Body Content Research Articles

Effect of Endosulfan on Protein Content of Freshwater Bivalve Corbicula Striatella

The protein content of freshwater bivalve, Corbicula striatella was studied after exposure to endosulfan. Overall depletion in proteins content in mantle, foot, gill, digestive gland and whole body was observed. The study was carried for median lethal (0.314) and sublethal (0.068).ISO 14001 standards of EMS.

Single-cell transcriptional analysis of human endothelial colony-forming cells from patients with low VWF levels

Abstractvon Willebrand factor (VWF) plays a key role in normal hemostasis, and deficiencies of VWF lead to clinically significant bleeding. We sought to identify novel modifiers of VWF levels in endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). ECFCs were isolated from patients with low VWF levels (plasma VWF antigen levels between 30 and 50 IU/dL) and from healthy controls. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used as an additional control cell line. Cells were characterized for their Weibel Palade body (WPB) content and VWF release. scRNA-seq of all cell lines was performed to evaluate for gene expression heterogeneity and for candidate modifiers of VWF regulation. Candidate modifiers identified by scRNA-seq were further characterized with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments to evaluate for effects on VWF. We observed that ECFCs derived from patients with low VWF demonstrated alterations in baseline WPB metrics and exhibit impaired VWF release. scRNA-seq analyses of these endothelial cells revealed overall decreased VWF transcription, mosaicism of VWF expression, and genes that are differentially expressed in low VWF ECFCs and control endothelial cells (control ECs). An siRNA screen of potential VWF modifiers provided further evidence of regulatory candidates, and 1 such candidate, FLI1, alters the transcriptional activity of VWF. In conclusion, ECFCs from individuals with low VWF demonstrate alterations in their baseline VWF packaging and release compared with control ECs. scRNA-seq revealed alterations in VWF transcription, and siRNA screening identified multiple candidate regulators of VWF.

Effects of nano-TiO2 on the bioavailability and toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in developing zebrafish

Nanoparticles like nano-TiO2 are suspected to influence the bioavailability and toxicity of co-existing organic or inorganic pollutants differently in aquatic environment. Recently, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) with potential lipid-metabolism disruptive effects, has been detected prevalently in multiple environments including where nano-TiO2 was also observed. However, their interaction in aqueous phase and modification of nano-TiO2 on biological processes and toxicity of TBPH at environmental relevant levels remain unknown. Accordingly, we exposed zebrafish embryos to TBPH (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) alone or with nano-TiO2 (100 μg/L) until 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) with emphasis on their physicochemical interactions in solutions and variations of bioavailability and toxicity regarding lipid metabolism in vivo. Zeta potential, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and TEM-EDS revealed adsorption and agglomeration between TBPH and nano-TiO2in vitro. Decreased body contents of nano-TiO2 and TBPH implied a reduction of TBPH in bioavailability. The enhanced lipid metabolism and reduced fat storage by TBPH alone were all alleviated by co-exposure to nano-TiO2. The overall results indicate that nano-TiO2 adsorbed TBPH to form size-enlarged agglomerates and led to decreased bioavailability and consequently mitigated lipid metabolism disorders in developing zebrafish embryo/larvae.

English

Edible termites have played an important role in the history of human nutrition due to their nutritional value. Despite their nutritional body content, it is known that during their termitarium construction, termites accumulate metals in their bodies. This study examined the heavy metal content in selected edible termites for food safety. The household survey was carried out in 8 camps of Magoye and Stateland farming blocks in Mazabuka district. The study was done to determine human activities in the farmlands. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data via one-on-one interview. A total of 362 respondents participated and their farmland activities included; mixed farming, agrochemical usage, transportation, milling, mining and termite harvesting. Composite samples of selected edible soldier termites and the nest soil were analysed for the presence of Cu, Co, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results in nest soil showed all analysed metals, with Mn having the highest mean 6.65±1.73 mg/L and sampled termites showed presence of all heavy metals except Ni and Co, with Fe having the highest mean value of 5.38±4.75 mg/L. ANOVA revealed a significant difference with P<0.05 in Co, Mn, Zn, Ni in nest soil and no significant difference in sampled termites. There was no significant Pearson correlation between heavy metals in soil and edible termites, suggesting an active regulation of metals by termites. Keywords: Edible insects, entomophagy, termitarium, Magoye, Zambia.

