Balance Table Research Articles

Quantitative Estimation of Recharge Potentialities of Shallow Aquifers in Senegal River Delta Hydrosystem

The objective of this paper is to assess quantitatively the potential recharge of shallow aquifers in the Senegal River delta in context of semi-arid climate, of massive irrigation development and of modification of hydrologic and hydrogeological characters after dams building. Quantitative estimation of recharge potentialities have been based on hydrological balance and groundwater table fluctuation calculations and on isotopic tracers techniques of the water molecule (δ18O, δ2H and 3H). This different methodological approaches used to estimate recharge rates have been useful, valuable and complementary. They give results fairly homogeneous and very interesting with indications accurate enough on recharge rates and on recharge spatio-temporal variations in shallow aquifers in alluvial plain (rate varying between 0-37% of annual rainfall) and dunes formations (rate varying between 0-44% of annual rainfall). Results indicate that recharge variations in term of proportions and of distribution are not only depending of volume and frequency rainfall or groundwater depth but also depending of soil and subsoil surface conditions, human activities (water withdraw, irrigation, market gardening, etc.) and evaporative demand. This recharge knowledge in terms of proportions and distribution in shallow aquifers is often very useful to propose groundwater resources management model and to define strategies to exploit them sustainably especially when groundwater resources are very unproductive and often very salty as in Senegal River delta.

A top-bottom method for city-scale energy-related CO2 emissions estimation: A case study of 41 Chinese cities

China has become the world's largest energy consumer, accounting for approximately 30% of global CO2 emissions. City contributions make up 84% of China's commercial energy consumption. However, energy consumption data for most Chinese cities are not accessible. Many studies have focused on the estimation of carbon emissions at the provincial or national level; city-level carbon emissions are not well studied. In order to solve this problem, this research constructed a top-bottom method for city-scale energy-related carbon emissions estimation in China. Typically, cities are considered the constituent units of a province. Relying on provincial energy balance tables and utilizing the available city-level socioeconomic data as indicators, we scaled down provincial energy consumption to the city level. We compared our estimation results with city-level point-source data, and found that for the 41 Chinese cities to which we applied this method, the difference was within 10%, while for 25 of these cities, the difference was within 5%. Thus, we believe our method is reasonably accurate. We also subdivided the city carbon emissions into three major energy categories (coal-related, oil-related, and gas-related) and found that the difference could be attributed mainly to coal-related energy emissions. The results of the uncertainty analysis indicated that the uncertainty of the coal emission factor was the largest, thus demonstrating that it is critical not only to choose appropriate indicators to characterize coal-based industrial carbon emissions, but also to identify accurate emission factors for coal-related fossil fuels. Both analyses demonstrated China's coal-dominant energy structure. We believe our method is practical and can provide detailed data support for the establishment of city-level carbon emission inventories, furthermore, it will also be helpful for Chinese cities to negotiate carbon reduction responsibilities and allocating carbon reduction tasks.

Reducing Biomass Utilization in the Ethiopia Energy System: A National Modeling Analysis

With its target of becoming a middle-income country by 2025, Ethiopia has set ambitious targets in its Growth Transformation Plan (GTP) II, such as increasing power generation capacity from 4.18 to 17.21 GW during the 2016–2020 period. However, according to the 2015 IEA energy balance table, Ethiopia depends heavily on biomass for its final energy use. In final energy service sectors, biomass takes more than 90% of the final energy consumption (36.9 out of 40.9 MTOE), 99% of which is consumed in the residential sector. Therefore, it is very important to achieve biomass utilization in the energy sector targets of Ethiopia. This paper aims to analyze the biomass consumption in the Ethiopia energy system, and discuss related policies. An integrated assessment model is chosen for its national energy modeling, and to simulate policy scenarios in a comprehensive and consistent manner. After building a reference case, three scenarios are developed: (1) higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and urbanization rate, (2) efficiency improvement of biomass technologies, and (3) sensitivity analysis of urbanization. It is found that biomass still holds the largest share of energy consumption in the future, which increases even more in the high GDP and urbanization scenario. Increasing efficiency of biomass technology can reduce biomass consumption, but the “rebound effect” is observed, which increases the energy service demand, thus dampening the effect of biomass efficiency improvement.

