BaTiO3 Samples Research Articles

Enhanced photocatalytic removal of NOx through the synergistic effect of photothermal activation and bipyroelectricity

Photocatalysis provides a green and promising strategy for removing nitrogen oxides (NOx), one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere. However, few studies have been able to utilize the infrared portion of sunlight due to its low energy, which accounts for >50% of the total sunlight. The conversion of infrared light into heat is an effective but flawed approach for photocatalysis, because high temperature cannot only reduce the activation barrier of the reaction and improve the migration rate of charge carriers, but also increase the collision probability of photogenerated carriers. Here, C/PVDF-BaTiO3 (polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF) photocatalytic films with bi-pyroelectric effect are designed to boost the full-spectrum solar photocatalytic conversion of NOx. During the photocatalytic reaction process, the photothermal conversion of carbon and the dual pyroelectricity synergistically enhance and reinforce each other’s effects. The 0.5 wt% C/PVDF-BaTiO3 film achieves a denitrification efficiency of 60% in a flow reaction, surpassing both the BaTiO3 and PVDF-BaTiO3 samples by 25% and 15% respectively.

Giant field-induced strain with excellent fatigue performance in (Al0.5Nb0.5)4+-modified 0.85Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.11Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-0.04BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics

Utilizing a conventional solid-state reaction procedure, (Al0.5Nb0.5)4+-modified 0.85Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.11Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-0.04BaTiO3 (BNKT-BT) samples were synthesized. The impact of (Al0.5Nb0.5)4+ on the crystal structure, ferroelectric, dielectric, and AC impedance properties was systematically investigated. The XRD patterns demonstrate that the crystal structures of all samples exhibit typical pseudo-cubic features. According to the XPS, the doping of (Al0.5Nb0.5)4+ reduces the concentration of oxygen vacancies inside the ceramics, which significantly affects the relaxation properties. This substitution successfully triggers a change from a non-ergodic relaxor (NR) state to an ergodic relaxor (ER) state, which is ascribed to the weakening of the pinning effect of the oxygen vacancies on the polar nanoregions (PNRs). The ceramics exhibit an enormous monopolar strain of 0.468 % under 60 kV/cm, accompanied by an inverse piezoelectric coefficient (d33*) of 780 pm/V, surpassing the performance of numerous other BNT-based piezoelectric ceramics. After 1×104 switching cycles, the strain value changes slightly, indicating excellent fatigue performance. The considerable strain arises from a reversible transformation of the ER phase to the ferroelectric phase induced by an electric field. This research suggests that (Al0.5Nb0.5)4+-doped BNKT-BT ceramics have good prospects for application in actuators and sensors.

Chemical design of barium titanate thin films for nanophotonic devices

AbstractHigh‐performance electro‐optic (EO) materials greatly enhance modulators and switches in various photonic applications. We investigate the evolution of the tolerance factor (t) and EO coefficient (rc) in A‐site and B‐site doped BaTiO3 (BT) thin films. Our analysis reveals that cation transmutation has a remarkable impact on their dielectric constant, spontaneous polarization, optical band gap, and EO coefficient. Notably, Pb‐doped BT samples exhibit an even higher rc value of 336.5 pm/V, representing a nearly 60% increase compared to pure BT and approximately 11 times larger than that of LiNbO3. This substantial improvement in EO performance can be attributed to enhanced local structural heterogeneity resulting from cation dopants. Furthermore, infusing dopants in BT also result in good structural uniformity and reliable EO performances, regardless of temperature and frequency. Our study offers valuable insights into doping engineering for obtaining functional perovskite oxides, enabling the development of power‐efficient, ultra‐compact integrated nanophotonic devices.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Electrical and Energy Storage Properties of New Barium Titanate - Europium Titanate Solid Solution