Protective Effects of Bile Acids Against Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Hybrid Grouper Fed a High-Lipid Diet.

Bile acids (BAs) usually display growth-promoting and lipid-lowering properties when supplemented to the diet. The effects of a high-lipid diet (HD) and BAs supplementation on growth performance and lipid deposition of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) was evaluated in this study. Compared to the control diet (CD), the HD did not significantly affect the fish growth performance, but it promoted lipid deposition, as revealed by a significantly higher crude lipid content of the whole body, muscle, and liver. Among the HD supplemented with taurocholic acid (BD) groups, and compared to the HD, fish fed dietary supplementation of BAs at 900 mg kg−1 exhibited the best growth performance and lowest hepatic lipid deposition. In most BD groups, the content of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum, as well as the content of total cholesterol in the liver, were decreased, whereas the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum was increased. In addition, the most strongly influenced pathways between the control, HD, and B3D groups were fatty acid biosynthesis, insulin signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. The improvement of lipid metabolism induced by the supplementation of BAs may be attributed to decreased expression of lipogenesis genes and proteins (enzymes), and increased lipolysis. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of BAs at 900 mg kg−1 promoted growth performance and reduced lipid accumulation, whereas BAs supplementation improved the hepatic lipid metabolism by enhancing hepatic lipolysis, inhibiting lipogenesis, and regulating associated transcriptional factors in hybrid grouper.

Effects of Pyropia yezoensis enzymatic hydrolysate on the growth and immune regulation of the zebrafish

The supplemental effect of Pyropia yezoensis enzymatic hydrolysate (PYE) in fish diet was evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. A basal diet supplemented with PYE at 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0% were fed to one-month old zebrafish for 6 weeks, its growth performance and immunity index were evaluated. The increase in weight gain was significantly higher when supplementary 1% PYE which shows a positive effect on growth performance of zebrafish. In addition, crude protein content of fish body was increased in all PYE supplemental groups. The innate immune responses and activity of digestive enzymes in zebrafish were enhanced with dietary supplementation of PYE additives. Compared with the control group, lysozyme (LYZ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) content in zebrafish intestines were up-regulated in groups fed with 0.1% and 1% PYE. The mRNA expression levels of LYZ and IL-10 in zebrafish intestines were consistent with ELISA results. The content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) reduced in 1% and 2% PYE groups. Furthermore, PYE down-regulated the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonadaceae) and up-regulated the relative abundance of fish probiotics (Brevibacillus) in intestinal flora. The findings in this study indicated that PYE supplementation in diet could promote growth, improve immunity and regulate intestinal flora, which made PYE considered as an potential aquatic additive.

The Quality of Drinking Water for Cattle; It’s A Pity Cows aren’t Capable to Complain Verbally

The necessity of water for support of life is largely unquestioned. Of all the nutrients indispensable for life, water is second only to oxygen in importance. However, this commonplace fact is often not well appreciated. From a nutritional point of view, water is the most critical nutrient for dairy cattle, and is required for numerous important physiological functions. As a whole, the water content of the animal body ranges from 55 to 67 % of body weight. Water is the main component of milk, saliva, and waste products, such as urine and faeces [1]. Water is further lost from the lungs during breathing or panting, by evaporation from the skin, and sweating. Hence, dairy cattle have a large daily requirement for water, most of it being obtained from free water intake. Because dairy cattle suffer more quickly from an inadequate water intake than from a deficiency of any other nutrient, clean, fresh drinking water should be available at all times.

Effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on growth performance, feed utilization and blood biochemistry of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The effects of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. extract in diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) were studied. Five diets (500 g each) supplemented with 0 ml (T 0), 5ml (T 5), 10 ml (T 10), 15 ml (T 15) and 20 ml (T 20) of E. globulus extract were fed to O. niloticus for 12 weeks. Group fed diet T 10 recorded the highest final weight (42.27 g), weight gain (36.97 g) and specific growth rate (3.72). The highest protein efficiency ratio (2.36), feed efficiency (0.70) and condition factor (1.31) were observed in group fed diet T 10. Compared to fish fed diet T 0, all groups fed E. globulus extract recorded significantly higher levels of crude protein content in the whole body. Hemoglobin concentration increased with increasing levels of E. globulus extract up to T 10 but decreased after further increase in E. globulus extract in diets. Increasing E. globulus extract levels in diets resulted in a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase. Group fed diet T 5 recorded the least (17.50) alkaline phosphate and was significantly lower than all other groups. Globulin concentration decreased with increasing E. globulus extract in diets. This study concludes that dietary administration of E. globulus promotes growth performance, feed utilization and increases the main hematological and biochemical parameters of O. niloticus fish. For optimum growth, 10 ml per 500 g (T 10) feed is recommended. This study provides new information on applications of eucalyptus and, at the same time, promotes rational development and utilization of eucalyptus resources.

