Defense Area Research Articles

تحديد دور العيادات القانونية بموجب قانون المساعدة القانونية النيجيري

Legal aid and the provision of legal assistance to poor and indigent citizens forms a core to the promotion, protection and enforcement of fundamental human rights especially for a vast majority of Nigerians who live below the poverty line and cannot afford the services of legal practitioners which constitutes a major impediment to access to justice. When individuals have access to legal aid, they are able to enforce and seek the protection of their basic rights in line with the principles of equality and the rule of law. In furtherance of these objectives, the Legal Aid Act of Nigeria 2011 was passed, which provided a mechanism for a scheme to provide legal assistance to those entitled to such services. The law sets out the operational framework for legal aid, the scope of legal aid, those entitled to legal assistance and specially recognizes the role of non-state actors such as NGO’s, Law Clinics and Paralegals in providing legal aid. This paper identifies and maps the role of law clinics as provided under the law in the areas of criminal defense, advice and assistance in civil matters and community legal services. The work will also highlight some of the challenges that hinder the effective provision of legal assistance under the scheme, which include insufficient personnel and funding for the scheme.

THE DOCK ESTABLISHMENT TO SUPPORT MARITIME SECURITY OPERATIONS IN BANGKA BELITUNG

Navy Base of Bangka Belitung is a type B Navy Base under the operation of Main Navy Base III Jakarta. As a base, it has an important role in the series of Integrated Fleet Weapon Systems (Sistem Senjata Armada Terpadu, SSAT). Nave Base of Bangka Belitung has the main task of supporting administration and logistics for operation elements. Besides that, it plays the role of a unit that enforces the law and maintains maritime security, and also plays an active role in empowering the marine defense area. The port is an important facility in supporting the presence of navy elements that can provide a deterrence effect against threats to maritime security. However, the absence of a dock at Bangka Belitung Navy Base will limit the power of the navy element, that is why the process of law enforcement at sea will be carried out optimally with the presence of a dock. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dock establishment to support the navy power in Bangka Belitung Navy Base securing its maritime area. The theories used were sea power theory, maritime security, dock concept, and International Ship and Port Security Code (ISPS Code). This study used the literature review method, primary data obtained through important files related to the object of research and supported by secondary data in the form of books, journals, and documents related to the construction of the Navy Base of Bangka Belitung. The results showed that the dock can improve the performance of Bangka Belitung Navy Base elements in the support function of anchorage facilities, support for ship maintenance and repair facilities as well as support for supply facilities, support for law enforcement, and maintaining maritime security, as well as empowering marine areas

Particle Swarm Network Design for UCAV Intelligence System Path Planning

In military battle, the unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) plays a critical role. The UCAV avoids the fatal military zone as well as radars. If there is just a narrow path between the defensive areas, it is dan-gerous. It chooses the quickest and safest path. The balance evolution technique is used to improve the path planning of UCAV in this study, which results in a novel artificial bee colony. To regulate the position of a swarm of UCAVs, a particle swarm network is used to communicate between the UCAVs in the swarm. According to simulation data, the particle swarm network technique is more efficient than the ABC ap-proach. The intelligence system is taught via an artificial neural network.

Particle Swarm Network Design for UCAV Intelligence System Path Planning

In military battle, the unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) plays a critical role. The UCAV avoids the fatal military zone as well as radars. If there is just a narrow path between the defensive areas, it is dan-gerous. It chooses the quickest and safest path. The balance evolution technique is used to improve the path planning of UCAV in this study, which results in a novel artificial bee colony. To regulate the position of a swarm of UCAVs, a particle swarm network is used to communicate between the UCAVs in the swarm. According to simulation data, the particle swarm network technique is more efficient than the ABC ap-proach. The intelligence system is taught via an artificial neural network.

