Anti-diabetes Mellitus Research Articles

Pemanfaataan Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) Sebagai Obat Tradisional dan Bioaktivitasnya

Elephantopus scaber (ES) atau yang dikenal juga sebagai tapak liman merupakan salah satu jenis tumbuhan obat tradisional yang telah dimanfaatkan berrbagai etnis di Indonesia maupun negara lain sebagai obat tradisional. Walaupun demikian kajian secara konfrehensif mengenai bioaktivitas ES masih terbatas, khususnya yang berbahasa Indonesia. Penulisan artikel ini didasarkan pada kajian literature yang terbit secara on line maupun off line dengan menggunakan beberapa kata kunci Elephantopus scaber, bioactivities of Elephantopus scaber dan uses of Elephantopus scaber. Secara etnobotani ES digunakan obat luka, pengobatan nefritis, edema, kelembaban, nyeri dada, demam, kudis, luka, batuk, tonik, obat penurun panas, dan bronkitis, dan asma. Di China daun ES telah dikembangkan menjadi “teh” di China untuk menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit. Bioaktivitas dari ES adalah anti bakteri, anti jamur, antikanker, hepatoprotektif, merangsang pertumbuhan rambut, anti diabetes mellitus, anti luka, anti oksidan, anti neuroinflamasi dan mengatasi ganguan ginjal. Deoxyelephantopin merupakan salah satu lakton seskuiterpen utama yang berasal ES memiliki antivitas sebagai anti kanker. Pengembangan teh ES sebagai anti kanker perlu diteliti lebih lanjut karena tanaman ini sangat mudah ditemukan di Indonesia.Tuliskan dengan singkat latar belakang beserta teori dasar yang digunakan.

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. (Foodstuffs and Its Bioactivity)

Antidesma bunius has been long used as food and traditional medicine by vary local communities in Indonesian. This study aims to explain the potential of A. bunius as a food ingredient and its bioactivity. The method used is survey and library research published online at Google Scholar by using keywords such as A. bunius, bioactivities of A. bunius and uses of A. bunius. Antidema bunius is an indigenous plant of Indonesia and has been cultivated in the yard as a shade and source of fruit. The local people in West Java have been used the A. bunius fruits for rujak ingredient which called as rujak buni. As a food ingredient, A. bunius fruit is used as an ingredient for salads and has been processed to be syrup, jelly, sauce and wine. The bioactivity of A. bunius is as an antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic mellitus, anti-inflammatory and anti-cholesterol. The fruits of A. bunius has potential to be developed as a nutraceutical, especially as an anti-cancer and antioxidant-rich food

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (uses and bioactivities)

Eclipta prostrata has been long used by humans as traditional medicine and hair fertilizer. This study aims to explain the relationship between utilization and bioactivity of E. prostrata. The method used is a literature review of articles published online on Google Scholar using the keywords E. prostrata, uses E. prostrata, and bioactivity of E. prostrata. Ethnobotanically, E. prostrata is used to treat liver disorders, liver tonic, respiratory disorders (asthma, cough), hepatitis, snake venom poisoning, and gastritis. In the field of beauty E. prostrata is used to nourish hair and treat baldness. The E. prostrata has bioactivity to treat neurodegeneration, asthma, anti-cancer, overcoming baldness, anti-diabetes mellitus, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, and anti-hypercholesterolemia. The bioactivity of E. prostrata is related to the content of its secondary metabolite compounds. Echinocystic acid and ecclalbasaponin II from E. prostrata are associated with anti-cancer activity.

