Defense Area Research Articles

New technologies in security on the example of research activity of the Police from 1919 to 2019

Each scientific or developmental project brings with it new challenges and risks, but also an opportunity to gain knowledge and development. The results of projects funded through national and international initiatives and programmes should be disseminated so that the experience and knowledge gained can be used in the future for the benefit of the police, academics and the public at large. It should be emphasized that the Polish Police is a uniformed formation dynamically developing new technologies for security. Project financing and management institutions, in particular the National Centre for Research and Development, play an important role in the indicated development, as well as in setting priorities and financing scientific research for security and defence. The 100th anniversary of Poland's regaining independence and the establishment of Poland's largest uniformed formation responsible for security and public order justify scientific exploration of the issue under discussion. The article discusses research activities in the police in three time frames: after 1919, after 1945, and after 1989 - the regaining of independence and sovereignty. The period of modern research activity in the Police was presented on the example of scientific activity of the Police Academy in Szczytno and the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police. Good practices applied by the Police were indicated, i.e. the procedure for submitting by the Police projects in the area of state security and defence for financing within the National Centre for Research and Development funds. Moreover, the selected research projects of the Police implemented for the benefit of state security and defence were approximated. Apart from the indicated areas raised in the study, at the same time an attempt was made to answer the question whether the Polish Police makes use of the research experience of its predecessor (the State Police) in the field of creating technologies for security?

Germany’s Military Importance for the European Union

Abstract Although a founding member of the European Union, Germany has been rather reluctant to assume a pre-eminent leadership role in the European military integration process, choosing to focus more on social and economic affairs. But following Brexit, Germany might be also called upon to act as an integration “engine” in the defence area. Using the case study method and the analysis of social documents, we argue that Germany’s high level of military integration allows this state to assume, alongside France, a leading role in the defence pursuits of the European Union.

Target detection method based on optical fiber fence

The intrusion alarm system of fiber optic fence perimeter realizes the early warning of intrusion by sensing the vibration of the defense area. How to detect the intrusion correctly, improve the system alarm accuracy and reduce the false alarm rate is the key problem to be explored. In view of the large amplitude of the jump of the intrusion signal and the discontinuous action process, and the disturbance generated by the environment is generally random and disorderly. In this paper, the method based on mean filtering and contrast detection is adopted to detect the intrusion signal. Through the actual data verification, this method can accurately realize the alarm of the intrusion signal and has strong robustness.

Efficacy of α-β grade titanium alloy powder (Ti–6Al–2Sn–2Zr–2Mo–2Cr–0.25Si) in surface modification and corrosion mitigation in 3.5% NaCl on friction stir processed armour grade 7075-T651 aluminum alloys—insight in defence applications

Aluminium alloy AA7075-T651 is one of the newest and promising commercials rolled sheet metal for structural applications in defensive areas like military, space and air vehicle, aerospace because of its excellent and unbeatable combination of high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance, high fatigue strength. In this study friction stir processing (FSP) was performed on AA7075-T651 aluminium metal composite (AMC) reinforced with α-β grade Titanium alloy powder (Ti–6Al–2Sn–2Zr–2Mo–2Cr–0.25Si) which is an excellent reinforcement material in airframe and jet engine applications for corrosion resistance and exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. The processing parameters used were the rotational speed of 1500 rpm, processing speed of 20 mm min−1, and tilt angle of 3°. Two passes were carried out on the FSP parameters with 100% inter-pass overlap i.e. plunge depth of 0.3 mm was used which was distributed thus, 0.2 mm plunge depth on first pass and 0.1 mm plunge depth second pass. Mechanical characterization was carried out to study the influence of α-β grade Titanium alloy powder (Ti–6Al–2Sn–2Zr–2Mo–2Cr–0.25Si), in this tensile strength was studied using Xforce P type of Zwick/Roell Z250 tensile testing machine and surface roughness analysis was conducted on Mitutoyo surf test SJ-210 surface roughness tester. Corrosion behaviour of the processed AMC was studied using potentiodynamic polarization technique in 3.5% NaCl solution at an ambient temperature of 25°. It was established that α-β grade Titanium alloy powder as reinforcement inhibitor produced the highest percentage of inhibition performance efficiency (IPE) of 98.26% while the processed base metal (PBM) gave IPE of 63.99% with reference to the unprocessed base metal (UBM). There was an extraordinary improvement in corrosion rate with a reduction from 5.0718 mm/year to 0.087 675 mm/year when α-β grade Titanium alloy powder was used as inhibitor. AA7075-T651/Ti–6Al–2Sn–2Zr–2Mo–2Cr–0.25Si AMC has highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 624 MPa which has a close value of 620.903 MPa to that of AA7075-T651 without reinforcement but the UTS for UBM was far away from them.

