Business Texts Research Articles

Ways of Predicate Expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky Government of 1611

The article analyzes the ways of predicate expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611. The main source for the study of the specified main part of a sentence was the above-mentioned manuscript of the official business style of the beginning of the 17th century. It is the style of the act book that determined the functioning of the predicate mostly in the past tense forms, given the record of court cases about already committed crimes. The method of sampling the analyzed material and the technique of linguistic statistics gave reasons to state that the most used simple verb predicate (950 word forms) in the manuscript is expressed by a verb in the form of the past perfect tense, mostly masculine, since both the scribes and the complainants were mostly masculine gender, although at the same time predicates in the forms of the feminine gender, the plural, and sporadically the present and future tenses are also occasionally recorded. In addition, the functioning of simple verb predicates with the preservation of ancient verb forms of the past tense perfect and rarely the plusquamperfect were noted. The compound verb predicate (66 usages) in the studied official business texts traditionally consists of an auxiliary verb in all tenses and most often the word must and an infinitive with the suffix -ty. The frequency of functioning is also demonstrated by the compound nominal predicate, used 47 times in the manuscript, with the predominance of the verb-adjective as the main component of this main member of the sentence, mostly in combination with the linking verb to be in various tense forms. The fact that the manuscript belongs to the official-business style determined the frequency of the use of predicates expressed by the verb form in -no, -to (149 usages). The analyzed system of expressing the predicate in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611 confirms the general tendency of the functioning of this main part of a sentence in the specified period of the Old Ukrainian language in manuscripts of the official-business style and demonstrates its persistence to the modern period.

TRANSLATION OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY OF THE UN

This research article is devoted to substantiation of the current methods of translation of the official business terminology used by the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) into Ukrainian and Russian, as well as identification and systematization of regularities of its lexical, semantic, stylistic and linguistic cultural manifestations in English-language official business texts. The variety of the special terminology and basic methods of translation are the main area of research by translators. Therefore, it is important to focus on those methods of translation of the official business terminology that interpret various aspects of special lexical tokens in official business documents (hereinafter referred to as the OBD) to the fullest extent possible. Expansion of discursive practices (such as international organization, politics, information, cooperation, education, language, economic and environmental safety, protection of human rights, military security, environmental protection) broadens the official and business terminology of the United Nations beyond the general structured characteristics, accentuates its linguistic nature and fosters the development of a discourse of the official business terminology of international organizations in general. This research article offers a comprehensive methodology for the analysis of an official business text, as well as the relevant types of translation methods focused on the study of the legal potential of official business terms having a regulatory impact on the OBD.

A cognitive approach to metaphor translation in business texts

Abstract A metaphor is normally deployed for specific rhetorical and aesthetic functions. However, in the commercial context, metaphor usage displays specific communicative functions as exhibited in the English business texts we sampled for this study. We examine the translation of business metaphor from English into Arabic with a special focus on the game/sports source domain. The authors collected a sample of metaphors from business articles which appear on the BBC, CNN, and Project Syndicate online websites. We use the collected business metaphors to determine the contextual functions as well as the significance and roles each metaphor plays in its context. We adopt the cognitive approach to metaphor analysis in order to identify the level of conceptual systems in the source and target metaphorical references. We have found out that the generic metaphorical instances are translated using the formal translation method while the more business context specific metaphors are simplified, paraphrased, or explicated.

The functioning of the pronoun ть (тоть) in Russian business writing of the XIV-XV centuries.