ANALYSIS OF UKRAINIAN DIAGNOSTIC ARTICULATION TABLES

The problem of creating Ukrainian diagnostic tables for the testing of hearing impaired people has not yet been resolved. The article dedicated to the linguistic material of existing articulation tables. The basic methodology of creating such tables is the recommendations for the compilation of Russian-language tables according to the rhythmic-dynamic indicators of the language. For comparison, corresponding tables in Russian have been analyzed. The performed analysis shows significant differences between the indicators of statistical analysis of Ukrainian-language tables. The atypical frequency of the use of separate letters for the Ukrainian language, as well as other phonological indicators, is revealed. Additionally, the articulation tables are not balanced. Their linguistic material, selected by column, is different in its indexes and cannot be interchangeable. That is why the use of spectral analysis of speech material during the compilation of articulation tables is proposed. This approach is objective to ensure the matching of the dictionary sample with the integral characteristics of the given language and allows to create balanced tables. Due to the specifics of each language, it is necessary to create the appropriate language of their diagnostic tables, which should be used to test the state of hearing of the native speakers. This study will help to find out the feasibility of using existing Ukrainian language articulation tables and determine the ways to create an objective universal method for selecting a vocabulary that is typical of a given language.

Tracing the inter-regional coal flows and environmental impacts in Jing-Jin-Ji region

Coal, which plays a critical role in sustaining society development in Jing-Jin-Ji region (China), has become a controversial issue and has aroused extensive attention due to its impications with both climate change and human health. Based on the model of inter-regional transportation in Jing-Jin-Ji, we propose a Regional Coal Industry Chain Balance Table to define the full coal chain energy flows analysis framework. Besides, process chain analysis and input-output analysis are used for embodied energy accounting as well as for environmental impact assessment of 24 kinds of pollutants in the region.Results show that the direct use of raw coal represents a large proportion in Jing-Jin-Ji region’s coal industry chain. By comparing the results from embodied energy analysis with the energy analysis findings, we can ascertain that coal chemical industry still keeps quite a small share of the energy consumption of coal industry chain. Coke is the main source of energy uses in final consumption, being also the key contributor in terms of embodied energy. In terms of final consumption, the industry keeps the vast majority of the use share (about 90%) in both direct and indirect flows. Consequently, a more effective control of industrial use of coal resources would play a fundamental role for improving energy efficiency and for decreasing pollution. The energy utilization efficiency of coal cleaning, coal products processing and coking of coal conversion in Jing-Jin-Ji region during year 2012 were 87.77%, 92.46 and 90.97%, respectively, i.e. a little less than the energy utilization efficiency of coal refining in China for the same year (96.16%). The direct use of raw coal, coke and the coking process were the key contributors to the 7 main pollutants of coal industry chain in Jing-Jin-Ji region 2012. Responding appropriately would improve the direct use of raw coal, coke and the coking process, while reducing the emissions of coal industry chain in Jing-Jin-Ji region. This study provides theoretical support and policy suggestions to increase the energy utilization efficiency, to reduce the consumption of embodied energy and to reduce the emissions of coal industry chain in Jing-Jin-Ji region.

Combining ability, heritability and genotypic relations of different physiological traits in cacao hybrids.