European Parliament Position on EU Cyber Security and Defense Policy

Ensuring cyber security in scope of cyber defense is currently among the top priorities of the EU Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). Matters included in scope of cyber defense are a competence of the Member States and cooperation at EU level in this area is governed by decisions of the EU Council based on unanimity. This means that the European Parliament (EP) in the field of cyber defens acts only as an opinion-forming body expressing its position through the adoption of non-legislative resolutions. The aim of the article is to analyze the content of these resolutions and present the EP’s opinion on the challenges facing the EU in the field of cyber defense. It should be stressed that the EP is the EU body that strongly emphasizes the need for a common EU approach to these issues. Given that the area of cyber defence is subject to intergovernmental cooperation mechanisms, the EP considers that the EU needs to develop not only cooperation and coordination mechanisms at the level of its institutions, but also to take action to enhance the EU’s capability to counter cyber threats. These significant cyber defense capabilities should be essential elements of the CSDP and of the development of the European Defense Union, as it is becoming increasingly difficult to counter cyber attacks for the Member State level alone. The role of the CSDP should be to ensure that the EU, in cooperation with NATO, has an autonomous strategic capability to act in the field of cyber defense.

ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY WITH AFRICA

The Initiation of Trade and Commerce with African Countries, by India is moving into a new phase in this period Visa vis the past. India’s tryst with African Nations was the support to their sentiments against colonolisation and Racism. The globalized approaches have opened out new Areas of trade and commerce in the African Continent. The compulsions on the part of India to expand its frontiers of commerce obliged the country to focus on Techno economic base in African countries. India’s Cultural relationship with African States seamlessly helped thro the non aligned movement when the countries looked up on India’s leadership and political will namely democratic values to expand into business value and ethics. The Indian Diaspora in East, West and South Africa has established trade over the past 5 decades in traditional commodities, raw materials. The growth in software, health care and education in India motivated the African countries to seek Indian participation in energy, housing and mining Industries. The Exports from India in the past decade grew in west, South and East Africa as also techno co-operation in energy in North Africa. Thus the role of India in Indo pacific, Asean and west Asia motivated the experts from India not to miss out the opportunities in Africa. If Asia is a focus, at the end of 20th Century, then the 21st Century belongs to Africa. The trends in commerce will also make India’s role in strategic defense areas with Africa.

A Novel Approach to Mitigate DDoS Attack Using Gateway Mechanism

Intelligent and economical sensors, connected to the network via wireless links and distributed in large quantities, offer unprecedented opportunities to monitor and control homes, cities and the environment. In addition, sensors connected to the network use a wide range of applications within the defence area, generating new features for recognition and surveillance and various tactical applications. Denial of service is one of the most terrible attacks is the cloning attack of the node, where the attacker captures the knot and extracts its secret information, create replicas and enter them in the network field other malevolent behaviour. To detect and mitigate this attack, this paper proposed a Gateway based technique.

Cause Analysis of Groundwater Level Changes in a Seismic Monitoring Hole: A Case Study of Well Yu-11 in Kaifeng

Changes in groundwater levels provide important information for seismic monitoring and prediction, but groundwater-level changes can be caused by multiple factors that need to be analyzed carefully. In particular, the effects of changes in precipitation have masked information on activities internal to the Earth. It is therefore of great importance to effectively eliminate the influences of precipitation change on groundwater levels. Kaifeng Well Yu-11, whose water level has dropped remarkably in recent years, lies in a national earthquake key defense area. Based on daily well-water-level and precipitation data from Well Yu-11, this paper analyzes its water-level dynamics and precipitation variation characteristics using Pearson correlation and regression analysis methods. The results show that change in precipitation is not the cause of the abnormal drop in the water level of Well Yu-11.