Biochemical Changes in the Protein Content of Haemolymph and Fat Body Tissue in the Sixth Instar Larval Stage of Bombyx mori Linn

The quantitative changes in the protein content of haemolymph and fat body during the period of development of sixth instar larva of Bombyx mori were investigated. The total protein estimated in haemolymph of the larva during the period of development indicated the possibility of biochemical changes and sequestration of protein from the haemolymph to the fat body. The magnitude of protein storage was found to be almost steady during the period of development. The physiological and biochemical significance of changes in the total protein level in different tissues were discussed.

Transcriptomic and proteomic characteristics of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced sperm dna damage mouse model.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most common organic pollutants and is added to various plastic products as a plasticizer. DEHP oxidative metabolite content in the human body is associated with DNA damage in sperm and decreased testosterone levels in blood. In this study, a DEHP-induced sperm DNA damage mouse model was replicated and improved, and the transcriptomic and proteomic characteristics of the model were observed. Male mice in the two groups were exposed to DEHP 1g/kg/d or the same amount of normal saline for 60days, and the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was detected by a sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The mRNA and protein expression profiles of the testis were detected by RNA-seq and data-independent acquisition (DIA). The sperm DFI of the DEHP group was significantly increased. Compared with the control group, 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2147 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), such as Lamb2, Ahnak, Tkt, Dnah8 and Tbl2, were found in the DEHP group. These genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Our results showed that DEHP 1g/kg/d can induce sperm DNA damage in a male mouse model after 60days of intragastric administration. The reproductive toxicity of DEHP may be related to metabolic pathways in cancer and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Larger Volume and Higher Fat Content of the Pancreatic Head Are Predictive Factors for Postendoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis is the most critical complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In this study, we investigated the association between the volume/fat content of the pancreatic head and the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). We retrospectively enrolled 157 patients who underwent ERCP. The volume and fat content of the pancreas were calculated by multislice computed tomographic imaging by using a volume analyzer. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for PEP. The mean volumes of the whole pancreas and pancreatic head were significantly larger, and the fat content of the pancreatic head was significantly higher in the PEP group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the mean volume and fat content of the pancreatic body and tail in the PEP group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the pancreatic guidewire placement (odds ratio [OR], 12.4; P < 0.01), pancreatic head volume (OR, 5.3; P < 0.01), and the pancreatic head fat content (OR, 4.8; P < 0.01) were independent risk factors for PEP. The pancreatic head volume and fat content were independent predicting factors of PEP. Quantitative assessment of the pancreas may contribute to the prediction of PEP onset.

Effect of Entamopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi on the Larval Protein Patterns and Proteases Activity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

The Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most serious polyphagus pest of many economically important crops. Nomuraea rileyi is an effective entomopathogenic fungus for the control of H. armigera has several advantages over other synthetic insecticide. N. rileyi LC50 concentration of 1.97×106 spores/ml was applied to the 4 th larval instar of H. armigera to investigate their impacts on the total protein and protease activity of body homogenate. Moreover, qualitative analysis of proteins in healthy developmental stages of H. armigera larvae and in N. rileyi treated larvae was detected using SDS-PAGE. The present investigation reported that there was difference in SDS-protein bands of control untreated and treated groups. The SDS-PAGE analysis of total body homogenate demonstrated that the few of proteins get under regulated upon treatment with N. rileyi. The quantitative analysis of total protein content and proteolytic activity was done. The H. armigera larvae upon treatment with N. rileyi produced significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the total protein content of larval body while the proteases activity increased (p&lt;0.05) significantly in N. rileyi treated larvae than the control larvae. The data of present findings help to understand a part how N. rileyi be effective in controlling H. armigera.