In the present work, the investigation of the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of polycrystalline samples of (1-x)BaTiO3 – xEuTiO3 (BT-ET) solid solution materials prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method has been carried out. X-ray diffraction analyses have revealed the formation of a single-phase tetragonal structure with the P4mm space group. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the dielectric constants marked the presence of the following sequence of structural phase transitions, namely from rhombohedral to orthorhombic, from orthorhombic to tetragonal and from tetragonal to cubic phase transitions with the increase of temperature. A diffuse phase transition has been observed from the dielectric permittivity peak and has been analyzed using the modified Curie-Weiss law and the degree of diffuseness is found to be in the range of 1.16 - 1.76 due to the existence of different states of polarization. A phase diagram has been established based on the temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity studies. The room temperature ferroelectric properties point to a coercive field larger than that of BaTiO3 ceramics. Broad dielectric peaks associated with diffuse phase transition appear in a wide temperature range (40 - 100 °C) with the highest dielectric permittivity ε’ = 6498 found in the x = 0.05 ceramics. Moreover, an improved energy storage performance is obtained in the 0.95BaTiO3-0.05EuTiO3 ceramic with a recoverable energy density of Wrec = 0.797 J/cm3, coupled with an efficiency η = 73% at 170 kV/cm and the highest storage energy density of Wst = 1.571 J/cm3 is obtained for 0.90BaTiO3-0.10EuTiO3, which is superior to other lead-free BT-based ceramics. All these features demonstrate that the BT-ET ceramics can be widely used in energy storage applications and also in high-temperature multilayer capacitors for automotive, aerospace and related industries.

Synthesis, X-ray diffraction and dielectric studies of the ceramic samples (1−x)BaTiO3⋅xPbFe2/3W1/3O3 (0≤x≤1) system

Ceramic samples of the ([Formula: see text])BaTiO3⋅xPbFe[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text]O3, [Formula: see text] (([Formula: see text])BT⋅xPFW) system were synthesized by solid-state reactions method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dielectric studies, as well as by the measurements of the thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC). It was found that the predominant phase in the samples is presented by the (Ba[Formula: see text]Pbx)(Ti[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text])O3 solid solutions with a perovskite structure, herewith the samples with [Formula: see text] are practically single-phase, and with [Formula: see text] contain the impurity phase BaWO4 (up to 15 mass.% at [Formula: see text]–0.90). Information has been obtained about the changes in the structural and dielectric characteristics of the solid solutions with the change of their composition. It is established that the solid solutions crystal lattice symmetry at 296 K changes from tetragonal at [Formula: see text] to cubic at [Formula: see text]. An increase in the PFW content in solid solutions causes a gradual change in their properties from ferroelectric at [Formula: see text] to relaxor ferroelectric at [Formula: see text], and then to properties similar to those of the dipole glass with weak or zero correlation between dipoles at [Formula: see text]. The addition of BT to PFW leads to rather quick degradation of the relaxor ferroelectric properties of PFW in the region [Formula: see text]–1.0.

Structural Evolution, Dielectric, Ferroelectric and Thermal Properties of Pristine and (Sr, Mn) Co-doped BaTiO3

Nanocrystalline specimen of pure BaTiO3 (BTO) and Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti0.95Mn0.05O3 (BSTMO5) has been synthesized through solid state route. XRD patterns reveal uni-phase tetragonal configuration with P4mm space group. The crystallite size and strain have been evaluated by fitting the data with Williamson-Hall equation. Raman spectra are consistent with the tetragonal phase of BTO. Colossal value of dielectric constant is observed for BTO samples. The temperature-dependent P-E loops reveal highest value of polarization at 323K. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is used to evaluate the specific heat (Cp) of the samples. Doping with (Sr, Mn) raises the Curie temperature hence enhancing the temperature stability of BTO. It can broaden the temperature range over which the material exhibits desirable ferroelectric and dielectric properties. This improved stability along with high dielectric permittivity is advantageous for applications that require operation over a wide temperature range. The band gap enhanced for BSTMO5 making it suitable for usage in optoelectronic devices.

Enhancement of dielectric properties and conduction mechanism in BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 for energy storage application

To achieve cost effective materials with improved dielectric properties, BaTiO3 and BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 have been prepared by solid state reaction technique introducing a two step sintering method. The structure of the samples has been investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra at room temperature (RT ~ 300 K). In addition, crystallographic microstructures and grain morphology have been evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Apart this, the band structure along with density of states (DOS) are evaluated using first principle calculations for BaTiO3 and BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3. The band structure depicts bandgap of 1.80 eV and 1.82 eV for BaTiO3 and BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 respectively. The DOS calculation displays the increase in hybridization of Ba2+ (A site) and Ti4+ (B site) cations with oxygen octahedra resulting in off-center displacement of cations in Sn doped BaTiO3 sample. A disordered cubic phase is obtained in BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 sample sintered at 1350 °C resulting in the highest dielectric constant εr′ with a minimum loss tanδ. The conduction mechanism has been analyzed from the temperature and frequency dependence of resistivity ρ. The overall forecasts indicate BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 annealed at 1350 °C to be a potential candidate for energy storage capacitive devices in the electronic industry.