The article examines the functions performed by the demonstrative pronoun ть (тоть) in business texts of the XIV-XV centuries, written on the territory of the Moscow Principality, Novgorod and Pskov lands. Examples of usages were analyzed and combined on the basis of what function demonstrative pronouns have in each case (anaphoric, articular, determinative function (word-substitute subordinate clause), cataphoric). In the case of an anaphora, an analysis of the antecedent was performed — an expression naming the object, person or situation to which the pronoun refers. Particular attention is paid to the syntactic role of pronouns — substantives, attributives and substantive attributives — and how it affects their use. As a result of the study, three main functions that the pronoun in question performs were identified: anaphoric, articular and determinative function. The specifics of how the syntactic role of pronouns affects its use in an anaphoric function have been clarified: for example, substantives usually refer to objects and situations, but are practically not used to refer to people. Substantive attributes, on the contrary, most often serve to refer to the previously mentioned people and in just one case refer to objects. The first reliable examples of pronouns in the articular function, in our opinion, can be attributed to the XV century. Part of the article is devoted to what features pronouns have in the articular function and how it can be distinguished from anaphora. In the entire corpus of texts considered, only three examples of the cataphoric function of the pronoun were found, and the pronoun тоть in the deictic function was not recorded at all.

Neological metaphor as a visual means of modern business communication

n the context of such realities of social progress as the globalisation of the economy, the digitalisation of business and social activity, the emergence of new concepts are the inevitable facts. In addition to their nominative function, new language units have an expressive potential that implements the strategy of attracting attention. Modern English business discourse is a reflection of current events taking place in the world economy; in this regard, the problem of studying the expressive component of business texts is acute, since it is the means of expression that enrich the communication process with new images forming a reliable guarantee of its effectiveness. In our study, we turned to the analysis of linguistic means that at the same time have two potentials of expressiveness – namely, metaphors that have appeared relatively recently (in the period 2015-2022) in the framework of English business discourse and those with absolute structural, formal novelty, i.e. neologism metaphors. Interest in metaphors from the point of view of neology is due to the fact that, due to their characteristics, they give business texts imagery, originality and are of significant impact (pragmatic) influence. It is necessary to note the temporary nature of this influence – over time, neologisms (including neologism metaphors) can enter into constant use, which in turn entails the loss of the novelty factor and its properties, and thus necessitates the timely study of neological processes in the language.

ПАРАМЕТРИ МОДАЛЬНОСТІ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ОФІЦІЙНО-ДІЛОВИХ ТЕКСТІВ

<p><strong><em>The purpose </em></strong><em>of the study is to clarify the concept of modality in the theory of social communications and information activities, characterize the modality parameters of official business texts and update the understanding of this category in business public space as a tool for conveying information.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> Methods of analysis and synthesis, </em><em>data systematization and their interpretation were used to study the modality of official business texts. A review of the literature on the study of modality is made, the question of multidisciplinarity of the analyzed phenomenon is raised, as well as approaches to the study of modality in the field of social communications are characterized. The content of official business texts of public space was involved in the analysis.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, the approaches to understanding the category of modality in public official business texts are updated, its types and forms of expression are characterized. Objective and subjective modalities, formal manifestations of its implementation are described. In the public sphere, through official business texts, the objective modality of the real world is expressed, except for documents that include hypothetical/ probable/ future considerations, such as a work plan or development strategy. These documents describe the pseudo-real world, on the one hand, and on the other – capture specific thoughts at a particular time of reality, ie refer to texts that denote the reality with signatures, dates, seals. Modal meanings are used in the texts of official business documents to emphasize the imperative nature of the message, to capture the truth as accurately as possible, to motivate the recipient to take action, or vice versa – to deter violations through instructions, rules, regulations.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance.</em></strong><em> The results of the research can be used in the study of courses in «Journalism» and «Information Business» on questions of surveying the properties of public information, understanding its potential and methods of implementation, as well as </em><em>by practitioners of the information sphere to understand the tools of reproduction and assessment of reality in modern public space.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words:</em></strong><em> modality, official business text, subjective modality, objective modality.</em></p>

A cognitive analysis of war metaphors in English business texts and their Arabic translations

