Basic Components Research Articles

Crystal structure, optical characterization, conduction and relaxation mechanisms of a new hybrid compound (C6H9N2)2[Sb2Cl8

Hybrid materials play a crucial role in the construction of flexible electronic devices due to the advantages of both organic and inorganic components. To this end, a new hybrid compound (C6H9N2)2[Sb2Cl8] was successfully fabricated using the slow evaporation solution growth approach at room temperature. In-depth research has been done on the structural, optical, and dielectric characteristics. This compound adopts the triclinic symmetry and crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P1̄. The inorganic and organic components respectively form anionic and cationic layers parallel to the ac-plane and alternate along the crystallographic b-axis. The [Sb2Cl8]2- dimeric units are bound to the 2-amino-5-picolinium cations [(C6H9N2)]+ through N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. Optical absorption measurements showed a semiconductor behavior with a band gap of approximately 3.57 eV. In addition, DFT calculations were performed to investigate the absorption spectrum, wavelength, and HOMO-LUMO gap. The analysis of complex impedance spectra shows that the electrical conductivity of the sample is strongly frequency and temperature dependent, indicating a relaxation phenomenon and semiconductor-type behavior. Dielectric data obtained from complex impedance spectroscopy and ac conductivity with the use of the Maxwell-Wagner equivalent circuit model, and the universal power law have been investigated to explore the basic components of the electronic transport and relaxation process in our material.

МУЛЬТИКОМПОНЕНТНА СИСТЕМА ЯК БАЗИС ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АПК

There is methodology of studying today's economic and logistical situation focuses in the article (in the leading sector of Ukraine's economy – the agro-industrial complex). There is logistical movements of both products and raw materials, stocks, and other resources, any activity is effective only with a systematic approach (in the overly complex environment of agricultural production) was determined in the article. Attention is focused on the multicomponent system, which can be considered the basis for conducting industrial and economic, logistical, scientific and other types of research and activities (among the large number of varieties of economic systems). It has been investigated that the concept of "multicomponent system" is not a separate economic category, but is used as a basis in logistics research. There are automated tracking and monitoring; optimization of routes and vehicles; management of warehouse processes and stocks; integration of artificial intelligence technologies and data analysis; management of relationships with suppliers and customers are defined as main basic components multicomponent system for optimizing logistics activities of AIC. There are a multi-component system in logistics has characteristic features; the aspects of the multicomponent approach in logistics are presented, the characteristic features of the specified system are defined in the article. Comparison and defined differences between the concepts of "component" and "multicomponent" systems in logistics are given. It is stated that for any complex system, the introduction of a multi-component component in the agro-industrial complex has a number of advantages, certain components of the system are defined. So it is justified that in the modern agro-industrial complex (APC), where the complexity of the supply chain and optimization of processes play an important role, there is a need to introduce innovative approaches to logistics. The basic multi-component logistics optimization system becomes a strategic tool for achieving efficiency, accuracy and competitiveness.

Effect of somatotypes on lung volumes, capacities and respiratory impedance: A pilot study.