Особенности накопления макро- и микроэлементов в траве тысячелистника обыкновенного флоры Воронежской области

Researches of elemental composition of wild-growing raw materials are actual and significant because of high efficiency and bioavailability of their metal-organic forms contained in plants. Available data on the content of elements in medicinal plant raw materials of the Voronezh region showed that studies are conducted mainly on a few elements, which does not allow to determine the full chemical composition of plants and to describe the specificity of accumulation of the whole complex of minerals in them. Objective. The aim of the investigation was to study the accumulation of macro- and microelements in common yarrow herb of natural phytocenosis of the Voronezh region. Materials and methods. Preparation of medicinal plant raw materials was carried out during the flowering of the plant in the Voronezh State Natural Biosphere Reserve. The microelement of medicinal plant raw materials was determined by mass spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma on the ELAN-DRC device. Results. It was found that the content of microelement complex is 3.28%, 59 elements were determined. Macronutrients account for 93.78% of the total elemental composition of common yarrow herb. The basis of macronutrients is potassium (more than 14 mg/g), and calcium (more than 10 mg/g). Essential microelements make up 5.51% of the total mineral complex of the common yarrow herb. Among them the highest content was noted for silicon (more than 1.6 mg/g), iron (more than 0.1 mg/g). The content of the rationed heavy metals and arsenic in the herb common yarrow corresponds to the requirements of the normative documentation. The proportion of toxic and understudied elements in the total mineral complex of common yarrow herb is 0.71%. The highest content was noted for aluminum (116.5 µg/g), strontium (81.6 µg/g), titanium (12.5 µg/g), rubidium (9.5 µg/g), barium (9.31 µg/g). The high ability of common yarrow herb to accumulate phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, strontium from soil was shown. Conclusion. The data obtained are of great interest and can serve as a basis for further research with the aim of using their results in medical and pharmaceutical practice to create drugs and biologically active additives for correcting physiological norms of element content in the human body.

SUBSTITUTION OF FISH OIL WITH PALM KERNEL OIL IN DIETS OF Oreochromis niloticus FRY: EFFECTS ON GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATES

This study assessed the impact of replacing fish oil with palm kernel oil (PKO) in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry on growth, feed efficiency and proximate composition. Three isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) diets were formulated using palm kernel oil as a substitute for fish oil at 0% (PKO-0), 50% (PKO-50), and 100% (PKO-100). Two hundred O. niloticus fry with initial weight of 0.80± 0.25g were purchased from Water Research Institute Upper West, Ghana and transported to the Spanish Laboratory of University for Development Studies (Ghana) where they were kept and fed two times a day on commercial diet from Ranaan feed for two weeks. The fry was then stocked in triplicate groups in 60 L tanks (50 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm) at 20 fry per tank. At the end of the eight weeks feeding trial, there was a significant difference amongst the three treatments with respect to final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate. It was observed that the least mean values for feed intake, protein productive value, protein efficiency ratio, and protein intake occurred in fish fed PKO-0. There was a trend of increasing whole body moisture content as palm kernel oil increased. Fish fed PKO-0 recorded the lowest lipid content (7.48 ± 1.13%) in the whole body. From the economic analysis, it is evident that palm kernel oil is a cheaper source of lipid for tilapia. This study therefore recommends palm kernel oil as a substitute for tilapia diet.

Effects of dietary phospholipids on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and expression of lipid metabolism related genes of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lancolatus ♂)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phospholipids on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism in juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lancolatus ♂). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with graded levels of phospholipids (14.10, 32.10, 52.50, 70.20, and 91.30 g/kg) were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile grouper (initial body weight 13.00 ± 0.02 g) for 61 days. Results showed that dietary phospholipids produced no statistical influence on growth performance of grouper. The fatty acids profiles of experimental fish are correlated well with dietary fatty acids composition. The increase of dietary phospholipids significantly elevated the crude lipid content in whole fish body, liver and muscle. Meanwhile, the increased dietary phospholipids significantly promoted hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation. The results of gene expression analysis revealed that dietary phospholipids did not significantly affect the expression of lipogenesis related genes, FAS, ACC and DGAT2. In addition, high dietary phospholipids inclusion significantly decreased the expression of fatty acids oxidation related genes, PPARɑ and CPT1. In summary, juvenile grouper don’t have a specific requirement for dietary phospholipids which inclusion aggravated lipid deposition through the regulation of fatty acids oxidation at the transcriptional level.