ABSTRACT The main role of metaphor in economic discourse is essential in facilitating our understanding of some business situations or concepts. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of English business war metaphors in their immediate context of use and their Arabic equivalents as they naturally occur in authentic business texts. The data of the study are drawn from business articles on BBC, CNN, Financial Times and Project Syndicate websites. The study departs from the traditional view of metaphor as a linguistic expression that has only an aesthetic value in the text and it examines how metaphors shape our perception of the business world as they express business ideas. The study reveals that Arabic and English business metaphorical expressions share both similar and different cognition modes and hence four strategies of translating English war metaphors into Arabic are discussed: SL war metaphor is rendered into its comparable metaphor in Arabic using literal translation; SL war source domain is shifted into another TL source domain; an English metaphor is toned down into an Arabic non-metaphor and finally an English non-metaphor is shifted into an Arabic metaphor.

К вопросу о формировании французского письменно-литературного языка

The paper investigates the language of Old French business writing of the 13th centu-ry. Old French charters are analyzed from the standpoint of functional stylistics as well as the theory of genesis of a written literary language so as to specify their linguistic peculiarities and their contribution to the standardization and unification which took place in the French lan-guage during its prenational period. Research into the language and composition of the 13th century charters has revealed that written business French of the prenational period is characterized by a formulaic style and has its own established traditions both in the composition and language. It has also been stat-ed that verb tense forms in the charters are highly standardized and to some extent contrast with the variability of their meaning and usage in Old French texts of all other genres. Fur-ther, it has been established that the charters syntactic patterns are much more diverse than those that can be found in any other writing of the period. The charters’ lexical study has shown that their vocabulary is quite extensive. This refutes the wide-spread opinion in Ro-mance philology that business texts use a restricted vocabulary. Text analysis in its turn has shown that distinctive features of business style are already present in the business texts of the Old French period. Thus, the results of the study revealed the influence of the Old French business language on standardization of written French as early as in its pre-national period.

Methods of Translation of Official-Business Terminology of the World Trade Organisation

The scientific article is devoted to substantiation of actual methods of translation of official-business terminology of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as WTO) and identification and systematization of regularities of its lexical-semantic, stylistic and linguistic-cultural manifestations in English-language official-business texts. The variety of special terminology and the main methods of its translation are a main area of study among translators. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to those translation methods that most fully interpret the various features of special lexemes in official business documents (hereinafter referred to as OBD). The specifics of the representation of methods of translation of official business terminology of the WTO are characterized by their peculiarities, which allows the separation of numerous terms from the official business text and stimulates scientific interest in their study and search for appropriate language means – for their nomination. In the official business texts of the WTO, the translation of terminology is realized through current translation transformations, which fit into the official business style, and the preference is given to the most common types of transformations. The scientific article proposes a comprehensive method of analysis of the official business text, as well as the appropriate translation methodology, which explicates the idea of economic terminology by means of official business language. The results of the applied study show that the opposition of English and Ukrainian special terms in the official business text of the WTO is explained by differences in semantic and syntactic structure of the sentence and the order of components of expression: on the one hand, these are grammatical and semantic differences, and on the other hand, typological differences between English and Ukrainian languages.

Communicative interaction of addressant and addressee in the german business correspondence

This article analyzes the speech behavior of participants in business communication in German business correspondence, determines the linguistic component of interaction in the mode of polite business communication, considers communicative tactics for implementing the addressee’s intentions, establishes extralinguistic factors that influence the choice of certain communication tactics. Taking into account the specifics of business communication, the customer and the contractor are considered as participants in business communication, who, depending on the situation, can change their roles. As a result of the study of documentary materials on the basis of two types of business communication texts − commercial proposals and reclamations − specific markers of the influence of communicants for the implementation of their communicative intentions were identified. The conducted linguopragmatic analysis made it possible to identify the conditions for maintaining the mode of politeness in the process of communication between the parties to ensure successful communication, as well as to establish potential transformations of the mode of politeness into a mode of conflicting speech behavior, leading to a violation of the positive image of the interlocutor. As a result of the study, it was found that the contractor bears more communication expenditures than the customer, in accordance with the specifics of the relationship, due to the different social roles of the participants in business communication.

