Behavioral Reactions Of Rats Research Articles

Possibilities of Using Nootropic Drugs to Reduce Neurotoxic Reactions Caused by Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Experimental Conditions

The objective: to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of cytoflavin and combinations of mexidol with vitamin B6 or Magne B6 by changes in behavioral reactions in rats during in-take of a neurotoxic combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Subjects and Methods. Non-linear female rats divided in 4 groups were used in this study. For 14 days, all rats received a combination of Mxf+Lzd+Cs+Pto daily. Additionally, rats of Group 2 were administered cytoflavin before administration of the basic combination; Group 3 – Mexidol + vitamin B6; Group 4 - Mexidol + Magne B6. Doses of anti-tuberculosis drugs, cytoflavin, Mexidol, vitamin B6 and Magne B6 correspond to the recommended doses for humans. The manifestation of neurotoxicity was assessed by changes in behavioral reactions by Open Field Test.Results. Neurotoxicity caused by the combination Mxf+Lzd+Cs+Pto was manifested by a decrease in motor activity, exploratory activity and grooming. With cytoflavin administration, all parameters of behavioral reactions in rats improved. When using Mexidol with vitamin B6, only a slight decrease in grooming versus the baseline level was observed. There was a less qualitative decrease in neurotoxicity manifestations with administration of Mexidol in combination with Magne B6.

STUDY OF THE PSYCHOTROPIC EFFECT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACT UNDER CONDITIONS OF DAPSONE-INDUCED EXPOSURE

Relevance. Dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is used as a powerful antibacterial agent in the treatment of infectious diseases. Despite the com-plex pharmacological effect and high efficacy, dapsone has a number of negative properties, one of which is the occurrence of severe neuropsychiatric pathology with long-term use in the presence of predisposing factors. In this connection, correction of dapsone-induced changes on the part of various systems, including the nervous system, is an urgent task. As a means of correcting dapsone-induced neuropsychiatric changes, an extract of licorice naked horses can act. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of licorice root extract on dapsone–induced changes in behavioral reactions and the severity of the psychomodulatory effect of licorice extract. Material and methods. All experiments were carried out on white mongrel rats (6-8 months), which were divided into groups (n= 10): group 1 con-sisted of control rats receiving an equiobject of water for injection; group 2 - individuals receiving intragastric dapsone (Novartis; Switzerland) at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 28 days; group 3 – animals receiving intragastric dapsone at a dose of 25 mg / kg and licorice extract naked through a probe at a dose of 50 mg / kg for 28 days. The effect of licorice root extract on the behavioral reactions of rats under the conditions of course use of dapsone was evaluated using the "Porsolt" and "Open Field" tests. Results. Against the background of intragastric administration of licorice root extract, there was a restoration of the ratio of immobilization time, active and passive swimming in the Porsolt test, an increase in horizontal and specific mink activity of animals, a decrease in the number of boluses, groom-ing and freezing in the "Open Field" test compared with the group of animals receiving intragastric dapsone. Conclusions. Evaluation of the effect of licorice root extract on dapsone-induced changes in behavioral reactions showed the presence of an antide-pressant and psychomodulatory effect in the extract, which can be used in the development of a psychocorrective agent based on this medicinal plant

PECULIARITIES OF BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS OF RATS IN THE BARNES' LABYRINTH AGAINST ALUMINUM CHLORIDE INTOXICATION