Bioactive Constituents and Toxicological Evaluation of Selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the available antidiabetic medicinal plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with its phytoconstituents and toxicological findings supporting by the latest literature. Required data about medicinal plants having antidiabetic activities and growing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were searched/collected from the online databases including Wiley, Google, PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Keywords used in search are in vivo antidiabetic activities, flora of Saudi Arabia, active ingredients, toxicological evaluations, and medicinal plants. A total of 50 plant species belonging to 27 families were found in the flora of Saudi Arabia. Dominant family was found Lamiaceae with 5 species (highest) followed by Moraceae with 4 species. β-Amyrin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol are the very common bioactive constituents of these selected plant species. This paper has presented a list of antidiabetic plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Bioactive antidiabetic phytoconstituents which showed that these plants have hypoglycemic effects and highly recommended for further pharmacological purposes and to isolate/identify antidiabetes mellitus (anti-DM) active agents also need to investigate the side effects of active ingredients.

Design and synthesis of epigallocatechin (EGC) analogs selective to inhibit α-amylase over α-glucosidases via the incorporation of caffeine acid and its derivatives

Natural products are a promising and underappreciated reservoir for the preferred chemical scaffolds in the search of antidiabetic drugs. In this study twenty-one EGC-based derivatives selective to inhibit human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), the enzyme at the top of the starch digestion pyramid, have been designed and synthesized in terms of the lead myricetin-caffeic acid conjugate 1 reported ever. We focus on methylation of caffeic acid, length of a liker, a double bond contained in the linker on the inhibition activity and selectivity of EGC-based conjugates. As a result, methylation of caffeic acid and the length of a linker affect significantly the activity and selectivity of EGC-based conjugates, but the effect of a double in caffeic acid is limited. Conjugate 2a-1 having a six-carbon-atom linker fused to EGC and caffeic acid demonstrates the most ponent inhibitory activity to HPA and its selectivity towards HPA over α-glucosidase by far superior to that construct 1. Molecular docking studies reveal that conjugate 2a-1 accommodates well to the active site of HPA with four hydrogen bonds in the form of the preorganization of two moieties EGC and caffeic acid via π-stacking interaction. Collectively, conjugating caffeic acid and EGC with an appropriate linker possibly provides a new strategy for finding the specific HPA inhibitors in the discovery of anti-diabetes mellitus drugs.

Orally Disintegrating Tablet Formulation of Avicennia Fruit Ethanol Extract (Avicennia marina)

The fruit produced from Avicennia tree (in the form of ethanol extract) has the property of reducing blood glucose levels (oral antidiabetic mellitus) with an effective dose of 10 mg / 50 kg human body weight. Most of the elderly with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia are aged 60-74 years (83.3%) who have a decreased ability to swallow drugs. In addition, antidiabetic drugs are expected to be able to produce fast action, so that it can reduce blood sugar levels immediately. Therefore, the Avicennia fruit ethanol extract formulated in the form of Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Starch 1500 and Crospovidone as a superdisintegrant in either single or combination use in the Avicennia fruit ethanol extract ODT formulation. The ODT was made by direct compression. There were three formulas that was carried out in this study : FI with 10 mg of Starch 1500, FII with 10 mg of Crospovidone and FIII with a combination of superdisintegrant Starch 1500 and Crospovidone (7 mg and 3 mg). In this study it could be conclued that the best compatible superdisintegrant in ODT for Avicennia fruit ethanol extract was Crospovidone, not combination with Starch 1500.

Utilization of Euphorbia hirta L. for traditional medicine and its bioactivity

Euphorbia hirta is a species belonging Euphorbiaceae has been long used by humans as traditional medicine. The plants used as traditional medicine is related to secondary metabolites and its bioactivity. This study aims to explain the utilization and bioactivity of E. hirta. The methods to writing articles is based on a review of articles or research results published online, especially on google scholar, using the keywords Euphorbia hirta, uses of E. hirta and bioactivity of E. hirta then synthesized so that explain the benefits and its bioactivity. Euphorbia hirta is a weed, so that is easily found in the environment which is characterized by the presence of white sap and has cyathia inflorescence. In the traditional medicine E. hirta is used to treat ulcers, dysentery, gastrointestinal infections, skin infections, diabetes mellitus and respiratory disorders are diseases caused by microbial infections. Bioactivity of E. hirta is antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetes mellitus, anti-stress, anti-cancer and anti-kidney stones. The E. hirta extract contains dedquercetrin, dimethoxyquercetrin, hirta coumaroflavonoside, and hirta flavonoside-B which bioctivity to inhibit α-glucosidase activity comparable to acarbose so that it is potential to be developed as anti-diabetes mellitus.