The current morphological condition of an individual is described by a somatotype, which is a three-number scale. The endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph components are presented in the same sequence, and each number corresponds to one of the three basic components of body composition. We recruited 50 healthy male subjects with a mean age of 24.10 ± 4.55 yrs. Somatotype was determined by the Heath and Carter method. Impulse oscillometry was performed followed by spirometry according to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) or American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines. Resistance at 5 Hz (R5) %pred, R20%pred, R5-R20, X5%pred, X20, area of reactance (Ax) and resonant frequency (Fres) were obtained by doing impulse oscillometry. Slow vital capacity (SVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) were assessed by doing spirometry. Endomorphs (0.05 (0.00-0.09) vs 0.01 (0.00-0.04); P < 0.0001) and mesomorphs (0.04 (0.000.09) vs 0.01 (0.00-0.04); P = 0.002) had significantly higher R5-R20 than ectomorphs. Similarly, endomorphs (0.32 (0.07-0.82) vs 0.15 (0.08-0.35); P = 0.001) and mesomorphs (0.28 (0.17-0.64) vs 0.15 (0.08-0.35); P = 0.015) also showed significantly higher Ax than ectomorphs, Fres of endomorphs (15.37 (8.43-21.85) vs 10.08 (8.94-14.30); P < 0.0001) and mesomorphs (14.32 (10.24-20.86) vs 10.08 (8.94-14.30); P < 0.0001) were significantly high than ectomorphs. Moreover, spirometric measures reveal significant variation in which mesomorphs had significantly higher values of % predicted of FVC than ectomorphs (92.49 ± 7.211 vs 83.86 ± 7.861; P = 0.042) and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC was significantly higher in ectomorphs than in endomorphs (89.00 ± 5.80 vs 85.04 ± 5.73; P = 0.03). Peripheral airway dysfunction was observed in endomorphs and mesomorphs as compared to ectomorphs. Mesomorphs had a relatively higher FVC that may be due to their greater muscular strength.

Algae decomposition released dissolved organic matter subfractions on dark abiotic mercury methylation

To understand the mechanism of dark abiotic mercury (Hg) methylation by algae-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and effectively manage the environmental risks of mercury methylation in aquaculture areas, we investigated the influence of subfractions of DOM released from algae (Ulothrix sp.) decomposition on mercury methylation. The results showed that the hydrophobic basic component (HOB) in DOM exhibited the most substantial promotion effect on Hg methylation. The methylmercury (MeHg) production in the HOB treatment increased significantly, while the production rate of MeHg (%MeHg represented the concentration ratio of MeHg to THg) in the six subfractions treated solutions decreased significantly with the increase of Hg concentration. The change of the %MeHg was more evident at low Hg concentration, indicating the limited number of binding sites and methyl donors on DOM. As a consequence, Hg(Ⅱ) in the solution could not be converted into MeHg in equal proportion. Furthermore, the production of MeHg in solution was significantly reduced by the decomposed algae DOM, and its concentration was in the range of 0.017–0.085 ng·L−1 (significantly lower than undecomposed algal). The difference between the decomposed and the non-decomposed algae DOM reached a significant level (P < 0.05). When the DOM decayed for 20 and 30 days, the Hg methylation ability of DOM was weakened most obviously. During the decomposition process, considerable variations were observed among the subfractions, with HOB consistently playing a dominant role in Hg methylation. At the same time, the hydrophilic acid component exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Hg methylation. Generally, the main components (e.g. HOB and HIA (hydrophilic acid component)) of DOM affecting mercury methylation were found in our study, which provided a better understanding of algae-derived DOM subfractions on the Hg methylation, in an attempt to prevent and control water pollution in aquaculture areas.

Структура и элементная база приёмо-передающего модуля для организации подводной оптической беспроводной системы передачи данных

In the paper, the results of theoretical study of a wireless optical data transmission channel, as well as experimental study of its characteristics, taking into account different configurations of the optical component base of receiving and transmitting modules, were presented. The model of the wireless underwater optical communication channel with pulse-position modulation (4 bits per symbol) of digital data traffic with 100 Mbps is proposed. The model showed that to organize a communication channel on a 10 m path, the use of an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is requires (the amount is up to 20 LEDs). For this case, a sufficiently large route budget will be provided, even with additional factor that reduce the efficiency of light propagation in seawater. The LEDs were chosen to organize the data transmission channel, since they have a wide radiation pattern and allow the implementation of a relatively simple driver circuit. The required optical radiation power is realized with the use of an array of LEDs. Schematic diagrams of the LEDs driver and power supply for the receiving and transmitting modules have been designed. A measuring layout with optical transmitter and receiver blocks has been implemented. The test signal is a regular sequence of pulses with a duty cycle of 2, and a frequency of 1 MHz. In the receiving module, the signal from the output of the pin photodiode is amplified using a wideband operational amplifier. Sets of 3 pin photodiodes and 10 LEDs were selected and tests were carried out to determine options for optical components that provide the best time characteristics of the output electrical signal in terms of delay time, rising and falling edges of pulses in a wireless optical airborne communication channel. Also, measurements were done on an air path with a length of 0.25-3 m using one or two LEDs as part of the transmitting module. It has been experimentally confirmed that the organization of a communication channel with a length of up to 10 m requires about 15-20 light-emitting diodes. Further study involves the designing and testing of a driver for the LEDs array and a prototype transceiver module.