Relevance. Accumulation of aluminum in brain tissues has a negative effect on the nervous system, which can subsequently lead to memory impairment, emotional instability, decreased motor activity, and therefore to various neurodegenerativediseases. The aim of the work was to evaluate the peculiarities of behavioral reactions in rats against the background of aluminum chloride intoxication and their correction by means of preventive measures. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 32 male white rats weighing from 239 to 268 g, which were divided into four groups: group 1 – intact animals (n = 8); group 2 – injection of 0.5 ml of 12% AlCl3 ×6H2O solution (80 mg Al/kg) (n = 8); group 3 – introduction of a preventive complex against the background of aluminum chloride intoxication: «Lequin» (NPA «Odeska Biotechnology», Ukraine) at a dose of 500 mg/kg, «Gotu Cola» («Nature’s Answer», USA) at a dose of 300 mg/kg and «Sklerosin» (TOV «ECOSVIT OIL», Ukraine) at a dose of 300 mg/kg (n = 8); group 4 – administration of Minerol (NVMP «GOBOR», Ukraine) at a dose of 1000 mg/kg of body weight (n = 8). On the 60th day of aluminum intoxication, the peculiarities of the behavioral reactions of rats of all groups were studied in the Barnes maze using extraneous stimuli (bright light and loud sound). Results and conclusions. A study of the nature of the behavior of rats in the Barnesmaze showed that when performing the task (searching for the «rescue» hole), the animals of each group made mistakes. The highest average number of errors (10) was observed in animals with aluminum intoxication on the 9th day of the experiment (р ≤0.05, Uemp=15.5) compared to control. The average number of errors in this period decreased to 5 and 7, respectively, compared to the previous group, in animals that received the preventive complex and «Minerol» against the background of intoxication. The time to pass the maze (completed task) by rats of the control group compared to the others was the smallest during the entire experiment and from the 5th to the 12th day of the study it further decreased from 48 to 36 s, respectively, and in animals with aluminum intoxication it was the largest. The use of both the preventive complex and «Minerol» reduced the time of passing the maze until the end of the experiment, but these indicators did not reach the values of the control group. Males of the control group chose a direct search strategy in 65-75% of cases. For animals with aluminum intoxication, refusal to perform the task is characteristic both at the beginning of the study and at the end.

Influence of physical loading on behavioral reactions of rats in cerebral hypoperfusion

A number of clinical studies demonstrate that individual characteristics such as stress tolerance and cognitive ability can be considered not only as diagnostic variables but also as risk factors for severe cerebral hypoperfusion. The aim of the study was to identify the typological features of the effect of physical activity on the behavioral reactions of rats during cerebral hypoperfusion. Material and methods. Cerebral hypoperfusion was modeled by bilateral carotid artery ligation. The study involved 280 rats, divided into equal subgroups, according to sex, stress tolerance and learning capacity. Of these, 112 animals were subjected to daily short-term swimming as a rehabilitation model. Before the simulation, and at 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, 60 and 90 days postoperatively, the animals were tested using a Morris water maze and an “open field” test. Results and discussion. The dynamics of stress resistance and learning ability are related to the periodicity of inflammatory, necrotic, circulatory and reparative remodeling in the model used. After 2-3 months of study, cerebral hypoperfusion causes stabilization of indices characterizing stress resistance and cognitive functions below control values. A decrease in stress resistance begins earlier from day 6 of the study, while the index characterizing cognitive functions first decreases significantly after 3 weeks of study. Factors reducing the damaging effects of cerebral hypoperfusion were female gender, high baseline stress tolerance and learning ability. When assessing learning ability under physical load, animals with high baseline cognitive development showed earlier recovery dynamics during urgent adaptation and a significant increase during long-term adaptation.

Toxicity of treatment regimens for drugresistant tuberculosis.