Arms race in the 21st century: Consequences and mitigating measures

Historically, arms races generate a great deal of interest both in the academia and policy circles for a variety of reasons. They are widely believed to have significant consequences for states' security. In the debate over their consequences, one side holds that arms races increase the probability of war by undermining military stability and straining political relations. The opposing view holds that engaging in an arms race is often a state's best option for avoiding war when faced with an aggressive adversary. The 21st Century is witnessing the return of arms race amongst states. Coupling with the advancements in technology, the menace of arms race in the 21st Century, therefore, if not curtailed could lead to war more devastating than witnessed in the last century. Using basic content analysis the study revealed that the 21st Century arms races are mainly in the area of nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles, missile defence, cyber-warfare, and space weaponisation. The arms races are prominently amongst the world‟s great powers such as the United States of America, Russia, and China as well as developing states like Iran and North Korea. This study discovered that nuclear weapons are still at the forefront of arms race in the 21st Century, despite efforts to reduce their role in global affairs and to negotiate further reductions in quantity. Also, states like the USA, China, and Russia are exploiting the advantage of speed and manoeuvrability to engage in arms race in hypersonic missiles. This has prompted nations to compete in the development of missile defences in order to counter the present missile threats. Furthermore, in anticipation for future warfare, nations such as the USA, China, and Russia are in arms race to weapon sise space by deploying space to space, earth to space and space to earth weapons, where appropriate. War in the 21st Century could in turn lead to more human, material, and environmental casualties due to the latest advancement in technologies and modernisation of existing weapons and associated equipments. Consequently, measures are needed to ensure that arms races in the 21st Century, if not eliminated, are reduced to the barest minimum in order to promote international peace and security. Renewed commitments on existing arms control measures, formulation of new arms control measures, and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are the measures that could be considered.

How spatial constraints afford successful and unsuccessful penetrative passes in elite association football

ABSTRACT Background The aim of the present study was to examine the spatial relations between teams (macro-level) and groups of players (meso-level) that afford successful penetrative passes (off-ball advantage) in elite football. Methods Three balanced home matches from a Premier League team with 91 ball possessions in which a pass was performed into the opposition defensive area and overpassed the first defensive line, promoting a perturbation of the defensive team equilibrium, were selected for analysis. The spatial relations between teams were measured through spatial variables that captured the areas occupied by the teams, while the spatial relations between players were measured through variables that captured the distances and angles between attacking and defending players near the ball. Results Results revealed, at the macro-level, higher values of width ratio between teams and the width of the attacking team for unsuccessful penetrative passes (UPP), when compared to successful penetrative passes (SPP). At the meso-level, a general decrease in distances and an increase in angles between attacking and defending players were observed between successful to unsuccessful penetrative passes. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of using positional data analysis to identify teams’ tactical profiles and to potentiate coaches’ interventions.

The Ambiguity of the EU’s Global Role: A Social Explanation of the Term ‘Strategic Autonomy’

The term strategic autonomy has become a major reference point in the debates on the EU as a global actor despite concerns of some Member States that worry about global decoupling signals. What explains the attractiveness and widespread use of the concept in the EU’s policy debates? This article puts forward an explanation grounded in social factors and dynamics. It uses role theory to develop a hypothesis for the proliferation of the strategic autonomy concept in the debate on EU’s global role. Based on this perceptive, the conflict between the EU’s roles as a market-, normative-, and realist power is at the heart of the emergence of the strategic autonomy discourse. Rather than forcing the EU to adapt its role as an international actor, the reference to strategic autonomy allows for ‘role ambiguity’. The article discusses this in light of the current debates on the ‘geopolitical Commission’, qualified majority voting (QMV) in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as well as in the area of defence. Whether the ambiguity – the lack of clarity and certainty the EU as a collective actor faces with regards to the enactment of its role – will prove to be constructive or destructive for its foreign policy remains still open. Strategic Autonomy, European Union, EU’s Global Role, Role theory, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Common Security and Defence Policy, Normative Power, Market Power, Realist Power

Illuminations for constructions of scintillating lanthanide–organic complexes in sensitive X-ray detection and high-resolution radiative imaging

X-ray detection and imaging via scintillators has been utilized in missions worldwide within areas of scientific research, medical industry, military defense and homeland security. Commercial scintillators are costly with high energy consumption through the sintering. It is of great significance to seek alternative scintillating materials for sensitive X-ray detection in the next-generation. Herein, eight structure-defined Ln(III)-based metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) were prepared, 2D [Ln2(1,4-ndc)3(DMF)4]n·nH2O (Ln = Sm 1, Eu 2, Dy 3, Tb 4) and 3D [Ln4(2,6-ndc)6(μ2H2O)2(H2O)4]n·2nH2O (Ln = Sm 5, Eu 6, Dy 7, Tb 8), where 1,4-H2ndc = 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate acid, 2,6-H2ndc = 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide. Merely compounds 2 and 6 show remarkable X-ray scintillation performance via the characteristic red emissions of Eu(III) ions, in which the absorbed energy from the triplet states of the organic moieties can be transferred more efficiently to the resonance emission levels of Eu(III) ions than other lanthanide(III) ions. The X-ray dosage rate detection limits of 2 and 6 are superior to the standard for the medical X-ray diagnosis dosage rate. As proofs-of-concepts, matrix-mixed membranes fabricated with 2 and 6 have achieved remarkable X-ray imaging with high resolution for practical object shooting.