Recombinant Proteins Combining the Inter-domain Region of Pneumococcal Surface Antigen "A" and Adaptive W-type Polypeptide of Thermotoga Bacteria as a Potential Component Base for the Development of New Diagnostics and Genetically Engineered Subunit Vaccines against Pneumococcal Infection

The problems related to the development of pneumococcal vaccines require combination of traditional solutions and alternative systems optimizing this procedure. Recombinant subunit vaccines have undeniable advantages over inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines: they induce cell-mediated and humoral immunologic responses effectively and with high specificity, but without the risks associated with authentic pathogen processing. However, subunit vaccines require specific adjuvants to enhance the immune response or special fusion partners to improve solubility, expression and optimize subsequent fine purification of the protein of interest. In the framework of this work, a structurally conserved region of the most immunogenic region of the vaccine-valuable surface antigen PspA of Streptococcus pneumoniae was chosen as a model protein, and the adaptive polypeptide CheW from the hyperthermophilic microorganism Thermotoga petrophila was used as a promising fusion protein. Appropriate expression plasmid vectors were designed in silico and constructed in vitro. Efficient E. coli producer strains were obtained and appropriate conditions for heterologous production of chimeric proteins were selected. The fusion partner from T. petrophila positively influenced the properties of the resulting constructs such as thermostability, solubility, and homogeneity. During this work, the optimal pH and temperature ranges of the created proteins were determined, and the principles of low-stage purification were elaborated. We obtained and characterized new proteins, which were not previously found in nature in a similar bioconfiguration. The results indicate that the biotechnologically valuable characteristics of the fusion protein were more expressed when the adaptive CheW protein was combined with the N-terminus of the PspA antigen.

The Six Components of Urban Quality of Life: A Case Study in Khan Dangkao of Phnom Penh City

The research study aims to examine and analyze the quality of life and urban communities of Phnom Penh capital city introduced by Muhammed &amp; Abubakar (2019) through the six basic components: health, security, personal development, community development, physical environment, and natural resources, goods, and services. The survey interviewed 250 households of urban residents in Borey and None-Borey for quantitative data and applied participatory approaches for qualitative data. The research finds that the majority of the respondents had good health conditions. However, they were not fully able to access healthcare services. In terms of security, residents in Borey were safer than None-Borey, and most respondents experienced some types of violence’s form but not serious violence. The survey also shows that the respondents in Borey and None-Borey residencies enjoyed spending much time per month visiting green spaces. Regarding community development, the research concludes that the residents in Borey were less engaged in community development than in None-Borey. Moreover, most of the respondents were satisfied with their personal development. Interestingly, residents in Borey were more satisfied with the physical environment. Most respondents were satisfied with their communities’ private and public infrastructure. The research finding suggests and provides appropriate solutions to the current basic components of quality of life.

