materials used in designing ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses and its aim is to identify their functionality when applied to the specific case of English for manufacturing. The main purpose of the article is to offer a support to the English teacher in his/her endeavor to design an English course in this particular field of engineering. The English teacher has to produce teaching-learning experiences which start from the learners’ needs and which have to render future professionals in the field of manufacturing that are highly equipped with the functional language skills required by the job market.

Nominative and Accusative Cases in English and Urdu: A Comparative Study

Languages show variations in terms of their syntactic patterns. Their comparison reveals the effective strategies to explore and illustrate the difficulties that language learners may come across in the course of acquiring any new language. This study aims at the exploration of nominative and accusative properties in English and Urdu with the help of Chomsky’s Case theory as first introduced within the boundaries of the Government and Binding theory in 1981. It effectively presents the properties of any nouns in order to be declared as either nominative or accusative cases in any languages. Along with the case theory, the researcher has used qualitative and further the descriptive and content analysis approach as applied to the few English sentences taken from the New Headway Workbook by Liz and John Soars, meant for language learners at Elementary level. The study presents the thorough analysis of few English sentences and their Urdu translations to highlight similarities and differences as present in English and Urdu nominatives and accusatives in relation to other parts of speech as these properties haven’t been explored by the previous researches instead the focus has been on ergativity in Urdu.

Motivation and strategies in ESP learning and assessment: A case of military English in South Korea

Motivation and strategies in ESP learning and assessment: A case of military English in South Korea

Color Component in Ethnophobic Terms Denoting East Asians and People of Muslim Confession (the case of non-standard American English)

Color Component in Ethnophobic Terms Denoting East Asians and People of Muslim Confession (the case of non-standard American English)