Contribution by the firemen service to sustainable development / Contribuição do serviço de bombeiros para o desenvolvimento sustentável

The challenge of this article is to discuss the contributions of public service as for fire fighting and rescue for sustainable development within the municipalities of Pernambuco, Brazil, from the perspective of municipal government managers in the areas of civil defense, environment and economic development, seeking local and multifaceted views about this question. After a brief review on the subject “Local Sustainable Development”, weaknesses are identified, mainly in aspects related to the sustainability of regions that, in the temporal range of the survey, had no public services herein highlighted. To construct a panorama of the entire Pernambuco state, municipalities with and without mentioned services were elected, contemplating the twelve Pernambuco Regions of Development. Then data were collected with the application of forms addressed to the three managers of the areas already described of 32 municipalities. The main result was that public services under investigation are considered sustainable development factors by the most managers surveyed.

PV solar farm as static synchronous compensator for power compensation in hybrid system using Harris Hawks optimizer technique

<p>Nowadays, the power of impact elements and the proximity and defense areas exist and are increasing exponentially. To аlleviаte these рrоblems, renew the energy sоurсes suсh аs рhоtоvоltаiсs, wind power, and other things that are made to be taken. This is considered to be a night and night use of static synchronous compensator (STATСОM) to meet the release of lоаd. Sоlаr fаrm photovoltaic (РV) рrоduсes energy during the night and not completely trapped at night. During dаy, the inverter is used for normal operation and at midnight, it is used to meet load demand more efficiently by controlling voltage, current, active, and reactive power. The proposed strategy is validated in the MATLAB/Simulink software and compared with the existing schemes such as cat swarm optimization-particle swarm optimization (CSO-PSO) and tree seed algorithm (TSA) with recurrent neural network (RNN).</p>

Quantifying Estuarine Hydrometeorological Coastal Hazards Using a Combined Field Observation and Modeling Approach

Coastal development and its associated site management have rapidly expanded to estuarine environments while continuing to increase worldwide. With the growth of coastal management projects, field observations are required to understand how anthropogenic construction, coastal defense, environmental restoration, and conservation areas will react to the typical, extreme, and long-term conditions at the proposed sites. To address these unknowns, we present a multi-faceted coastal risk assessment of a unique, recently nourished estuarine beach near the mouth of the Delaware Bay Estuary by merging rapid-response remote sensing platforms, hydrodynamic models, and publically available monitoring datasets. Specifically, hydrometeorological events from 2015 to 2019 were the focus of peak-over-threshold statistics, event type definition, and clustered event interval determination. The 95th percentile thresholds were determined to be the following: 0.84 m for the significant wave height, 13.5 m/s for the 10-m elevation wind speed, and 0.4 m for the total water level residuals. Tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, light gales, or cold and stationary fronts proved to be the meteorological causes of the sediment mobility, inducing the hydrodynamics at the site. Using these event types and exceedance instances, clustered meteorological events were defined as having an interval greater than twelve hours but less than five days to be considered clustered. Clustered events were observed to cause greater volumetric change than individual events, and are currently underrepresented in coastal risk planning and response in the region. Coastal monitoring field measurements should consider clustered events when conducting post-hazardous or erosional event response surveys. This work highlights the importance of clustered hydrometeorological events causing estuarine coastal risk, and how to quantify these effects through combined field observations and modeling approaches.

Military Campaign Strategy with the Integration of the 1st Joint Defense Command and Local Governments of the Riau Islands Province

The Military Campaign is a series of several joint operations carried out sequentially, to achieve strategic and operational goals in a space and time (TNI 2019). This study aims to a). To analyze the implementation of Kogabwilhan I military operations in support of the military campaign in the Natuna region. b) To analyze the Riau Islands Provincial Government in support of the military campaign. c) To analyze the integration strategy of Kogabwilhan I and the Riau Islands Provincial Government in carrying out the military campaign. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques are interviews, observations and documentation studies. Research Results 1) Kogabwilhan I served as initial action, restorer, and deterrent according to the policy of the Commander-in-Chief. 2) the functions of the Riau Islands Government include security, economic development and infrastructure. 3). The implementation of territorial development activities through the Komsos method with community components. Discussion of the concept of the Kogabwilhan I military campaign in the implementation of the state's Strategic framework to determine goals in national defense and security efforts and develop national resources including the military, but to achieve this the context is also determined by community relations that support and intertwine activities between civilians and the military so that soldiers can love and respect loved by the people and awakened awareness of defending the country. Cooperation is defined as a form of social process to achieve common goals by helping each other and understanding each other's activities. So the implementation of the Defense Area Empowerment policy with the support of the Riau Islands community built a close and positive emotional relationship between soldiers and the community.