Toxicological aspects of wastewater

‘Alea iacta est', the die is cast, said the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar the moment he and his troops crossed the Rubicon River. This phrase refers to a state where everything has already been decided and this decision cannot be taken back. It is at this borderline that humanity now finds itself; its survival is at stake. The basic biogenic components of the environment, such as water, air, and soil, are coming under the pressure of the modern industrial revolution. The products of this anthropogenic activity significantly affect the environment. We live in a time of rapid climate change, melting of glaciers, devastation of nature, mass extermination, or loss of animal and plant species in order to increase human living standards. Man has caused all this in one stage of human life, a generation. Humanity mismanages natural resources and clings to a lifestyle that is vain. It destroys the natural environment on which it is dependent simultaneously. An environmental disaster is coming. Will our blue planet still be livable for future generations? The study deals with one of the components of the environmental environment, not an insignificant one, that is, water. For the moment, recycled water is a neglected and underappreciated resource from the point of view of the Czech Republic and its state authorities. The cleaning process may be inadequate or unreliable, and residual biological and chemical contaminants may pose a risk to human health. This work focuses on the use of purified wastewater mainly for firefighting unit activities in relation to a possible health risk. The result of the study is a clear possible recommendation for the use of recycled wastewater from a technical, technological, and logistical point of view, but taking into account the precautionary principle.

Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots in Two Solvents of Different Boiling Points for Polymer Optical Fiber Technology.

Polymer materials find many applications in various industries. Efforts are being made to obtain structures with increasingly better properties. It is necessary not only to obtain new materials but also to modify existing structures. Such is the situation with polymer optical fibers. The widespread use of polymer optical fibers is impossible, due to their very high optical losses compared to glass optical fibers. The solution to this problem can be the manufacturing of polymer active optical fibers. Active fibers are the basic components of fiber optic amplifiers and lasers that allow the direct amplification of light inside the fiber. In order for their operation to be the most effective, it is necessary to use dopants. The most commonly used are lanthanide ions isolated from the polymer network, active organic dyes, and quantum dots. These dopants are characterized by very high luminescence and long glow times. Quantum dots of CdSe are made using two organic solvents that differ in boiling points-hexane (a low-boiling solvent with a boiling point of 69 °C) and 1-octadecene (a high-boiling solvent with a boiling point of 315 °C). This work aims to test whether the type of solvent used to obtain quantum dots affects the doping capabilities of polymer structures, from which optical fibers can then be drawn.

Basic life support knowledge among nurses at public health center in rural Banten Province, Indonesia

Background: Public Health Center (PHC) is one of the primary healthcare facilities that has an important role in the chain of survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients, especially in rural areas. Nurses are an important component of health workers in PHC. Basic Life Support (BLS) knowledgeis the basic component of building a qualified resuscitation.Purpose: To analyze the relationship between demographic characteristics of PHC’s nurses in a rural area and their knowledge about BLS.Method: An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach involved 32 PHC nurses with total sampling techniques. The data was analyzed with the Spearman Rho and Fisher Exact test.Results: 32 nurses were involved. Most respondents are male (18/56.25%), have a Diploma educational background (23/71.88%), and non-government employees (24/75%). The average age of respondents was 34.75 years, and the average worked for 9.25 years. The level of knowledge of BLS was mostly more than 56% (25/78.1%). The knowledge average was 74.06+ 8.93 with a median of 75 anda score range of 50-85. Gender, educational background, BLS certificate upgrades, and employment status were not related to the level of knowledge of BLS. Age and length of work variables have a significant correlation with knowledge. Calculated rs was -0.043 with a p-value of 0.008 (α 0.05) for age and rs value of -0.353 with a p-value of 0.024 (α 0.05) for length of work.Conclusion: Gender, educational background, BLS certificate upgrades, and employment status were not related to the level of knowledge of BLS.There is a sufficient and significant relationship between the age and length of workwith knowledge of BLS with the opposite direction of the relationship.The older and longer a nurseworks, the lowerthe nurse’s knowledge of BLS. Routine BLS training sessions or emergency drills in PHC both online and offline can be some solution in partnership with emergency organizations and nearby referral hospitals.