OLD BELARUSIAN BUSINESS WRITING VOCABULARY FROM THE MIDDLE 16th TO 18th CENTURIES: WAYS OF REPLENISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

The article summarizes the results of the lexical studies of the Belarusian business monuments from the middle 16th to 18th centuries. The studies found the following results: 1) lexical units noted in business monuments of different genres can be divided into eight large thematic groups (legal, social and political, clerical, economic, household, professional and industrial, natural science vocabularies, and vocabulary that characterizes a person physically, mentally, and intellectually); religious, military, medical vocabularies, and lexical units from other spheres are represented to a lesser extent; polyfunctional vocabulary is highlighted separately; 2) taking into account the materials of the “Histaryčny sloŭnik bielaruskaj movy” (“Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language”), some innovations are determined, namely a) lexical units that were fixed in business writing during the specified period for the first time, b) previously known lexical units that implemented new meaning / new meanings in business writing during the specified period; 3) the dominance of certain thematic groups or their subgroups in each specific monument depends on its genre; 4) by style, one can distinguish lexemes, which were fixed in monuments of a) business content, b) business and secular-artistic content, c) business and religious content, d) business, religious and secular-artistic content during the period from the middle 16th to 18th centuries; 5) the extremely wide representation of Latinisms, the penetration and consolidation of which was influenced by extra- and intralinguistic factors, is a characteristic feature of the business writing vocabulary of the specified period. The results of the research will be important for the preparation and creation of scientific and theoretical works devoted to the evolution of the lexical system of the Belarusian language in general and its stylistic and genre varieties, in particular, to the characteristics of the vocabulary features of different Old Belarusian monuments; when compiling special lexicographic reference books, for example, a consolidated dictionary of business texts of a specific chronological section / local fixation / specific genre, etc.

An Analysis of Previewing Reading Strategy in Business Texts: A Think Aloud Protocol Study

Students who study business and economics might read business texts related to their major. Some students get problem in finding main ideas or detail information. Finding main idea is not an easy job for EFL students since they need to understand the context and learn a lot of business vocabularies. To make it easier, there is one technique in reading which is called previewing. The business texts are previewed by students by reading the tittle, discussing the topic, and answering questions. This paper seeks to identify the effects of having previewing strategies used by EFL students and strategies most used by students in finding main idea and supported detail information. The qualitative research aimed at analyzing of how previewing can help students to find main ideas and detail information. This research also tried to decide whether students answered the questions correctly after using previewing strategy. Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) and interview collecting data techniques are carried to identify students’ strategies. TAP is data collecting technique that involves verbal thought. This methodology is used to determine what goes on students’ head while they are reading, finding main ideas and answering detail questions from business text. The research participants consist of thirteen students of the seventh semester in the Accounting major at ABFI Perbanas Institute Jakarta, Indonesia. The result shows that the participants used four parts of strategies in reading business text: (1) strategies of finding main idea, (2) strategies of finding detail information (strategies to find the word refers to, strategies of synonym, strategies to find definition), (3) previewing strategies, and (4) accuracy and inaccuracy to answer questions from reading business texts. The strategy that is often used by students in finding main idea is taking from the first sentence in paragraph. The strategies that are frequently used by students in finding detail information are referring to subject in previous sentence, choosing the right word from the option provided, finding the answer from dictionary and mentioning the place and time directly.