Background. The main factors reducing treatment effectiveness in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are as follows: the growing drug resistance of mycobacteria, which necessitates the strengthening of chemotherapy regimens, the use of new antimicrobial drugs, as well as poor tolerability of treatment due to the high frequency of adverse drug reactions. Combinations of fluoroquinolones, bedaquiline, and linezolid with traditional anti-tuberculosis drugs are used in new regimens for the treatment of patients with multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, but the safety of new regimens has yet to be sufficiently studied.The aim was to study the features of toxic effect manifestations of the 5-component antimycobacterial drug complexes in an experiment on rats.Methods. The study was carried out on 64 non-pedigree rats, old females, divided equally into 3 experimental groups and 1 control. Rats of the experimental groups received drug complexes at doses corresponding to therapeutic doses for humans. The complexes’ base components were: moxifloxacin, bedaquiline, linezolid, and capreomycin. The fifth drug in group 1 was prothionamide, in the 2nd — pyrazinamide, in the 3rd — cycloserine. After 14 and 28 days of administration, the clinical picture of intoxication, ECG results, behavioral reactions of rats in the open field test, biochemical blood and urine tests, as well as pathomorphological studies were analysed.Results. Progressive damage to the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system was observed in rats of all experimental groups. The leading reason of polytoxicity is the nephrotoxic effect caused by capreomycin, to which rats have a high species sensitivity. In group 1, rats were treated with three drugs possessing potential cardiotoxicity; cardiotoxic effect was observed in the form of prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG after 14 days of administration. The most toxic combination of drugs was the one used in rats of the 3rd group, it was enhanced by the addition of neurotoxic cycloserine, which led to the death of more than a third of the animals by the end of the experiment.Conclusion: the use of multicomponent combinations of antimycobacterial drugs, similar in safety profile, increases the risk of developing combined toxic reactions.

Peculiarities of influence of NO-synthase inhibitors on behavioral parameters of rats

Aim. A comparative study of the influence of nitric oxide synthase (NO-synthase) inhibitors on the parameters of anxiety, motor activity and pain sensitivity of rats.
 Materials and Methods. The work was conducted on male rats of Wistar line. The anxiety level and locomotor activity of rats were studied in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Pain sensitivity of the animals was tested on the hotplate apparatus. In the work, selective inhibitor of inducible isoform of NO-synthase aminoguanidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and non-selective inhibitor of this enzyme N-nitro-L-arginine at a dose of 50 mg/kg, were used. Rats of the control group were introduced the equivalent quantity of normal saline. 
 NO-synthase inducible inhibitor aminoguadinine did not produce any influence on the anxiety level, but led to reduction of the horizontal motor activity of rats. Introduction of non-selective NO-synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine was accompanied by reduction of the anxiety and of the locomotor activity of animals in the EPM test. Both investigated NO-synthase inhibitors induced alteration of pain sensitivity of rats in the form of hypoalgesia. Here, the most pronounced nociceptive effect was observed with introduction of non-selective NO-synthase inhibitor.
 Conclusion. In the work the evidence of participation of inducible isoform of NO-synthase in realization of the motor activity and pain sensitivity processes in rats is shown. In result of the conducted experiments it was found that introduction of non-selective NO-synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine was accompanied by evident alterations of anxious behavior, locomotor activity and nociceptive sensitivity of rats. The results obtained confirm the important role of the system of regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in neurochemical mechanisms of behavioral reactions in rats.

Experimental studies of the effect of sea buckthorn and wheat bran in food on the physiological status of rats

The aim of this research paper was a sanitary-toxicological study of the effectiveness and safety of developed functional property products, such as chopped semi-finished products from chicken with wheat bran and shortbread cake with cottage cheese and sea buckthorn, in preclinical studies on laboratory animals. Methods — The effect of new products on the experimental rats was studied using physiological, biochemical, pathomorphological and histological research methods. As a result, it was discovered that the inclusion of foods with wheat bran and fresh sea buckthorn into the diet of experimental animals had a positive effect on the behavioral reactions of rats, the increase of appetite and the rapid growth of animals. Results — The improvement in the metabolic processes physiology of the studied rats was noted in the biochemical and morphological blood parameters. In the experimental group of rats where carbohydrates were partially substituted with cottage cheese shortbread cake and sea buckthorn, a significant decrease in the total bilirubin content was noted; the level of cholesterol in the blood serum of experimental animals from group which received chicken cutlets with bran was 1.4-1.7 times lower than the cholesterol content in animals of the control and other experimental groups. At the same time, statistically significant differences in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin level, the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and amylase, the level of total protein and the creatinine content were not revealed in the group of experimental rats compared with the control group of rats, receiving a standard diet. The histological data showed that the liver structure of the experimental animals had a more pronounced beam and capillary structure compared with the control group, and the condition of the villi and epithelium of the small intestine showed the positive physiological effect of the studied herbal additives in food technology with functional properties. Conclusion — The research results allow us to conclude that the developed products are functional, intended for the systematic use in the composition of food rations by all age groups of a healthy population, which reduces the risk of gastrointestinal and liver diseases.