Design and Implementation of IoT Based Rivers Monitoring System

Water is the most essential element for human life after air, hence the amount and quality of water resources must be monitored by the appropriate government agencies. The goal of this research is to create and implement an IoT‐based rivers monitoring prototype system. Two basic components make up the proposed system: the first component represents the node points, and the second component represents the control point. In order to achieve continuous updates of the information via Internet from the node side, ESP32 with its built‐in Wi‐Fi adapter was utilized. The node should pinpoint three major situations, Normal, High. and Low of river water, and then transfer it using IoT to the control point to take an action depending on conditions at the river. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Synergistic Adsorptive Removal of Urea from Agricultural Effluents Using Ball Clay and Sepiolite Composite

Agriculture effluents have become a big problem since water is the basic component of all operation in agriculture practice. These effluents composed of agrochemicals such as fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, crop residues are the pollutants of agricultural effluents. Lakes, rivers and streams often receives water run-off from farmlands. Nitrates and urea in the water bodies are toxic to aquatic lives by causing depletion of oxygen in water making it unfit for human and aquatic life. This research assessed the adsorptive removal of urea from agricultural effluent by means of thermally activated ball clay and sepiolite composite (TABCSC) and non-activated ball clay and sepiolite composite (NABCSC) as absorbent. The adsorption process was done at Varying amounts TABCSC (0.6g - 4.5g), pH range of 3 - 11, time (30 - 90 minutes) and temperature (25 – 45°C) as recommended by design expert version 13. TABCSC and NABCSC characterized by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals the presence of large surface area, porosity as well as the functional groups: hydroxyl, carboxylic, hydrogen bonding and aldehyde group that aids adsorptive removal of urea. The highest adsorptive removal efficiency by TABCSC was found to be 99.23% (at pH = 7, temperature = 25°C, dosage = 0.6 g and time = 60 minutes) while that of NABCSC was at 93.23% (at pH = 11, temperature = 35°C, dosage = 0.6 g and time = 60 minutes). The adsorptive removal of urea was found to increase with increase in pH value and contact time. The adsorptive removal mechanism of Urea by TABCSC was more fitting to the second order kinetics (R2 = 0.9770) while removal by NABCSC aligns with the pseudo first order kinetics (R2 = 0.9770). The isotherm of the removal process conforms more to the Freundlich isotherm of TABCSC (R2 = 0.9995) and NABCSC (R2 = 0.9671) respectively.

Loet Leydesdorff, interdisciplinarity, and diversity

Diversity, as used in interdisciplinarity studies, has three components: variety, evenness, and dissimilarity. In 2019, Leydesdorff, Wagner, and Bornmann proposed an indicator, denoted as DIV*, that independently operationalized these three components and then combined them. Gini evenness is one factor in this formula. An important point is that Leydesdorff and his colleagues rejected so-called dual concepts, i.e. concepts that mix or are influenced by at least two of the three basic components of diversity. A few years ago Chao and Ricotta took a new look at “evenness” and showed that the Gini evenness measure, as well as the Lorenz curve, are dual concepts as they are influenced by variety. For this reason, I propose to replace the Gini evenness measure in DIV* with an evenness measure, actually an evenness profile, that is not influenced by variety.

Development study determining motor qualities in rhythmic gymnastics. Mobility and coordination in gymnasts 10-12 years old

Rhythmic gymnastics is one of the sports that educates one of the basic components of physical beauty, also falling into the category of technical-combination sports. Achieving a high performance in rhythmic gymnastics is a complex process, which requires a comprehensive approach to the development of motor qualities and specific skills. In particular, two fundamental motor qualities, addressed in the paper, are essential for achieving success in this discipline: joint mobility and muscle elasticity, as well as coordination of body segments. Thus, through the appropriate introduction and implementation of specific exercises in the rhythmic gymnastics training of performance athletes, we highlighted the importance, the beneficial and essential effect in improving sports performance. The purpose of the research is to evaluate and analyze the impact of the means used in training on the development of mobility and coordination of gymnasts. The obtained results underline the positive influence of exercises on sportswomen's performances and through the planning and proper implementation of exercises in training, a holistic and sustainable development of athletes in their sports activities can be ensured.