Selecting parents and evaluating progenies is a very important step in breeding programs and involves approaches such as understanding the initial stages of growth and characterizing the variability among genotypes for different parameters, such as physiological, growth, biomass partitioning and nutrient translocation to the aerial part. In these cases, facilitating tools can be used to understand the involved gene dynamics, such as diallel crosses and genetic and phenotypic correlations. Our main hypothesis is that the contrasting phenotypes of these parental genotypes of cocoa used are due to genetic factors, and progenies derived from crosses of these parental genotypes are useful for breeding programs related to plant architecture, physiological parameters and translocation of mineral nutrients. We aimed to evaluate the combining abilities in progenies of cacao (Theobroma cacao L) originating from contrasting parents for canopy vigor. Emphasis was given to the evaluation of morphological and physiological parameters and the phenotypic and genotypic correlations to understand the dynamics of the action of the genes involved, as well as in expression profile from genes of gibberellins biosynthesis pathway in the parents. Fifteen F1 progenies were obtained from crosses of six clones (IMC 67, P4B, PUCALA, SCA 6, SCA 24 and SJ 02) that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replicates of 12 plants per progeny, in a balanced half table diallel scheme. It is possible to identify and select plants and progenies of low, medium and high height, as there is expressive genetic variability for the evaluated parameters, some of these on higher additive effects, others on larger nonadditive effects and others under a balance of these effects. Most physiological parameters evaluated show that for selection of plants with the desired performance, no complex breeding methods would be necessary due to the high and medium heritability observed. Strong genetic components were observed from many of the correlations, which indicate the possibility to formulate selection indices for multi-traits, such as dwarfism or semidwarfism, tolerance to increase of leaf sodium concentrations and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus integrity under these conditions. Additionally, plants with higher carbon fixation, better water use, higher carboxylation efficiency and greater magnesium accumulation in leaves can be selected.

Methodology and applications of city level CO2 emission accounts in China

China is the world's largest energy consumer and CO2 emitter. Cities contribute 85% of the total CO2 emissions in China and thus are considered as the key areas for implementing policies designed for climate change adaption and CO2 emission mitigation. However, the emission inventory construction of Chinese cities has not been well researched, mainly owing to the lack of systematic statistics and poor data quality. Focusing on this research gap, we developed a set of methods for constructing CO2 emissions inventories for Chinese cities based on energy balance table. The newly constructed emission inventory is compiled in terms of the definition provided by the IPCC territorial emission accounting approach and covers 47 socioeconomic sectors, 17 fossil fuels and 9 primary industry products, which is corresponding with the national and provincial inventory. In the study, we applied the methods to compile CO2 emissions inventories for 24 common Chinese cities and examined uncertainties of the inventories. Understanding the emissions sources in Chinese cities is the basis for many climate policy and goal research in the future.

Estimation of groundwater recharge in sedimentary rock aquifer systems in the Oti basin of Gushiegu District, Northern Ghana

Sustainable development and the management of groundwater resources for optimal socio-economic development constitutes one of the most effective strategies for mitigating the effects of climate change in rural areas where poverty is a critical cause of environmental damage. This research assessed groundwater recharge and its spatial and temporal variations in Gushiegu District in the Northern Region of Ghana, where groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. Isotopic data of precipitation and groundwater were used to infer the origin of groundwater and the possible relationship between groundwater and surface water in the partially metamorphosed sedimentary aquifer system in the study area. Though the data do not significantly establish strong relation between groundwater and surface water, the study suggests that groundwater in the area is of meteoric origin. However, the data also indicate significant enrichment of the heavy isotopes (18O and 2H) in groundwater relative to rainwater in the area. The Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and Water Table Fluctuations (WTF) techniques were used to quantitatively estimate the groundwater recharge in the area. The results suggest groundwater recharge in a range of 13.9 mm/y - 218 mm/y, with an average of 89 mm/yr, representing about 1.4%–21.8% (average 8.9%) of the annual precipitation in the area. There is no clearly defined trend in the temporal variations of groundwater recharge in the area, but the spatial variations are discussed in relation to the underlying lithologies. The results suggest that the fraction of precipitation that reaches the saturated zone as groundwater recharge is largely controlled by the vertical hydraulic conductivities of the material of the unsaturated zone. The vertical hydraulic conductivity coupled with humidity variations in the area modulates the vertical infiltration and percolation of precipitation.