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with low-gossypol cottonseed protein concentrate on growth performance and expressions of genes related to protein metabolism for swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with low-gossypol cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) on growth performance, body composition, amino acid profiles in tissues, antioxidant capacity and the expression levels of genes related to protein metabolism and inflammation for juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (450 g kg−1 protein and 80 g kg−1 lipid) were formulated to contain graded levels of CPC, and fish meal was replaced with CPC at 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% levels (CPC00, CPC10, CPC20, CPC30, CPC40 and CPC60), free gossypol concentrations in experimental diets were analyzed to be 0, 32.62, 66.10, 106.71, 133.13, 192.21 mg kg−1 respectively. Arginine, lysine and methionine were added to ensure consistency of these three essential amino acids in all experimental diets. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 juvenile swimming crabs (approximately initial weight 7.59 ± 0.06 g) that were stocked in rectangle plastic baskets. Results of present study indicated that crabs fed the CPC60 diet had the lower final weight (FW), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) than those fed the CPC20 diet, and crabs fed the CPC20 and CPC30 diets had the highest survival among all treatments, and the lowest survival was occurred at crabs fed the CPC60 diet. The hepatopancreas color was blackened with the replacement levels of fish meal with CPC increasing from 0% to 60%. Free gossypol concentration in hepatopancreas significantly increased with increase of dietary replacement levels of fish meal with CPC. Crabs fed the CPC40 and CPC60 diets had lower lipid content in whole body than those fed the other diets. Arginine, lysine, methionine and isoleucine contents in muscle were significantly influenced by dietary replacement levels of fish meal with CPC. ALT, AST, TP, ALB, HDL and ALP in hemolymph, and T-AOC, ALT, AST, SOD, GSH, GSH-ST in hepatopancreas were significantly affected by dietary replacement of fish meal with CPC. Dietary replacement levels of fish meal with CPC could influence the expressions of genes related into protein metabolism such as tor, akt, s6, s6k1, 4ebp1, eif4e1a, eif4e2, eif4e3, antioxidant and immune such as gpx, cat, cMnsod and lysozyme, as well as growth such as tlr4, irak4, myd88, traf6, and inflammation such as relish. In conclusion, based on two slope broken-line and quadratic broken-line regression analysis of PWG against the dietary replacement of fish meal with CPC, the optimal replacement level of fish meal with CPC was estimated to be 19.07% and 22.73% for juvenile swimming crab, respectively. Results demonstrated that CPC could partially replace fish meal, but had no negative effects on growth performance, antioxidant activity and immunity of swimming crab.

Sazan (Cyprinus carpio) Diyetlerinde Alternatif Protein Kaynağı Olarak Siyah Asker Sineği (Hermetia illucens) Larvası Ununun Kullanımı

A seventy-five-day feeding study was performed to investigate the usage of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as an alternative protein source in carp diets (Cyprinus carpio). In this study, experimental fish were fed with four different diets (fish meal-based without Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal (BSFL0), 50% (BSFL50), 65% (BSFL65), and 75% (BSFL75) of fish meal substitution with BSFL), with triplicate. The carps (1.045±0.083 g) were randomly stocked into twelve flow-through tanks with a density of 50 fish per tank and reared for 75 days. Diet feed was provided to carps as a proportion of their biomass (5% of their mass per day) with two meals a day. Carps fed with BSFL65 meal showed positive effects on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent net protein utilization (ANPU), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There were significant differences in moisture, crude protein, lipid, and ash content in the whole body among dietary groups (P&amp;lt;0.05). The protein content of the carp-fed BSFL75 diet group (20.22%) was significantly the highest among all three diet groups. Consequently, a BSFL meal can be considered as an alternative animal source of protein for the carp diet.