ФАКТОР БРЕКЗИТА В ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ МОРСКОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ

With the release of the UK from the European Union (EU), changes are taking place in the European and Euro-Atlantic security systems. After Brexit, the traditionally important role of the Royal Navy in defence of the West will become a significant factor in Great Britain’s relations with key partners in the field of security and defence policy – the EU and NATO members. At the same time, the UK seeks to preserve and multiply its global influence. All these factors naturally lead to the transformation of its maritime strategy in the new international political context. London seeks to keep a modern combat-ready fleet capable of carrying out operations at a great distance from the British Isles. Procurement of high-tech equipment will enhance the capabilities of the armed forces, and in particular the fleet, under modern combat conditions. An important factor in Britain’s maritime security is the military cooperation with NATO, the EU and bilateral agreements’ allies. However, Brexit seems to cause financial and reputational costs for the armed forces of the UK. Despite the desire to find new partners at the global level, the future of the most important partnership with the EU in the areas of defence and security is not defined. Expenditures for the armament of Great Britain are threatened with reductions. At the same time, expenditures are affected by the implantation of new technologies which require more and more funds. Most likely, this will lead to the detriment of financing procurements of classical defence equipment. The final assessment of Brexit’s influence on the UK’s maritime strategy will be possible after the end of negotiations between London and Brussels on the future defenсe and security cooperation resulting in an agreement on the final deal by all parties, including the Parliament of the United Kingdom (or in the case of nonagreement and no-deal Brexit).

Effect of Boron Carbide Particles on the properties of Kevlar49 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Hybrid composites are playing a major role in the areas of defense and aerospace which are attracting many researchers around the world to concentrate their efforts on developing new improved hybrid materials. The mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid composites are expected to be superior to conventional materials and also the base materials from which they are developed from. As their design in nature is intricate, a lot of study is required for practical usage of these materials to any application. The interest of the present study is to determine the effect of micron particles (B4C) embedment into long fibers composite made up of Kevelar49 as fiber reinforcement and KT 800 PEEK as polymer matrix to create a hybrid material applicable in designing of structural and thermal components of engineering systems. Finite Element Analysis was used to predict the mechanical properties of the new material using a technique known as two-step approach in ANSYS APDL. The analytical models like Coran model and Chamis models were implemented in MATLAB software. The results obtained from FEA analysiswere validated against the results obtained from the analytical models. The results suggest that B4C particles are a good reinforcement for enhancing the transverse mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced polymer composites.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in India: A broad perspective

Nanoscience and nanotechnology created a multidisciplinary platform for the researchers in India to address various critical issues in the area of energy, healthcare, cosmetics, manufacturing, defence and materials engineering. In recent years, various initiatives have been taken by Government of India to attract young talents to start their research in the interdisciplinary domain of nanotechnology and other allied disciplines. Indian researchers are supported under various schemes through multiple departments of Government of India to create basic and advanced infrastructure facilities, manpower development, fellowships and awareness activities. The initiatives have created a common platform to attract researchers (faculty and students) from physical, chemical, biological, mathematical, computational and engineering sciences to exchange their ideas and develop collaborations across the globe to overcome demographic as well as infrastructural limitations. In last two decades, many Indian researchers have come up with various important outcomes to create a shining place in global research map. In this paper, initiatives and outcomes in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology will be projected which will be a ready reference for the young researchers, early career scientists, PhD students and aspirant for research (UG and PG students). The outcomes of support from Government in the area of nanotechnology will be discussed and the role of participating organizations in various initiatives will be presented.

Frankreich, Deutschland und die europäische Integration im Aachener Vertrag

How “European” is the new Franco-German bilateral treaty signed in Aachen on 22 January 2019? And what kind of “Franco-German leadership for Europe” does it stipulate? The article starts by establishing a model of Franco-German cooperation and leadership in the European Union, which then allows to analyse the content of the treaty. The treaty can be seen as a strategic commitment to European integration and to Franco-German leadership. It outlines far-reaching ambitions in foreign policy cooperation as well as in the areas of security and defence, where the established European model is particularly prone to bilateral leadership. The treaty is more nuanced in the field of economic and social politics, where a Franco-German economic area shall be established. While this could potentially balance Franco-German asymmetries, it will also raise questions particularly amongst Eastern European Member States.

Strategic command of the armed forces of Ukraine as a component of the state control system

Strategic command of the armed forces of Ukraine as a component of the state control system

Defence infrastructure - an attempt at identification

Security and infrastructure are two closely related terms, which is why they are so often referred to at the same time. In today’s world, infrastructure is essential to ensure broadly understood security, and a lack of security will not fulfil its basic role. Today, identified threats and challenges to national security, and thus to the security of the state, evoke the need to participate in preparing all components of the defence system of the state. The management of state defence is a very complex process, requiring a properly prepared system to function reliably in times of peace, but also in times of crisis and war. Its role is to integrate individual elements of the defence system into a uniform and efficient whole. Effective defence activities and ensuring the security of its citizens and all its assets are the core activities of the state. The defence area of the state is now comprehensive in nature and is of interest to the entire apparatus of state power. The aim of the article is to present the role of the defence infrastructure in the life of the state, its relation to national security and an attempt to identify the defence infrastructure of the state, taking into account the key state infrastructure.