The study of the effect of the low molecular analog of neuropeptide Y on behavioral reactions in rats

The study of the effect of the low molecular analog of neuropeptide Y on behavioral reactions in rats

PHARMACOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN EXPERIMENTAL NEURODEGENERATION CAUSED BY 2 TYPE DIABETES MELLITUS*

A progressive increase of complications of type 2 DM makes the problem very important for clinical andfundamental medicine. In particular, neurodegenerative processes in case of type 2 DM aggravate the courseof the disease, change a usual life rhythm, and are a valuable cause of high rates of disability and lethality.Deterioration of cognitive functions is one of the main complications of diabetes. In certain literary sourcesinhibitors of angiotensin-transforming enzyme are considered as the means to prevent and treat complicationsof diabetes mellitus. Their role as modulators of gama-aminobutyric acid with development of central diabeticneurodegeneration is not completely determined yet.Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess efficacy of pharmacological correction of cognitive disordersby carbacetam, a GABA modulator, and enalapril, a RAS blocker, in case of experimental neurodegenerationcaused by type 2 DM.Changes of the cognitive functions under carbacetam and enalapril effect in nonlinear laboratory albinomale rats with neural degeneration under conditions of type 2 diabetes mellitus simulated by streptozotocin andhigh fat diet are studied. The cognitive ability was assessed by behavioral reactions of rats in the tests «openfield» and «the conditional reflex reaction of passive avoidance» by Butler formula.Behavior of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus after administration of carbacetam and enalapril showed ofcognitive functions in the groups. At the same time, carbacetam was found to possess better correcting effect onadaptation, cognitive reactions and anti-amnestic activity, while enalapril improved emotional condition of therats mostly. Analysis of anti-amnestic properties found higher values of the parameters on the 14th day than onthe 1st day of correction, which is indicative of the efficacy of a course administration of carbacetam and enalapril under conditions of neural degeneration stipulated by type 2 DM.

Somatic and behavioral reactions in rats under the modeling of the stress of “deficiency of time”

In experiments on 60 white outbred male rats, the effect of the stress of “deficiency of time” on somatic (relative masses of the adrenal glands, thymus and spleen, gastric mucosa, consentrations of corticosteroids and insulin in the blood) and behavioral (vertical and horizontal motor activity) indicators of stress-reactions, physical endurance of animals, thyroid function (serum concentration of total and free fractions of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, thyrotropic hormone) is considered.As a result of the study, it was found that the stress of “deficiency of time” causes an increase in the relative mass of the adrenal glands (by 31 %), a decrease in relative masses of the thymus and spleen (by 26 and 14 %), damage to the gastric mucosa (in 80 % rats with a severity 1 point in 20 % rats, 2 or 3 points in the remaining 60 % in the 1:1 ratio; a multiplicity of 2 hemorrhages per animal in 30 %, 3 in 40 % and 4 in 10 % rats, damage index is 4.7), changes in the serum concentration of corticosteroids (increase by 43 %) and insulin (decrease by 19 %) and leads to the activation of thyroid function (age concentration of total and free triiodothyronine and thyroxin increased by 18–32 %). Under the stress of “deficiency of time”, the horizontal locomotor activity and the physical endurance of animals increase, while their vertical locomotor and exploratory activity decreases. The proposed model allows studying the mechanisms of development of stress damage in order to develop new ways to limit the negative effects of emotional stress on human health.