PLANNING OF GROUP ACTIONS OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN A DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM

The actual progress achieved in the field of unmanned flying vehicles makes it possible to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to solve various tasks in the civil and defense areas. As a result, UAV groups require scheduling of their actions at various stages of their mission. In their previous publications the authors suggested the architecture of a distributed intellectual control system for the implementation of UAVs collective actions. It was demonstrated, that one of the most important functions of such an intellectual control system is the so called pre-flight scheduling of UAVs actions within a group. The article discusses the approaches to the implementation of algorithms that ensure the pre-flight scheduling of UAVs actions in the frames of a distributed intellectual control system, summarizing the current state of research in this area as well as the authors’ own results. The most important task to be solved at the stage of a UAV group’s actions pre-flight scheduling is to determine the types of UAVs involved in the implementation of the target task. An approximate solution to this problem is proposed, basing on the use of analytical probabilistic models to evaluate the group actions efficiency. The use of such models makes it possible to determine the optimal number of UAVs in the group, to justify the requirements for their survivability, the characteristics of both on-board optoelectronic means and weapons. Algorithms for scheduling the UAV group actions are described, which are based on both mathematical models and formalized criteria for evaluation of the collective actions efficiency. In this case, the planning task, as a rule, can be reduced to the problem of integer linear or nonlinear programming. The possibility of using artificial intelligence technologies for the purposes of the UAV group actions scheduling is discussed. Special attention is paid to the problem of planning the UAV group actions within the framework of a decentralized strategy of flock management.

Organizing the Home Front: The American Women’s Voluntary Services in New Jersey during World War II

During World War II (WWII), the American Women’s Voluntary Services (AWVS) became the largest service organization in the U.S. At the onset of American entry into WWII, the AWVS already included 18,000 volunteers. Within two years of its creation, the group expanded to 350 chapters nationwide, with the height of its wartime membership reaching roughly 325,000. Both on a national and local level, the AWVS proved instrumental to the success of home-front mobilization during WWII. With numerous community chapters, significant wartime initiatives, and proximity to the national AWVS in New York City, the New Jersey groups serve as a starting point for a more nuanced reflection on the AWVS during WWII. Along with considerations of gendered citizenship and volunteerism, the narrative of the AWVS presents women who both adhered to accepted forms of volunteerism and pushed social boundaries. The activities of the AWVS occupied a space somewhere in between nurturing and militaristic, blurring gendered lines of acceptable wartime participation and occupying a unique role not easily categorized. These women reimagined local activism and cooperation as encompassing more than their socially accepted supporting roles and expanded into areas of civilian defense, disaster response, emergency preparedness, and more. 

If I tell you I will have to kill you: secrecy in public administration in a time of securitization and militarization

ABSTRACT Critical security studies examine how everyday life is affected or transformed by practices that militarise civil society. This article addresses one such area: qualitative changes in the openness and transparency of public administration, instating a mode of suspicion and secrecy. The article is based on interviews and observations in the area of the total defence in Sweden, where we during three years encountered challenges in gaining access to authorities that initially welcomed participation of researchers, but progressively became inaccessible. We use these experiences to reflect on both methodological issues and wider implications for the securitisation of civil society. The article concludes that difficulties in gaining access to the field may itself serve as valuable data in understanding the changing condition of public administration in a time of militarisation.

Prevention of threats from the area of food defence and food fraud on the example of the sushi&food factor company

Purpose: The main purpose of this article was to present the actions taken by the company in the field of its food defence and food fraud. Design/methodology/approach: The article presents the approach used in the analyzed company to supervise the food defence and food fraud area. As part of the analysis, the applicable documents in the scope of the conducted risk analyzes were presented. The adopted methodology for the evaluation of raw materials and their suppliers in the food fraud area is based on the IFS guidelines, as well as an approach developed by the authors of this study, who participated in the implementation of this methodology in the company. Findings: The presented approach to supervision in the area of food defence and food fraud in the analyzed company ensures its continuous development depending on the changing environment and risk factors. The Sushi&Food Factor company is characterized by a high culture of safety and quality of the produced food. Actions are still being taken to support its development in various areas, such as communication, employee involvement, risk awareness. The activities used by the company related to the verification of the effectiveness of supervision over the areas of food defence and food fraud, such as the simulation of unauthorized access or the review and assessment of incidents that have currently occurred on the market, allow for the necessary preventive measures to be taken. Originality/value: The article presents a practical approach to the implementation of the requirements of standards in the area of food defence and food fraud. The article may be an element influencing the improvement of activities in the discussed areas in other enterprises, which may contribute to the development of their food safety and quality culture. Keywords: Food defence, food fraud, food safety. Category of the paper: Case study.