Energy Transfer Diagrams and Efficiency Analysis of Coal Industry Chain in Jing-Jin-Ji Region

Abstract Nowadays, the air pollution of China is more and more serious, especially in Jing-Jin-Ji region. The improper energy consumption structure and the pollutants emission of coal industry chain are the main cause of the air pollution. In this study, based on the Energy Balance Tables of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2012, we used the model of inter-regional transportation, proposed a Regional Coal Industry Chain Balance Table, clarified the material/energy flows, and accounted the energy utilization efficiency in Jing-Jin-Ji region. It can help to realize the optimal balance of pollutant emissions control and energy supply, which is scientifically innovative.

Adapting WIOD tables to national IO Tables for Turkey

This paper presents the adjustment process of the WIOD (World Input-Output Database) tables of Turkey to national accounts data coming from the TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Institute). The database covers 27 EU countries and 13 other major countries in the world for the period 1995 to 2011. The main aim of the paper is to construct a series of balanced input-output tables (IOTs) for Turkey’s Interindustry Analysis Model (Turina). TURINA is an Interdyme type (Interindustry dynamic macroeconomic) model developed by INFORUM (Interindustry Forecasting at University of Maryland). The Inforum model requires one or more IO tables with three blocks: i. Total intermediate (domestic plus import) interindustry flow matrix, FM ii. Final demand block, FD, iii. And Value added block, VA. A time series of 35-sector annual IO tables for the Turkish economy has been constructed by the WIOD. The format of national input-output tables in WIOD is different from the normal format of national input-output tables which can be directly used in building an INFORUM model. The WIOD structure consists of six blocks: i. Intermediate flow matrix which only shows domestically produced inputs. ii. Final demand goods produced by domestic industries. iii. An import matrix which shows import components of intermediate inputs into domestic industries. iv. Imports components of final demand categories. v. Value added block at the bottom rows of the whole table. vi. Some elements of value added rows inside the final demand block. In the adjustment process three major steps are taken. The first step requires the addition of import rows to domestic rows in order to obtain the total intermediate and final demand figures. The second step requires the adjustment of the sum of final demand categories to national account totals at aggregate level. The third step requires the adjustment of value added totals to national account income figures provided by national statistical office. After all these steps any imbalances which are almost always the case an RAS procedure is applied to balance the whole system at sectoral level. At the present stage I have checked the WIOD table for 2011. Starting from the final demand side, I observed that there are no deviations for Government expenditures and Gross domestic fixed investment between the WIOD and the TurkStat figures. For other variables of final demand block (Consumption, Changes in stocks, Exports, Imports,) some slight differences were observed. Therefore initially, the GDP figure in the TurkStat sources exceeded the WIOD figure by 3.2 percent. Finally, with a series of balancing adjustments both at macro and sectoral level the WIOD table for 2011 is made consistent with the TurkStat data.

栄養バランス表図示を用いた糖尿病食事指導:－高齢者在宅療養患者・家族への指導の効果：第一報－

栄養バランス表図示を用いた糖尿病食事指導:－高齢者在宅療養患者・家族への指導の効果：第一報－

Attittudes of consumers in Serbia towards the importance of a balanced diet and table egggs as foodstuff

To investigate consumers? attitudes towards a balanced diet and eggs as foodstuff, 509 consumers have been surveyed. Through this survey, the consumers answered questions about the importance of a balanced diet, importance of having eggs in diet, the most common way of egg consumption, benefits and drawbacks of eating eggs. The responses were analysed by gender, age, occupation, education and place of living of the respondents (city of Belgrade, other cities and other populated places). Based on these results, it can be concluded that most of the respondents (79% males and 87% females) think a balanced diet is important, whereas 41% males and 52% females think it is very important. Moreover, most of the respondents find it important to have eggs in diet, and males and females do not differ in their responses (69%). The most common way of cooking and consuming eggs is frying, according to 68% male and 50% female respondents from all the places (60% from Belgrade, 55% from other cities and 62% from other populated places). As a benefit of eating eggs, the most frequent response is ?nutritive value? (43% respondents), whereas, the most frequent drawback is ?a risk of cholesterol? (19% respondents). Hence, one should pay particular attention to education on the importance of diet, at the level of the whole community.