From Social Responsibility to “Civic University”: The Case of Mariupol State University

The essence of the “civic university” as the highest manifestation of the social role of the institution of higher education has been defined and analysed in the article. It has been established that the social mission of the university can have various forms and vectors of practical implementation; they include educational, research, socio-cultural, ethical, economic dimensions, social support of students and employees, development of social dialogue, charity and volunteering, internationalisation.&#x0D; The strengthening of the social role of the university in the context of hybrid Russian aggression, large-scale invasion and the need to develop the most effective tools for post-war reconstruction has been analysed using the case of Mariupol State University (MSU). The author has defined and characterised the main spheres of MSU activity, which reflect the practical implementation of the principles of its social responsibility before the beginning of the large-scale invasion. The determinants of the transformation of the interaction of the MSU with the community because of the temporary relocation to the Kyiv have been distinguished. The basic components of the “civic university” in the Strategic Development Plan for 2021-2025 under conditions of relocation in the 2023 edition have been determined, as well as practical steps to implement the chosen mission — “a national leader among pro-social universities, an ambassador of Mariupol in Ukraine and the world.” The activity of the higher education institution in the field of support for representatives of the Mariupol community in the capital and the prospects for the implementation of the “civic university” model has been highlighted.&#x0D; On the basis of analysis it has been established that the modern activity of the MSU in the conditions of displacement demonstrates a clear focus on preserving the Mariupol identity, social support of its employees and students, humanitarian support to all internally displaced persons from Mariupol in the capital, conducting various activities aimed at their professional and moral preparing to the return and revival of the de-occupied city, educational activities regarding the Russian-Ukrainian war, popularisation of the experience of the MSU in conditions of displacement.

CIVIL COMPETENCE OF A TEACHER IN THE LIGHT OF THE REFORM OF THE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM

The article is devoted to determining the role and place of civic competence of a preschool teacher in the general system of teacher formation in the light of reforming the preschool education system. It was established that the basis of the new educational policy of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine is the prioritization of preschool education as the foundation of an integral system of continuous education. Attention is focused on the fact that, aware of Ukraine's desire to establish itself on the world stage as a European democratic state, educators should understand the direction of internal transformations, in particular in the national education system: the New Ukrainian School is designed to educate a new generation of citizens who have civic values who make responsible decisions and have a sense of responsibility for the fate of Ukraine. The article analyzes the current legislative and regulatory framework for preschool education in the context of civic education, formulates a number of requirements and sets of tasks for the formation of civic competence of the teacher of the New Ukrainian School. It was established that the key industry document in the reform of preschool education, which brings it to a qualitatively new level, in the position of international standards of the quality of education, was the update of the state standard of preschool education (Basic component of preschool education); in particular, the basic principles of its implementation are identical to the principles of a democratic society, including: democracy, the direction of the educational process towards sustainable development and European integration processes in Ukraine, public administration, social partnership, etc. In the course of the study, it was proved that the challenges associated with the formation of a conscious citizen who professes democratic values, with a high sense of self-worth, an active civic position and responsibility, can be solved exclusively by a pedagogical community with a high level of citizenship, and formed civic competences of a teacher is a tool for expanding the opportunities for the development of his personality in the educational field, his promotion in social activities, the possibility of influencing social and state-level processes.

Low-temperature fabrication of potassium single-atom solid base catalysts with high activity in transesterification