Study of dielectric properties of nanocrystalline material BaTiO3-SiO2

Within the temperature range of −50–200 °C the dielectric properties of nanocrystalline samples of BaTiO3 and BaTiO3-SiO2 (1 wt % SiO2) were studied at frequencies of 25 Hz–1 MHz. The addition of 1 wt % SiO2 to the BaTiO3 leads to a noticeable decrease in the dielectric permittivity of the material and a slight decrease in the temperatures of the ferroelectric phase transition and the transition from the orthorhombic toward tetragonal phase. It is shown that the BaTiO3-SiO2 sample exhibits some features of a relaxor ferroelectric. It is revealed that a significant contribution to the ac conductivity in the ferroelectric phase of BaTiO3 - SiO2 comes from the domain and interphase boundaries dynamics. Above TC, the hopping mechanism of conduction dominates.

Electronic, electrical and thermoelectric properties of Ba0.95Ca0.05Ti0.95Y0.05O2.975 compound: Experimental study and DFT-mBJ calculation

This article explores the impact of co-doping BaTiO3 ceramics with Ca2+ and Y3+ using solid-state reactions to improve its dielectric constant and decrease losses. The oxide BCTYO (Ba0.95Ca0.05Ti0.95Y0.05O2.975) exhibits a tetragonal crystal structure, characterized by a space group of P4mm. By examining the behavior of the doped BaTiO3 sample and performing simulations, researchers can better understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize material properties for specific applications. DFT study shows a semiconductor behavior with an indirect gap (Eg = 2.5 eV). The partial DOS proves that the hybridization between the orbitals Ti 3d, Y 3d, and O 2p is responsible for the band gap and the hopping processes. The analysis of conductivity curves provides evidence for the semiconductor characteristics of the material under investigation. By determining the activation energy (Ea) through analyzing Ln(fmax) and conductivity as a function of 1000/T, the interconnection between conduction and relaxation phenomena is demonstrated. The study of the real part of the dielectric permittivity (ε′) shows a transition at Tc = 380 K. The obtained results are promising and indicate that the studied material has the potential for various electronic applications (energy storage and diode fabrication …). Moreover, the thermal, electrical, and thermoelectric characteristics were examined utilizing the semi-classical Boltzmann theory. The findings revealed an intriguing result, suggesting that Ba0.95Ca0.05Ti0.95Y0.05O2.975 holds promise as a potential candidate for application in thermoelectric devices.

Multifunctional BaTi0.98M0.02O3 (M = V, Co, Mo) compositions: High dye-photodegradation and relative permittivity characteristics

In this study, the relative permittivity and photocatalytic properties of BaTi0.98M0.02O3 (M = V, Co, Mo) compositions have been investigated. Polycrystalline BaTiO3, BaTi0.98V0.02O3 BaTi0.98Co0.02O3 and BaTi0.98Mo0.02O3 powders were synthesized by solid state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction analysis of all samples confirmed the formation of tetragonal BaTiO3 phase without any impurities. The scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of irregular grains for BaTiO3 and BaTi0.98V0.02O3 samples while BaTi0.98Co0.02O3 and BaTi0.98Mo0.02O3 powders revealed spongy and uniform crystalline grains shapes, respectively. Remarkably, the incorporation of V, Co and Mo ions was reduced the UV band gap energy of BaTiO3 from 3.25 eV to 2.96, 2.98 and 2.92 eV, respectively. These results verify that V, Co and Mo doped BaTiO3 samples have the ability to absorb the visible light spectrum compared to pure one. The study of the dielectric properties showed that the BaTi0.98V0.02O3 and BaTi0.98Mo0.02O3 samples have a colossal relative permittivity of 14263 and 1658, respectively. Besides, BaTi0.98Mo0.02O3 as a photocatalyst exhibits superior photodegradation efficiencies of 90 and 100% towards 10 ppm Congo red solution under sunlight irradiation during 20 and 60 min, respectively. For 50 ppm CR, the photocatalytic activity of this catalyst was reached to 53% and 70% in 20 and 60 min, respectively. The highest performance of BaTi0.98Mo0.02O3 catalyst can be ascribed to high crystallinity, formation of oxygen vacancies, well charge separation and visible light absorption.