Groundwater Resources as Influenced by Climatic Change in Shetrunji basin of Gujarat State, India

The estimation of climatic alteration influencing on groundwater recharge will help to prepare a future plan for groundwater development and management planning for the basin. It will also be helpful for agriculture as well as other resource planning. The required shift in cropping pattern can also be judged. The study was undertaken for Shetrunji river basin having an area of 5646.98 km2. The entire area was found consisting of 17 watersheds. The climate change impact on Rainfall, Runoff and estimated groundwater recharge by 3 different methods were assessed. The groundwater recharge varied from 3.11% to 49.28%, 0% to 15.34% and 0.72% to 14.62% of rainfall by water balance, Krishna Rao (1970) and water table variation respectively. The climate change impacts favors to increase the rainfall significantly in 6 out of 17 watersheds while the runoff is found increasing in 5 out of 17 watersheds of the basin. The rainfall and runoff was influenced by the climate change in Northern part of upper reach and southernmost part of middle reach of basin. The area weighted rainfall of the Shetrunji river basin was found increasing significantly. The areal mean depth of monsoon runoff for entire Shetrunji basin was increasing significantly at the rate of 17.7 mm per decade. The groundwater recharge assessed by water balance method was found higher as compared to Krishna Rao (1970) and water level fluctuation method. The groundwater recharge expected by water balance, Krishna Rao (1970) and water level fluctuation methods is found to be enlarged in 13, 9 and 6 watersheds out of 17 watershed of the basin. The areal mean depth of groundwater recharge in Shetrunji basin during monsoon season in water level fluctuation method was found increasing significantly at the rate of 13.01 mm per decade due to climate change impacts.

JumpFlow: Reducing flow table usage in software-defined networks

The forwarding scheme in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is usually coupled with flow table management. To reduce the redundancy in the flow tables of OpenFlow switches, some recent studies propose forwarding flows using stacked MPLS labels, in which each label in the stack indicates the forwarding decision at one hop of the forwarding route. However, using multiple MPLS labels in each packet introduces significant transmission overhead, especially in networks with large diameters.In this paper, we propose JumpFlow, a forwarding scheme that achieves low and balanced flow table usage in an SDN by properly and reactively placing flow entries on switches. To reduce the transmission overhead, JumpFlow uses the available VLAN identifier (VID) in the packet header to carry routing information. Constrained by the limited space of the VID, a flow’s complete routing information must be divided into several sections and loaded separately at different switches on the flow’s forwarding route. To achieve low and balanced flow table usage, we formulate and solve the reactive flow entry placement problem. We evaluate JumpFlow against the per-hop configuration-based forwarding of OpenFlow for both unicast and multicast scenarios in a real network topology with different traffic patterns. For the unicast scenario with different new flow arrival rates, JumpFlow postpones the time when the first flow rejection occurs, reduces the flow rejection percentage by 37.06%, and reduces the control messages for route configuration by 53.52% on average. For the multicast scenario with a high new multicast group arrival rate, JumpFlow increases the ratio of accepted multicast groups by 83.90%, and reduces the ratio of average control messages for a multicast group configuration by 32.68%.

Reducing Gaseous Emissions and Resource Consumption Embodied in French Final Demand: How Much Can Waste Policies Contribute?