The EU’s modular approach to defence integration: An inclusive, ambitious and legally binding PESCO?

In response to the need expressed by European leaders to protect their citizens better against security threats emanating from within and outside the EU’s borders, a package of defensive measures has been developed with remarkable speed. Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in the area of defence is the most emblematic innovation in this regard. This unique form of enhanced cooperation was triggered under Article 46 TEU. Yet the political rhetoric surrounding its launch has raised expectations that the EU may not be able to meet. This is mainly due to misperceptions about the legal nature and enforceability of the so-called “binding” commitments agreed to. PESCO will need to overcome at least three key challenges: raising the level of ambition while ensuring inclusivity; maintaining credibility in case participating States do not comply with their commitments; and ensuring coherence with the many other building blocks in Europe’s defence architecture. Arguably, legal commitments are the hardest in the area of industrial integration.With moves to incentivize capability development and create a single market for defence, the Community method will be applied to a field hitherto jealously shielded off by the Member States. This dimension of the incipient European Defence Union represents a game-changer in the integration process. “If you need a helping hand, you will find one at the end of your arm”, Donald Tusk, President of the European Council, 16 May 2018.

DARPA programs and biological technologies – in the interests of national security

The purpose of our article is to review and analyze the main areas, projects and developments in the management of promising research projects of the US Department of Defense DARPA. The dynamics of funding revealed an increase in interest in such areas as materials technology and biotechnology, promising aerospace systems, technology centric armed struggle, etc. The object of the research is – the development of the DARPA agency, and its influence on world scientific activity. As a subject of research in the article the possibilities of the DARPA Biological Technology Department and the perspective directions of research are considered. The Agency for Advanced Defense Research Projects DARPA (USA) was established in 1958. Over the past decade, success has led to the creation of analogues of this organizational structure in other countries: DRDO (India), MAFAT (Israel), SASTIND (China), GDA (France). DARPA Technology Priorities for 2020: 1. human technology; 2. technology of robotics; 3. network technologies; 5. technologies of automatic switching of events of real and virtual worlds; 6. technologies of integration and mutual empowerment of human and computer networks; 7. integrated network technologies for the transformation of the real world through the interaction of man and robots. In 2014, DARPA announced the creation of a new department – Biological Technology. The Department of Biological Technologies (DBT) is created to study the complex mechanisms of natural processes, and to implement their use in solving the problems of national defense. The task of DBT is to put biology at the service of national security. Among the priorities of the new department: 1) Survivability and ability to survive military service; 2) Synthetic biology of animals and living systems; 3) Integration of biochemical and omics data on human health. A feature of the direct line will be the overcoming of moral and ethical constraints on the way to improving the physical and intellectual abilities of a person. The appearance in Ukraine of the DARPA analogue is of the utmost importance for future technological development. Such a structure, called GARDA, should become a platform that brings together developers, startups, investment funds and military. The GARDA project was developed last year, but it requires professional expertise, resources, and serious political support at the government level.The creation in Ukraine of the domestic prototype of the DARPA Agency has a number of prerequisites: 1) the presence of high-tech institutions in the areas of defense and dual use; 2) the need for technological advantages of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other armed formations of the state; 3) the importance of high-tech export on the world market of armaments and consolidation of the image of Ukraine as a high-tech state.

Dynamic oxidation protective ultrahigh temperature ceramic TaB2-20%wtSiC composite coating for carbon material

TaB2–20%wtSiC composite coating containing high content of TaB2 was synthesized by liquid phase sintering method to enhance the anti-oxidation property of the carbon materials. The coated sample exhibits a trend of sustained weight gain whose final value is about 1.35%, while there is no weight loss zone in weight loss rate curves, but a rapid weight gain region around 800 °C. The generated compound glass layer presents a structure of Ta-oxides/TaBSiO/SiO2 triple glass layer. The rough surface of top Ta-oxides layer increases the oxidation defensive area of the glass layer, while the self-sealing TaBSiO/SiO2 compound glass ceramics layer can arrest the microcracks, blocking the fast diffusion channel of oxygen.

Synthesis and Ceramic Conversion of a New Organodecaborane Preceramic Polymer with High-Ceramic-Yield.