Corona-poling enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl-violet and rhodamine B pollutants using ferroelectric nanoparticles

In this study, the effect of DC corona poling on the photocatalytic degradation response of conventional ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles over the methyl-violet and rhodamine B dyes has been investigated systematically. The BaTiO3 (BT) nanoparticles were synthesized via modified sol-gel route. The synthesized BT nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), P-E hysteresis loop, impedance analyzer, photoluminescence spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the tetragonal phase of BT nanoparticles. The average particle size was found to be 130 ​nm as confirmed by SEM. The P-E hysteresis loop confirmed the ferroelectric nature of the sample and the Tc was observed nearly 130 ​°C as confirmed by dielectric study. The optical bandgap was found to be 3.74 ​eV and 3.49 ​eV for unpoled and poled samples, respectively. The degradation efficiency of the corona poled and unpoled BaTiO3 samples for the rhodamine dye solution was 45% and 25%, respectively, whereas it was 93% and 83% for methyl violet dye solution in 120 ​min under UV–vis light. The corona poling enhanced the alignment of electric dipoles in BaTiO3, which causes higher spatial charge separation, lowering the electron-hole recombination and hence improved the degradation efficiency.

Effects of annealing on particle size and pore size distribution of hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO3 nanopowders and their grain-growth kinetics during sintering

With an increase in the annealing temperature, the hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO3 nanopowders increased in particle sizes from 100 to 260 nm and decreased in pore volume from 7.2 to 2.82 cm3 g−1, while the pore size remained constant at 3.06 nm. Samples with different initial particle sizes were sintered in the temperature range of 1210 °C–1300 °C and for periods of 0.5–48 h at 1270 °C. The kinetic grain-growth exponent of the sintered BaTiO3 samples, n, was proportional to the increase of an initial particle size and the decrease of pore volume, and the grain growth obeyed the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for the grain growth of the sintered BaTiO3 samples with initial particle size of 100, 155 and 260 nm were 737, 702 and 755 kJ mol−1, respectively, indicating that the activation energy was independent of the initial particle size in the range of 100–300 nm under identical purity conditions, and pore volume was supposed to be attributed to the velocity of grain growth.

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructural Growth of Cobalt-Substituted Ba1−xCoxTiO3 {x = 0, …, 1} Heterostructure

The photocatalytic degradation process and absorption kinetics of the aqueous solution of the Cibacron Brilliant Yellow 3G-P dye (Y) were investigated under UV-Vis light. Pure barium titanate BaTiO3 (BT) and cobalt ion-substituted barium Ba1−xCoxTiO3 (x = 0, …, 1) nano-compound powders (BCT) were synthesized using the sol–gel method and colloidal solution destabilization, and utilized as photocatalysts. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) crystal structure analysis of the BT nanoparticles (NPs) revealed a prominent reflection corresponding to the perovskite structure. However, impurities and secondary phase distributions were qualitatively identified in the PXRD patterns for x ≥ 0.2 of cobalt substitution rate. Rietveld refinements of the PXRD data showed that the BCT nano-compound series undergoes a transition from perovskite structure to isomorphous ilmenite-type rhombohedral CoTiO3 (CT) ceramic. The nanoparticles produced displayed robust chemical interactions, according to a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The BT and BCT nanoparticles had secondary hexagonal phases that matched the PXRD results and small aggregated, more spherically shaped particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 114 nm, according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Following a thorough evaluation of BCT nano-compounds with (x = 0.6), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) compositional elemental analysis revealed random distributions of cobalt ions. Through optical analysis of the photoluminescence spectra (PL), the electronic structure, charge carriers, defects, and energy transfer mechanisms of the compounds were examined. Due to the cobalt ions being present in the BT lattice, the UV-visible absorption spectra of BCT showed a little red-shift in the absorption curves when compared to pure BT samples. The electrical and optical characteristics of materials, such as their photon absorption coefficient, can be gathered from their UV-visible spectra. The photocatalytic reaction is brought about by the electron–hole pairs produced by this absorption. The estimated band gap energies of the examined compounds, which are in the range of 3.79 to 2.89 eV, are intriguing and require more investigation into their potential as UV photocatalysts. These nano-ceramics might be able to handle issues with pollution and impurities, such as the breakdown of organic contaminants and the production of hydrogen from water.