SummaryThis study investigates the benefits of waste management policies on gaseous emissions and resource consumption caused by the final demand, in the specific case of France and in a context of economic growth. Waste input‐output analysis is implemented to compare three scenarios, depicting and combining the upward trend of final demand from 2008 to 2020, the increase in recycling rates by 2020 (encompassing the achievement of recycling objectives set by European Union Directives), and the simultaneous larger implementation of best available techniques (BAT) for waste incineration. Hybrid monetary physical input‐output tables are initially derived from balanced physical supply and use tables and further complemented with process inventory data on waste treatment technologies. A dramatic reduction in the demand for primary metals (by a factor of 2.0) and for primary mining and quarrying products for construction (by a factor of 1.9) is observed in 2020, as compared to 2008, in the case of the scenario “recycling,” despite the competition induced by the evolution of the final demand. On the contrary, considering energy requirements and fossil carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions caused by the French final demand, the combined improvements in recycling and incineration performances by 2020 would only limit the rise induced by the evolution of the final demand. On the basis of these results, the potential contribution of waste management policies to the decoupling of resource consumption and gaseous emissions from final demand's growth is finally discussed.

Simulation of Potential Groundwater Recharge from the Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka using HYDRUS-1D Model

In drier regions, accurate knowledge of groundwater recharge is important for the sustainable management of scare water resources. Thirunelvely in Jaffna Peninsula is an area where groundwater is being utilized for domestic, agricultural and municipal water supply. Further the groundwater in this area also contaminated with nitrogenous fertilizer application due to intensive agriculture, as post war conditions in the Peninsula encourage farmers to engage in intensive agricultural activities. Very few or no studies have been conducted in the recent past on groundwater recharge or solute transport such a fertilizer leaching in this area. HYDRUS-1D is a Windows-based modelling environment for analysis of water flow and solute transport in variably saturated porous media. HYDRUS-1D is just as quick and cheap as other soil moisture balance models but more physically based and flexible as it allows for building up complexity as data are available whether for solute transport or non-equilibrium flow etc. Therefore the main objective of this paper is to simulate potential groundwater recharge using HYDRUS-1D and compare it with the results obtained in Thirunelvely using soil moisture balance and water table fluctuation methods. Results have shown that the HYDRUS-1D simulated potential groundwater recharge (41.8 cm) has close agreement with that estimated by other methods with high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95). Further runoff, soil moisture storage and bottom pressure head simulated by HYDRUS-1D too have good agreement with field observation. Therefore HYDRUS-1D is capable of simulating potential groundwater recharge close to the previously estimated values in Thirunelvely as it has good agreement with the water table fluctuation measured in the study site and the bottom head pressure at the 1 m soil profile simulated in the HYDRUS-1D model. Now that it has been demonstrated that HYDRUS-1D adequately reproduces the water fluxes predicted by other methods, it could be used for groundwater recharge with more confidence and to investigate pollution in soil zone and groundwater. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ouslj.v7i0.7307 OUSL Journal Vol.7 2014: 43-65

한국과 IEA 에너지밸런스 표의 비교 분석연구 (2009년도를 중심으로)

현행 국가통계인 에너지밸런스 표는 우리나라 에너지 부문의 현황파악의 기초지표임에도 불구하고 IEA 기준의 에너지밸런스 표와 체계 및 수치상의 큰 차이가 있다는 선행연구를 근거로, 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 통계체계를 갖는 2009년 에너지경제연구원(KEEI) 기준의 에너지밸런스 표와 국제에너지기구(IEA) 기준의 에너지밸런스 표의 비교를 위한 기초적인 틀을 마련하고, 그 구체적인 차이를 백분율 값으로 비교 분석하여 보았다. 에너지원별, 세부 용도별로 그 구체적인 차이를 산정해 본 결과, 1차에너지공급과 에너지전환에서 에너지유가 32% 이상의 큰 차이가 나타났고, 최종에너지소비에서는 비에너지의 납사가 석유 화학에서 14.58%의 차이를 보이고 있는 등 최종에너지소비 기준으로 KEEI 에너지밸런스 통계가 IEA 통계에 비해 3.58% 크게 나타남을 확인하였다. 에너지통계는 이를 기반으로 하는 연구 및 정책 결정에 중요한 기초자료가 된다는 점에서 추가 연구와 개선을 위한 대책 마련이 필요해 보인다. Referring to many previous research on the statistical differences in the figures of energy balance table between that of KEEI and IEA, a study is conducted to provide with a framework for proper comparison, followed by the actual calculation of the differences. Major differences are found for energy oil with its size of over 32% differences in primary energy supply and in energy transformation sectors. In final energy consumption sector, naptha consumption for petro-chemical industry shows 14.58% differences. Overall final energy consumption figure of KEEI after its adjustment to net calorific value as is the case of that of IEA is 3.58% larger than that of IEA. Considering the fact that energy balance table provides the basic information for the understanding of energy sector, further studies seem to be necessary for proper adjustment of current status.