O strategickej autonómii a budúcnosti Európskej únie v Severoatlantickej aliancii

Tensions between the West and Russia, closely linked to the Ukrainian crisis,Tensions between the West and Russia, closely linked to the Ukrainian crisis,have further fuelled discussions on mutual cooperation between theEuropean Union and the North Atlantic Alliance in the area of defence. TheEuropean Union is the political and economic power base for the security anddefence of the European continent, as it is primarily its Member States thatset the overall strategy for European foreign and defence policy. On the otherhand, the member states of the Union, whether they are or not also membersof the Alliance, lag behind their alliance partners, especially the UnitedStates, in military capabilities and capacities. Therefore, through someEuropean Union initiatives, they are now seeking to build more militarycapabilities and capacities, thus strengthening not only the level of Europeandefence and security, but also the possibility of the Union's strategicautonomy. Therefore, the author uses relevant methods of scientific researchin this article to discuss the possibilities of European strategic autonomy andthe future of the European Union in the Alliance.

The United States and the concept of Europe's Defense

The article deals with a range of security and defense issues that are at the forefront of the transatlantic debate. The Unites States was a key actor in shaping plans to set up Europe's defense in the post-war period. The debate on a “European defense” has considerably evolved since the late 1940s, so has the U.S. attitude. The dispute heated up in recent years with the U.S. strategic priorities shifting towards the Indo-Pacific, degrading security situation in Europe, and a “strategic autonomy” concept mooted within the EU. The controversies over European defense capabilities have revealed contrasting views on the subject. By examining the arguments of proponents and opponents of making Europe a self-sufficient player in defense area, the author figured out reasons explaining why it is hard to reconcile overlapping interests of the United States as the main security guarantor in NATO with the European Union’s ambitious, although ambiguous, intention of driving towards a strategic autonomy.

Indonesian Border Defense Policy: A Case Study on the Interoperability of the joint regional defense command

National security stability is a condition that arises from maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state, overcoming violations of border areas, overcoming smuggling and theft of natural resources, and implementing the empowerment of defence areas at the border. The empowerment of the defence area is carried out by the TNI with all the national potential that exists in the border area so that it becomes a formidable regional power to support defence interests. However, in its implementation, it still faces conditions where the interoperability strategy implemented by Kogabwilhan as Armed Forces Operational Main Commands needs to be optimized. This article discusses the strategy for optimizing the interoperability of the Joint Regional Command in Border Security Operations through a study of organizational resources, combat functions, and elements of cooperation. Using a descriptive analysis method that emphasizes the collection of empirical data and facts sourced from a combination of literature studies and interviews with key informants, an analysis of factual conditions, influencing factors, and ideal conditions is carried out. The results of the analysis show that the optimization strategy can be carried out through three main strategies. First, optimizing organizational resources through a strategy to improve Border Security Operations infrastructure, strengthening the use of information technology, and implementing the commitment of the TNI leadership through the Network-Centric Warfare policy. Second, optimizing the elements of the combat function through optimizing the Kogabwilhan strategy as a permanent Armed Forces Operational Main Command, increasing the empowerment of TNI experience in the implementation of Border Security Operations, as well as strengthening defence and security against transnational crimes. Third, optimizing the elements of cooperation through the strategy of optimizing the existence of the National Border Management Agency (BNPP), increasing development and social and economic conditions for border communities that are still lagging behind, and increasing cooperation in the existence and harmonization of Customs, Immigration, and Quarantine. The result should serve as a relevant recommendation for Indonesian border defence policy and a practical suggestion to defence and security institutions to further develop their operational mechanism.

PERJUANGAN SULTAN MAHMUD RI’AYAT SYAH MELAWAN BELANDA DITINJAU DARI ASPEK STRATEGI PEPERANGAN

Sultan Mahmud Ri'ayat Syah was a king with the title "Yang Dipertuan Besar Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang Kingdom", who led his kingdom to fight against the Dutch troops who attacked his kingdom. This research analyzes his struggle from the aspect of warfare strategy. This research is a qualitative research, using the method of Biographical History Research, to dig deeper into his superiority in leading the war series. The theory used is strategy theory and several other relevant theories. Data was collected using literature study techniques, and then analyzed and interpreted so that they have the expected meaning. From the discussion it was found that his decision to fight, move the defense area, and carry out a sea guerrilla war, was very precise and effective, so that he achieved a series of victories and his kingdom could last quite a long time.