The noun visilka: a semantic portrait and a sys­tem of multiple meanings (based on police search documentation of the second half of the 19th century)

his article is devoted to one of the important aspects of studying the Russian business language of the second half of the 19th century — the formation of the lexical meaning of the noun visilka (exile, expulsion), typical of the police procedure documentation of the time. The author discovered business texts of this type in the funds of the State Archive of the Tyumen region, the State Archive of the Omsk region, and the State Archive of the Irkutsk region. All texts date back to the late 19th century. The study of the lexeme visilka was conducted in ac­cordance with the lexicographic portraiture methodology (proposed by Apresyan and Mayorov) and the principles of linguistic study of source texts. A comprehensive analysis of the lexical distribution of the noun visilka determined the necessity of abstract or concrete-abstract vector locatives, which expanded the lexical meaning of this lexeme in the business texts of the second half of the 19th century. The authors identified the main semantic features of the noun visilka (the dominance of the archiseme — 'process', the existence of the differen­tial semes 'result', 'actions of people involved in a police search'). Further research is aimed at examining business writings from Western and Eastern Siberia, which belong to a different genre and a different time period. Further research will be based on the texts from the Nation­al Corpus of the Russian language, the Uppsala and Tyubinsk corpuses, the database of the Russian press Integrum and Open Corpus.

LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES OF COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS IN BUSINESS DISCOURSE

Business discourse is unidentifiable apart from its own specific metatext that is to be treated as a text which incorporates a paradigm of previously produced texts for similar (or identical) pragmatic purposes under similar (or identical) social conditions in order to perform intended mutually intelligible communicative functions. The purpose is to establish a relation between the communicative types of business texts and dominant linguistic strategies that are applied in order to realise the communicative functions of informing, persuasion, and reporting in institutional business communication.

«FUNDAMENTALS OF ACADEMIC WRITING» IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

The article deals with the implementation of the discipline “Fundamentals of Academic Writing” in higher education institutions. The author represents her own experience of working on the course with students of different specialities, offers the main stages of training and approximate tasks. The discipline “Fundamentals of Academic Writing” is to form students’ academic culture, academic literacy, practical skills of oral and written language, necessary for successful learning and obtaining a future profession, and to develop critical thinking. Students learn to write professional and business texts of various types and give a critical assessment of information. They use a creative approach, library catalogues and websites. Both individual and teamwork in creating their micro-projects as a form of final control are encouraged. The interdisciplinary direction of the course is due to its content and structural elements: academic and scientific speech issues are closely intertwined with professional ones, forming the ability to express themselves competently within the speciality mastered by students, to create their professional texts. Integrated activities used in practice allow to develop various skills and abilities of future specialists: a study of educational and special terms, discussion of principles of academic integrity and related concepts (academic culture, academic ethics, academic writing, etc.), work with texts of different types, development of speech culture, writing resumes, cover letters, annotations, abstracts, essays and other documents essential for the further implementation of academic mobility of students and their successful participation in grant activities. The final work is in the form of presentation of the Code of Honor of the academic group developed by students. It is good feedback for the teacher about gained knowledge and skills. The interdisciplinary approach allows training modern specialists with good communicative competencies.

PUNCTUATION MARKS IN THE REGIONAL BUSINESS TEXT OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY: ON THE PROBLEM OF THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION SYSTEM

The article presents some results of the study of one of the stages of the formation of the Russian punctuation system. The research material is a corpus of handwritten documents of 1762 1796 from the State Archive of the Tyumen region. The research corpus includes business texts which were published by the author in the Tyumen University Publishing House, as well as documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The study used grammatical-diplomatic, comparative-historical methods and content analysis, using the method of quantitative calculations, presentation of materials and data obtained in the form of tables and diagrams. Trends in the use of punctuation marks depending on the genre of the document are revealed. It is found that punctuation is mostly associated with the design of the boundaries of the initial protocol, as well as with the change of the modality of the text (from narrative to imperative), presented as a prop “Text” in the structure of an abstract form. It has been established that the reason for the use of punctuation marks in the props “Text” may be the need to designate the boundaries of new information that is included in the document in connection with each new subject of speech. At the same time, the genre (type) is indicated and the content of the primary document is retold, from which new information is extracted. The pragmatic part in the form of the document reflects each new stage in the activities of the office, which is due to the need to resolve the current legal extralinguistic situation. The variants of punctuation design of subordinate explanatory sentences that contain the pronoun what are studied. Such grammatical constructions introduce the indirect speech of another addressee into the text, and therefore they are often included in the structure of written business communication. A formal grammatical analysis of complex syntactic constructions in two regional documents of 1773 and 1787 was carried out. The principle of selecting texts for research is the presence in the text of punctuation marks in large numbers or their complete absence. This feature of the text may be a consequence of different punctuation literacy of the writer. The text corpus has a significant volume. The volume of the corpus allows the author of the article to consider that the results obtained on the regional material are objective, and to project conclusions on the history of Russian punctuation as a whole.