Giant dielectric constant and ac electrical conductivity: Cu and Cu/W incorporated perovskite BaTiO3

Gigantic relative permittivity and ac electrical conductivity characteristics were realized in BaTiO3 through incorporation of Cu2+ and Cu2+/W4+ ions. The XRD results evidenced that pure BaTiO3 powder has a single phase with tetragonal structure. In Cu doped and (Cu, W) codoped samples, α-Ba2TiO4 phase with ratio of 17–25% was formed into BaTiO3 powder. The crystal analysis proved that the formed α-Ba2TiO4 phase naturally decay with time or heating at high temperature. The SEM micrographs illustrated the formation of elongated connected network particles in Cu doped and (Cu, 1%W) codoped BaTiO3 while cauliflower-like grains were seen for (Cu, 3% W) codoped BaTiO3 sample. Pure BaTiO3 powder reveals an ultraviolet (UV) absorption edge, corresponding to band gap energy of 3.25 eV. Owing to Cu2+ doping and (Cu2+, W4+) codoping, the absorption edge of BaTiO3 structure was powerfully red shifted and displayed oblique lines, matching to band gap energies within 3.06–2.68 eV. Pure BaTiO3 reveals a relative permittivity value of 811 (42 Hz) which transferred to gigantic values of (7.01572 × 105), (9.54016 × 105) and (3.00234 × 105) after insertion of Cu2+ and (Cu2+, W4+) ions. For Cu doped and (Cu, 1% W) codoped BaTiO3, the giant relative permittivity was considerably increased with temperature up to 125 °C and until 150 °C for (Cu, 3% W) codoped BaTiO3 sample. After decomposition of α-Ba2TiO4 phase (α-Ba2TiO4 → BaTiO3 + BaO), the dielectric constant still reveals stable colossal values equal to (7.5300 × 104), (3.66431 × 105) and (1.2277 × 104) at frequency of 42 Hz for Cu doped, (Cu, 1% W) and (Cu, 3% W) codoped BaTiO3, respectively.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue from an aqueous solution using SnO<sub>2</sub>/BaTiO<sub>3</sub> heterostructure

In this study, the SnO2/BaTiO3 heterostructure has been fabricated by firstly preparing SnO2 and BaTiO3 through, followed by coupling SnO2 and BaTiO3 by the hydrothermally method. The samples are denoted as SBTO-x:y, where x:y is weight ratio of SnO2 và BaTiO3 (x:y = 1:3, 1:5 và 1:7) in the reaction mixtures. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, IR, EDS-mapping, SEM. The photocatalytic activity of SBTO-x:y SnO2 and BaTiO3 samples was assessed by degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under sunlight. Among them, SBTO-1:5 exhibited the best performance. An enhancement in photocatalytic activity of the composites is believed to the presence of BaTiO3.

Enhanced ferroelectric and ferrimagnetism properties at room temperature in BaTiO3 doped GaFeO3 ceramics

BaTiO3 doped GaFeO3 multiferroic ceramics were prepared by solid state sintering. The influence of BaTiO3 doping on the ferroelectric, ferrimagnetic and dielectric properties of GaFeO3 ceramics was systematically studied. The results show that 0.9GaFeO3-0.1BaTiO3 ceramics exhibit enhanced multiferroic behaviors compared with pure GaFeO3 ceramics. The residual polarization of 0.9GaFeO3-0.1BaTiO3 sample is increased from 0.05 μC/cm2 to 0.14 μC/cm2. The increase of magnetic transition temperature and remanent magnetization is attributed to the formation of BaFe12O19 phase. Our results show that 0.9GaFeO3-0.1BaTiO3 ceramics have potential applications in information storage and provide new possibilities for magnetoelectric applications.