Boron carbide is one of the hardest materials known, with diamond-like mechanical properties and excellent chemical stability. It is wildly used in military defense area, nuclear industry, aerospace technology, etc. Precursor-derived ceramics have made it easier to produce pure boron carbide in processed forms and expand its applications. The challenge of this method is the synthesis of precursor polymer with high-ceramic-yield. The aim of the present work is to develop a new poly(6-norbornenyldecaborane-co-decaborane) [P(ND-co-D)] copolymer, which was successfully synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 6-norbornenyldecaborane and tandem hydroboration with decaborane. The obtained light-yellow powder displayed good solubility, and was fully characterized by NMR, FT-IR and GPC analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the char yield was up to 79%. The polymer-to-ceramic transformation process and pyrolysis mechanism has shown that the rearrangement of carbon chains of P(ND-co-D) mainly occurred in the temperature range of 350 °C~470 °C. Furthermore, the crystallization behavior and microstructures of derived ceramics were studied by XRD and SEM. Nano-sized boron carbide powders were prepared by pyrolysis of P(ND-co-D) under argon at 1400 °C for 2 h, while the structure and morphologies of the obtained rhombohedral B4C were investigated.

Civil-Military Relations and Military Missions in Contemporary Latin America: Argentina's Sinuous Path Towards a Democratic Defense Policy (2011-2016)

After three decades of democratic reforms, the literature on Latin American civil-military relations has shifted its focus from the military towards civilian elites. Following this trend, this article offers a contribution to the study of the 'civilian variable' by examining two controversial decisions taken by Argentina since 2011: the empowerment of an army official who gained influence over key areas of national defense; and the involvement of the armed forces in anti-drug operations. While the literature often relates setbacks in the deepening of democratic control to the autonomy of the armed forces and right-wing ideologies, and the assignment of public security missions based on practical necessity, we argue that the case of contemporary Argentina confounds such interpretations. First, we claim that both decisions are better understood as the products of instrumental political strategies. That is to say, these decisions are taken in pursuit of short-term goals with the objective of maintaining particular civilian elites in power, and are often unrelated to questions of the effectiveness or otherwise of democratic defense policy. Second, against widespread acceptance in the literature of the trend towards greater involvement of the armed forces in the fight against crime, we argue that shifts in military missions in the region have alarming implications for democracy.

International coordination on planetary defence: The work of the IAWN and the SMPAG

Space capabilities play a crucial role in ensuring human security. One of the threats coming from space is the possible damage to our assets by an asteroid or comet impact. As demonstrated by the object entering the Earth's atmosphere over Chelyabinsk, Russia, in February 2013, the threat of an asteroid or comet impact is a real and global issue demanding development of an international response. Addressing such a hazard, by first identifying those objects that pose a threat to enable planning a corresponding mitigation campaign, require international coordination. The United Nations Member States, especially those with capabilities to engage in a possible planetary defence mission, already share a number of common activities in this field. This paper outlines the progress made in the implementation of recommendations for an international response to the NEO impact threat, as agreed under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and welcomed by the UN General Assembly in its resolution 68/75 of December 2013. The recommendations provide for a coordinated international response to a possible NEO threat. They aim at ensuring international information-sharing in discovering, monitoring and physically characterizing potentially hazardous NEOs with a view that all countries, in particular developing countries with limited capacity in predicting and mitigating a NEO impact, are aware of potential threats. They emphasize the need for an effective emergency response and disaster management in the event of a discovered NEO impact threat. The International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG), which are the two entities established in 2014 as a result of the UN-endorsed recommendations, are important mechanisms at the global level for strengthening the coordination in the area of planetary defence. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) acts as secretariat to SMPAG and works with both IAWN and SMPAG in addressing this global issue. In the event of a credible impact prediction, warnings would be issued by the IAWN, the SMPAG would propose mitigation options and implementation plans for consideration to the Member States. The goal is the global protection of the eco-system, of human beings and their properties on Earth, and of the civilization of humankind from a devastating asteroid impact. The current paper outlines the work of the IAWN and the SMPAG towards a road-map for planetary defence at the global level, including agreements on initial criteria and thresholds for impact threat response actions, consideration of mitigation mission types and technologies and mapping of threat scenarios to mission types as well as developing a plan for action in case a credible threat is discovered. The paper also reflects on how to convey information about the NEO impact warnings and associated impact probabilities to the public and governmental decision-makers as part of the agreed communications guidelines, which are another important pillar in the work of the IAWN.