China’s carbon flow: 2008–2012

As the world’s largest CO2 emitter, China’s CO2 emissions have become one of the most popular issues concerned by domestic and foreign researchers. Therefore, analysis of the current status of China’s carbon emissions is very important. After drawing a chart of China’s carbon flow in 2012, based on the IPCC carbon emission inventory method and China’s energy balance table, this paper gives a detailed description of the current status of China’s carbon flow and compares the changing characteristics of China’s carbon flow between 2008 and 2012. The results show that 75.12% of total CO2 emissions flow mainly into several sectors, such as ferrous sectors, and the chemical industry in the terminal sub-sectors. Although China’s thermoelectric efficiency increased dramatically during past four years, emissions from the heat and power production sector are still increasing due to China’s large demand for heat and power. In the ferrous metal and chemical industry sectors, CO2 emissions are mainly energy-related, while in the non-metallic mineral sector, CO2 emissions are mainly from process CO2 emissions. In different terminal sub-sectors, the main carriers of CO2 flow are different, thus, related CO2 reduction policies should also be targeted. In addition, some valuable suggestions are given in this paper.

An Investigation of Metadiscursive Manner Markers across Sciences and Languages in Research Articles

An Investigation of Metadiscursive Manner Markers across Sciences and Languages in Research Articles Ghader Sadolahi (M.A), Reza Abdi (Ph.D.) Abstract This study investigated the distribution of metadiscursive manner markers across English and Persian languages in different parts of scientific research articles including abstracts, introductions, methodologies, and results & discussions across human and basic sciences in six disciplines consisting of psychology, sociology, education, biology, chemistry, medicine. For this purpose, 108 recently published articles including 54 English articles and 54 Persian articles were selected from reliable and valid journals. Three journals from each discipline and then three articles from each journal were randomly selected to build the corpus of the study to find out the distribution of metadiscursive manner markers including transitions, frame markers and code glosses in research articles, and also differences among HS and BS based on cooperative principle model (Abdi, et al, 2010). After getting raw and balanced summary tables of metadiscursive manner markers distribution for both English and Persian languages, results showed that there are significant differences between English and Persian HS and BS articles in the use of transitions, code glosses, and frame markers and also between English and Persian languages in general. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijlc.v3n2a17

Acute cardiovascular responses while playing virtual games simulated by Nintendo Wii(®).

[Purpose] This investigation evaluated the acute cardiovascular responses that occur while playing virtual games (aerobic and balance) emulated by Nintendo Wii®. [Subjects] Nineteen healthy male volunteers were recruited. [Methods] The ergospirometric variables of maximum oxygen consumption, metabolic equivalents, and heart rate were obtained during the aerobic (Obstacle Course, Hula Hoop, and Free Run) and balance (Soccer Heading, Penguin Slide, and Table Tilt) games of Wii Fit Plus® software. To access and analyze the ergospirometric information, a VO2000 analyzer was used. Normalized data (using maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate) were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Scheffe’s test. [Results] Significant differences were found among the balance and aerobic games in all variables analyzed. In addition, the Wii exercises performed were considered to be of light (balance games) and moderate (aerobic games) intensity in accordance with American College Sports Medicine exercise stratification. [Conclusion] Physical activity in a virtual environment emulated by Nintendo Wii® can change acute cardiovascular responses, primarily when Wii aerobic games are performed. These results support the use of the Nintendo Wii® in physical activity programs.