Phase evolution and enhanced room temperature piezoelectric properties response of lead-free Ru-doped BaTiO3 ceramic

Abstract Recent years have witnessed considerable work on the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramic materials and their structure–property correlations. The development of piezo response is a strong function of phase evolution in these materials. In this work, we report the effect of Ru doping and consequent phase evolution on the maximization of piezoelectric response of polycrystalline lead-free barium titanate, depicted as Ba(RuxTi1-x)O3 (BRT). The samples were prepared in a narrow compositional range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03 using the conventional solid-state reaction method. Ru doping increases the leakage current of BaTiO3 samples attributed to increased oxygen vacancy concentration due to substitution of Ti4+ by Ru3+. Detailed structural analysis reveals that samples exhibiting coexistence of tetragonal (space group: P4mm) and orthorhombic (space group: Amm2) structured phases near room temperature reveal relatively enhanced piezoelectric properties. The BRT sample with Ru content of 2 mol% yields a maximum longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient, d33 of ∼269 pC/N, a high strain value of 0.16% with a large remnant polarization of ∼19 µC/cm2 and a coercive field of 5.8 kV/cm. We propose that the ‘4d’ orbital of Ruthenium plays a crucial role in improving the functional properties and in decreasing the ferroelectric Curie temperature. Our work provides clues into tailoring the phase evolution for designing lead-free piezoelectric materials with enhanced piezoelectric properties.

Solvothermal synthesis of nanoscale BaTiO3 in benzyl alcohol-water mixtures and effects of manganese oxide coating to enhance the PTCR effect.

A solvothermal method using various benzyl alcohol/water solvent mixtures has been used to synthesise phase pure nanocrystalline BaTiO3 samples with varying particle sizes in the range of 11-139 nm. The crystallite/particle size of BaTiO3 shows an overall decrease as the benzyl alcohol percentage increases, especially at higher percentages (≥80%) of benzyl alcohol. The decrease in crystallite/particle size can be attributed to the increased viscosity of the solvent mixture when raising the percentage of benzyl alcohol. A manganese oxide coating applied to the BaTiO3 surface had a negligible impact on its microstructure and morphology, but significantly enhanced the observed positive temperature coefficient of resistance. This research has been carried out to allow the development of smaller BaTiO3 particles for use in new battery, capacitor and thermistor technologies, whilst maintaining the PTCR property of the material that is typically observed in larger particle sizes.

Piezoelectric properties of the 3D-printed lead-free ceramics

For SLA-based piezoceramics, firstly in the present study, the density values after synthesis, dielectric characteristics and piezo modules were measured in comparison with reference data by the traditional process chain. The BaTiO3 ceramic density was slightly lower than in the traditional method (0.75–0.80), and the KNN ceramics had a comparable density (0.66–0.80) after SLA-based ceramic 3D printing. The 3D printed BaTiO3 and KNN ceramics samples had higher dielectric constant values and piezo modules d33 and d31 compared with ceramics made by the traditional method, despite differences in density. The promised results indicate the further possibility of improving the 3D printed ceramic parameters under the discussed SLA-based ceramic approach, including laser process parameter optimization.

Multiferroic characteristics and microwave absorption properties of La1.5Sr0.5NiO4/BaTiO3 nanocomposites

As-prepared samples of La1.5Sr0.5NiO4 (LSNO) and BaTiO3 (BTO) were prepared by ball milling method combined with heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the pure phases of LSNO with a tetragonal structure and BTO with a cubic structure. Average crystalline sizes were 15 and 35 nm for the LSNO and BTO samples, respectively. Lattice parameters ​​of LSNO and BTO were almost unchanged after compositing, indicating no diffusion or chemical reaction between them during the compositing process. Adding LSNO to the BTO-based material significantly improved the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, contributing to the enhancement of the electrical polarisation of the composites. These enhancements also boosted the microwave absorption performance of the composites. In detail, 20LSNO/80BTO nanocomposite embedded in acrylic paint could achieve the reflection loss up to −27 dB, meaning 99.8% of the incident microwave being absorbed. This absorber could also reach absorptivity over 60% for almost the whole range of the K u band frequency, which proved that 20LSNO/80BTO nanocomposite could be used as a good microwave absorber for practical applications.