Black soldier fly larval meal with exogenous protease in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production meeting consumer quality

A protein gap exists within the supply of fish feed ingredients due to intensifying global aquaculture production and demands. This is distinctly acute in salmonid farming where protein requirements are higher to other aquatic farmed species. In pursuit of a viable alternative, an eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of including reared black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens ) larvae into rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) diets. Five diets were formulated: a fish meal-based basal diet (CTRL), two diets of BSF incorporation at 15 and 30% (BSF15; BSF30), and two diets at the same incorporation level with the addition of a supplementary protease enzyme (BSF15P; BSF30P) assigned to test potential dietary enhancement. No significant growth performance between the dietary treatments was observed. The fish condition factor in BSF30 was higher than BSF30P ( P =0.025). Fillets showed increased muscle yellowness as dietary BSF increased ( P =0.004). Trout fed BSF displayed significantly lower lipid peroxidation post-harvest ( P < 0.001), with the level of malondialdehyde decreasing with increased dietary BSF, regardless of protease inclusion. BSF meal elevated the saturated fatty acid content of fillets significantly ( P < 0.001) while monounsaturated fatty acids decreased ( P < 0.001). BSF protease treatments elevated the total concentration of protein in the trout body content, reflecting potentially improved protein utilisation efficiency. BSF diet with protease inclusion is a feasible protein and energy concentrate to replace fish meal in rainbow trout diets up to 30%, without negative effects on the growth, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, lipid peroxidation and fillet colour stability of rainbow trout. • Inclusion of black solider fly larvae meal maintains trout growth performance. • Increase in fillet lauric fatty acid content was found in insect meal fed trout. • Use of protease elevated protein content in trout fed with black solider fly meal. • Black soldier fly meal decreased fillet lipid peroxidation. • An increase of fillet yellowness was found in solider fly meal fed trout.

L-Cysteine-Terminated Triangular Silver Nanoplates/MXene Nanosheets are Used as Electrochemical Biosensors for Efficiently Detecting 5-Hydroxytryptamine.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter, and its content in the human body is of great significance to human health. In this study, an l-cysteine-terminated triangular silver nanoplate loaded on a MXene (two-dimensional transition metal carbide or nitride) (Tri-AgNP/l-Cys/MXene) electrochemical sensor was used to detect 5-HT. As an electrically active amino acid with a sulfhydryl group, l-cysteine (l-Cys) forms a more stable Ag-S bond with silver nanoparticles, which can selectively substitute trisodium citrate (TSC) in TSC-capped triangular silver nanoplates (Tri-Ag-NP/TSC). Due to the good conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area, MXenes provide a good platform for loading Tri-AgNP/l-Cys. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range for detecting 5-HT with the sensor is 0.5-150 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.08 μM (S/N = 3). For detecting 5-HT in actual serum samples, the sensor also showed a good recovery rate (95.38-102.3%), and the relative standard deviation was 2.2-3.4%.

Value of a nomogram model based on IDEAL-IQ for predicting early bone mass loss

To assess the diagnostic efficiency of a nomogram model based on iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation- iron quantification (IDEAL- IQ) for predicting early bone loss of the lumbar vertebrae. Fifty-nine volunteers and patients with osteoporosis underwent examinations with both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine bone mineral density (BMD) of L1-4 vertebrae and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with IDEAL-IQ sequence for measurement of bone marrow FF of L1-4 vertebrae. According to the results of DXA, the subjects were divided into normal bone mass group (n=23) and osteopenia group (n=36). The FF values of the two groups were compared and the diagnostic efficacy of the FF value was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent factors for predicting bone mass loss, and a visual nomogram model was constructed and its diagnostic efficiency was assessed. The FF value of the vertebrae was significant lower in normal bone mass group than in osteopenia group [(38.84±6.75)% vs (51.96±7.65)%, P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the FF value for differentiating normal bone mass and osteopenia was 0.797 with a cutoff value of 46.85%, a sensitivity of 73.91% and a specificity of 80.56%. Multivariate logistics regression analysis identified the FF value, age and BMI as the independent factors for predicting bone mass loss. The diagnostic AUC of the nomogram model was 0.954 (95% CI: 0.806-0.957), and the predicted probability of the model was in good agreement with the actual probability. Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram model could provide more net benefit than the FF vale alone. FF value of MRI IDEAL- IQ sequence can reflect bone marrow fat content of the vertebral body, and the nomogram model incorporating the FF value, age, and BMI can further improve the predictive efficiency to provide a visual modality for predicting early bone mass loss.