Peculiarities of translating official business texts from English into Russian

Peculiarities of translating official business texts from English into Russian

Certain aspects of translation of special texts as a semantic whole (on the example of translation of the Russian-language political text)

This article on the example of specific language material analyzes the difficulties causes by the need to translate the text as a semantic whole, as well as outline the methods to avoid them. The texts is viewed from two perspectives – as a coherent fragment of speech, and as a speech of particular style. The author carries out comparative analysis of the forms of expression inherent to the texts of scientific and formal business styles in the Russian and English languages; highlights the elements relevant for translation; and classifies them based on nature of their correlation. The article also considers the problems of achieving coherence in translation of the text. The conclusion is made on the need for additional translation transformations substantiated not so much by discrepancies in the structure of two languages, but as by belonging of the original text to a particular speech style. The author lays emphasis on coherence and stylistic uniqueness as the elements relevant for translation of the text as a semantic whole. Such transformations as translation conversion, inter-level transformations, and omission are proposed for translating deverbal nouns in scientific and formal business texts. In the aspect of achieving coherence in translation, the author determines such problems as sentence-level topic model and preservation of co-reference. The article can be valuable for translators and in teaching translation techniques.

English-Arabic Translator Education Through Systemic Functional Linguistics: Analysis of Cohesive Devices in Investopedia Business Texts

In translation courses, students are asked to practice translation skills by translating a source text (ST) in a specific field. While teachers usually select texts based on topic and language accuracy, some such texts do not provide rich textual features that help students practice and improve their translation skills. This study aimed to analyze the cohesive features in business texts collected from “Investopedia” to investigate their suitability for use as STs to practice translation skills in the field of finance and administration. It was framed by Halliday’s (1978) systemic functional linguistics (SFL) approach to language and Halliday and Hassan’s (1976) cohesion analysis scheme. The findings demonstrated that the most prominent type used was lexical cohesion, followed by reference and conjunctions. Ellipses and substitution were rarely used. The findings indicated that the intensive use of lexical cohesion and the various subcategories used in these texts can help enrich the background knowledge of financial terminology and provide a communicative understanding of the ST while practicing various elements of textual features. The study provided a demonstration of the significance of SFL in providing coherent and cohesive STs that facilitate the needs of translation instructors and students in the field of finance and administration. Other SFL tools can be employed to provide a better understanding of these texts.

Об убранстве кибитки по материалам калмыцких деловых документов XVIII в.

Introduction. The monuments of Kalmyk business writing are valuable sources for studying the material culture of the Kalmyks. However, they remain out of the focus of ethnographers and the documented information is stored in the archives. In this regard, the research work on identifying and introducing valuable ethnographic material into scientific circulation is quite relevant. The goal of this article is to present the information from the Kalmyk business texts of the XVIII century. The article deals with the materials about the traditional decoration of the Kalmyk nomadic kibitka. The article describes such household items as wall and bed curtains, bed sheets, blanket, pillows, felt quilted carpets, chests. The official documents from the I-36 Fund of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia namely the official letters and property registers are used as the materials for this article. Conclusions. Thus, the article for the first time introduces into scientific circulation the ethnographic material about the decoration of kibitka from the monuments of the Kalmyk business writing of the XVIII century. The material is valuable because it is obtained from sources in the Kalmyk language written by the representatives of nomadic culture themselves.