Influence of enalapril on the functional state of the central nervous system in experimental Alzheimer’s disease

The purpose of the work. Is To investigate the effects of enalapril on the functional state of the central nervous system of rats with experimental Alzheimer's disease.Material and methods. Experiments were carried out on non-linear laboratory white male rats weighing 0.18–0.20 kg. A model of Alzheimer's disease was created by intraperitoneal administration for 27 days of scopolamine hydrochloride (Sigma, USA) at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Starting from the 28th day of the experiment, enalapril was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg/kg in 1 ml of saline solution — once a day, 14 days. The functional state of the central nervous system was assessed by the behavioral responses of rats in "open field" tests and "conditioned reflex of passive avoidance".Results. Behavioral reactions of rats with Alzheimer's disease after enalapril administration in the "open field" test were characterized by a decrease in the time of "immobility", an increase in the number of urinates and fecal boluses; in the test of the "conditioned reflex of passive avoidance" — an increase in the latent period of the entrance of rats into a darkened compartment connected to the electric current.Conclusions. The established behavior changes in Alzheimer's disease testify to the restoration of emotional reactions, the formation of a conditioned reflex in electrical pain stimulation, and indicate the corrective capacity of enalapril under conditions of neurodegenerative disturbances of the central nervous system.

Dynamics of the Development of Depressive-Like State in Rats Stressed by Chronic Exposure of Ultrasound of Variable Frequency.

We studied the effect of ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 20-45 kHz on behavioral reactions of rats after 7, 14 and 21 days of continuous exposure. A decrease in the number of social contacts in the social interest test was recorded in all groups, while lengthening of immobility time in Porsolt test was found only in the groups exposed to ultrasound for 2 and 3 weeks. Memory impairment in the new object recognition test was recorded only after 21 days of stressing. Chronic exposure to ultrasound of variable frequencies leads to the development of a depressive-like state in rats and the duration of exposure affects the specificity of the observed disorders. Different protocols of using of this model help to determine the stages of depressive-like condition in rats that can serve as a basis for the development of new methods of depressive disorders treatment.

The Influence of energy Drinks on the emotional and behavioral Reactions of Rats

The Influence of energy Drinks on the emotional and behavioral Reactions of Rats

Effects of N-stearoylethanolamine on anxiety-like behavioral reactions of rats after chronic alcoholization

The effect of N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) administration (isolated and combined with alcoholization) in the dose of 5 mg/kg on the behavior reactions of rats in the elevated plus maze was investigated. It was revealed that the isolated administration of NSE at the dose of 5 mg/kg rather reduced general locomotor activity of rats in elevated plus maze than increased their anxietylike behavior in these conditions. It was shown that chronic 30-day alcoholization increased anxiety-like behavior of rats in elevated plus maze but introduction of NSE on the background of alcohol eliminated changes of locomotor and emotional behavior of animals after alcoholization. The presence of significant changes in locomotor and emotional behavior of rats in elevated plus maze after administration of NSE at the dose of 5 mg/kg indicated a redundancy of such dose of the substance and therefore research of the influence on the behavior of smaller doses of NSE is very relevant.

Вплив гіпертиреозу на процеси навчання та стан гліальних проміжних філаментів головного мозку щурів