Solid base catalysts are appealing to a variety of reactions due to their benefits of easy separation, negligible corrosion, and environmental friendliness. However, their activity is compromised because high temperature is frequently required for the formation of basic sites and aggregation of basic components is easy to occur under those circumstances. Herein, K single-atom solid base catalysts were fabricated by a low temperature, pyrolysis-free, grafting strategy, resulting in the catalysts with highly dispersed basic sites and high activity in transesterification reaction. Potassium tert-butoxide (KTB) functions as the precursor and mesoporous silica SBA-15 is employed as the support, K atoms are successfully grafted onto SBA-15 (denoted as K1/SBA-15) at 30 °C. Various characterizations confirm that highly dispersed K single atoms exist in the form of K-O-Si. The amount of basic sites of K1/SBA-15 measured by titration is 1.62 mmol·g−1, verifying the basicity of the obtained catalyst. K1/SBA-15 shows excellent activity (49.1 % yield) in the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is superior to typical alkali metal-related solid superbases. The catalyst was recovered after reaction and the yield of DMC over the recovered catalyst decreases slightly (43.4 %) due to the partial deformation of pores. Moreover, the K1/SBA-15 exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 82.5 h−1, obviously higher than various reported solid base catalysts (0.95–36.2 h−1) under semblable reaction conditions.

Results and review of IASF-2023

On 18–19 October 2023, the annual International Automobile Scientific Forum (IASF-2023) “Ensuring Competitiveness of Russian Automotive Industry until 2035” took place, dedicated to the 105th anniversary of FSUE “NAMI”. The event format assumed both offline and online participation. The issues of providing technological sovereignty of the Russian automotive industry and development of the domestic component base, technical and technological developments in the field of innovative land vehicles and systems were discussed during the Forum. Within the Forum, an exhibition of technical achievements of FSUE “NAMI” and manufacturers of automotive vehicles and components was held dedicated to competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry. Components of electric, hybrid and intelligent vehicles, electronic control units, assemblies and aggregates of powertrains, electric traction vehicles and hybrid vehicles with additional power sources were also presented. There was a competition held in two categories: “Best Student Scientific Paper” and “Best Graduate Student and Young Specialist Scientific Paper”. 20 applications were filed for the competition from the educational, scientific and production companies and organizations.

Emocje w narracjach, czyli o strukturze pojęcia strachu u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i wczesnoszkolnym

The article presents research on the structure and content of the concept of sadness, based on the statements of preschool and early school age children. The research was carried out in a transverse (transversal) system among children selected from six age groups: 4.0−4.11, 5.0−5.11, 6.0−6.11, 7.0−7.11, 8.0−8.11, 9.0−9.11. Data collected from a sample of 240 children were used to analyze the test results. There were 20 girls and 20 boys in each of the six designated age group. In order to describe the content and structure of emotional concepts the experimental technique created by S. Grabias (2012) was used. It allowed to obtain an information on six basic components of a given concept, i.e. definition/definition category, carrier, features, activities, causes, circumstances /effect and in addition his assessment. When describing the emotions of fear, the youngest children mainly used tautological definitions containing synonyms and the oldest ones were dominated by abstract definitions. When talking about the symptoms of emotions, the surveyed children focused primarily on the perceptual indicators of experiencing it. The face and changes in facial expression are particularly significant to them. When describing a person experiencing fear, preschool children mainly referred to typical behaviors related to this emotion, i.e.: afraid, shouting, crying. Analyzes concerning the indications of children for the activities performed by the carrier of the emotion fear show that among the respondents in general, flight from the object of fear was dominant. In the opinion of the surveyed children, the main cause of fear are situations related to the violation of physical body, causing fear and anxiety in humans. Children’s descriptions of reactions to other people’s fear reflect their own tendency to self-regulate, that is, finding ways to deal with experiences. Fear in the perception of the respondents is a negative emotion.

Gender Disparities in Religious Individual Law

India society is the amalgamation of several societies having different religion. There is a common law of Indian Constitution which is equal for every Indian citizen, but these citizens, as they are living in a particular community has to abide by their personal customs, i.e., Religious Personal Law, where inequality persists. The term personal law includes the scriptural commands and standard practices of that particular religion. These laws allude to the standards overseeing the arrangement of marriage and its disintegration, the separate rights, commitments and limits of marriage; the connection amongst guardians and children; conjugal property; child custody or guardianship and inheritance. One of the basic components of most Individual Laws is that women do not have equivalent rights with men. Much legislation has been done to eradicate the inequality against women but still the disparity persists.