The influence of hyperthyreosis on oxidative stress, state of glial intermediate filaments and memotry was investigated. Significant increasing of lipid peroxidation products into both hippocampus and cortex and change for the worse of memory was observed. Analysis of the behavioral reactions of rats in the test of passive avoidance conditioned reflex showed that the acquisition of skills of all groups of animals did not differ by time waiting period (latent period). Time saving memory test conditioned reflex of passive avoidance was excellent in the group of rats treated with thyroxine compared with controls. The change of polypeptide GFAP was observed in hippocampus and cortex. Both soluble and filamentous forms of GFAP increased in hippocampus of rat with hyperthyreosis. In filament fractions, increase in the intensity of 49 kDa polypeptide band was found. In the same fraction of insoluble cytoskeleton proteins degraded HFKB polypeptides with molecular weight in the region of 46–41 kDa appeared. Marked increase of degraded polypeptides was found in the soluble fraction of the brain stem. The intensity of the intact polypeptide (49 kDa), as well as in the filament fraction, significantly increased. It is possible that increasing concentrations of soluble subunits glial filaments may be due to dissociation of own filaments during the reorganization of cytoskeleton structures. Given the results of Western blotting for filament fraction, increased content of soluble intact 49 kDa polypeptide is primarily the result of increased expression of HFKB and only partly due to redistribution of existing filament structures. Calculation and analysis of indicators showed high correlation between the increase in content and peroxidation products of HFKB. These results indicate the important role of oxidative stress in the induction of astroglial reactive response under conditions of hyperthyroidism. This data shows the possibility of the glial cell cytoskeleton reconstruction under effect of thyroid hormones.

Effect of Ultrasonic Irradiation on the Development of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Rats

Behavioral reactions of rats were studied under conditions of constant exposure to ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of 20-45 kHz for 21 days. In rats subjected to ultrasound, impaired behavior in the social interest test and Porsolt forced swimming test was observed; the development of anhedonia in the sucrose preference test was revealed (manifested in the symptoms of depression). The effects of ultrasonic irradiation were abolished by an antidepressant fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Our results indicate that chronic exposure to ultrasonic radiation produces a modulatory effect on depressive symptoms in rats. These changes satisfy the requirements for experimental animals, which are used as a model of psychopathological processes.

Поведенческие реакции крыс при аппликации эндотоксина на слизистую оболочку носа

Поведенческие реакции крыс при аппликации эндотоксина на слизистую оболочку носа

Modulation of Behavioral Reactions of Rats with Different Profiles of Motor Asymmetry upon the Action of Hypokinetic Stress

Hypokinetic stress-induced modifications of behavioral reactions recorded under conditions of the open-field test were studied in rats. Animals with different profiles of motor asymmetry demonstrated significant individual typological specificity of behavior. Experimental 9-day-long restriction of mobility caused clearly pronounced changes in behavioral and emotional reactions in the animals; manifestations of such changes depended significantly on motor lateralization.

Developmental Switch in Neuropeptide Y and Melanocortin Effects in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Homeostatic regulation of energy balance in rodents changes dramatically during the first 3 postnatal weeks. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus, a primary energy homeostatic center in adults, do not fully innervate the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) until the third postnatal week. We have identified two classes of PVN neurons responsive to these neuropeptides, tonically firing neurosecretory (NS) and burst-firing preautonomic (PA) cells. In neonates, NPY could inhibit GABAergic inputs to nearly all NS and PA neurons, while melanocortin regulation was minimal. However, there was a dramatic, age-dependent decrease in NPY responses specifically in the PA neurons, and a 3-fold increase in melanocortin responses in NS cells. These age-dependent changes were accompanied by changes in spontaneous GABAergic currents onto these neurons. This primarily NPYergic regulation in the neonates likely promotes the positive energy balance necessary for growth, while the developmental switch correlates with maturation of homeostatic regulation of energy balance.

Energy metabolism in rat brain structures after injections of kainic acid into the frontal cortex

We studied behavioral reactions of rats after injection of subconvulsive dose of kainic acid into the frontal cortex and mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus and frontal and temporal cortex 17-20 days after administration of kainic acid. Retention of acquired habit and the dynamics of its extinction in experimental rats were close to those in the control group. Changes in mitochondrial function were observed only in the region of kainic acid injection: activation of phosphorylating respiration during oxidation of succinate. Presumably, the detected activation of energy metabolism in the frontal cortex indicates functional restructuring in mitochondria, aimed at compensation of disorders caused by the neurotoxin.