Leaf Extract Microencapsulation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert Using Inulin-Chitosan as Anti-Diabetes Diet

Diabetes mellitus is a collection of symptoms that arise in someone who has increased blood glucose levels. The Stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bert) contains a compound of diterpene glycosides as steviosida and rebaudiosida A. Purified extract of steviosida and rebaudiosida A is widely used as a sweetener for low calorie food and beverage products or as a sugar substitute for diabetics and has the effect of lowering blood sugar levels. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effect of microencapsulated preparations of Stevia leaf extract (Stevia rebaudiana) with a combination of inulin chitosan encapsulation. Antidiabetic mellitus test was carried out in vivo using test animals of male white rats of Wistar strain. The inducing compound that can cause the condition of diabetes mellitus test animals is Aloxan with a dose of 150 mg / kg Body weight of rats. given intraperitoneally for one day, then the mice were allowed to stand for 3 days to reach a state of diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose levels of test animals were measured on days 1 (initial), 5 (induction) and 12 (treatment) to determine the initial blood glucose levels, after induction of alloxan and after administration of test compounds both CMC Na 0.5% , glibenclamide, and preparations microencapsulation of Stevia leaf extract at a dose of 100; 300; and 700 mg / kg body weight. The results were obtained after 7 days of treatment, it was seen that blood glucose levels in the CMC group remained high, while the Glibenclamid administration group, and the three dosages of microencapsulation preparations of Stevia leaf extract could reduce blood glucose levels. This can be seen from the statistical test that there is a significant difference (p

Utilization of Elephantopus scaber as traditional medicine and its bioactivity

Elephantopus scaber has been used various ethnic groups in Indonesia and other countries as traditional medicine. Comprehensive study of the bioactivity of E. scaber is still limited, therefore this paper aims to explain the relationship between the use and its bioactivity. The writing of this article is based on a study of literature published online and offline used keywords E. scaber, bioactivities of E. scaber and uses of E. scaber. Ethnobotanically, E. scaber used to tread wound, nephritis, edema, chest pain, fever, scabies, sores, coughs, tonics, fever, and bronchitis, and asthma. The local communities in China, E. scaber leaves have been developed into "tea" to cure various diseases. The bioactivity of E. scaber is anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anticancer, hepatoprotective, stimulates hair growth, anti-diabetes mellitus, anti-wound, antioxidant, and overcoming kidney disorders. Deoxyelephantopin is one of the main sesquiterpenes lactones derived from E. scaber has anti-cancer anticancer development. The development of E. scaber tea as an anti-cancer needs to be further investigated because this plant is very easy to find in Indonesia.

Risk for incident diabetes is greater in prediabetic men with HIV than without HIV.

Diabetes mellitus is a major comorbidity in people with HIV (PWH). Hyperglycemia below diabetic range defines prediabetes (prediabetes mellitus). We compared the progression from prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus in PWH and people without HIV (PWOH). Fasting glucose was measured semiannually in the MACS since 1999. Men with prediabetes mellitus (fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl, confirmed within a year by fasting glucose in the prediabetes mellitus range or HbA1c between 5.7 and 6.4%) were included. The first visit with prediabetes mellitus was the baseline visit. Incident diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose at least 126 mg/dl, confirmed at a subsequent visit, or self-reported diabetes mellitus, or use of anti-diabetes mellitus medication. We used binomial transition models to compare the progression from prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus by HIV serostatus, adjusted for age, number of previous prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus transitions, ethnicity, BMI, family history of diabetes mellitus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Between 1999 and 2019, 1584 men (793 PWH; 791 PWOH) with prediabetes mellitus were included. At baseline, PWH were younger (48 vs. 51 years, P < 0.01), had lower BMI (26 vs. 27), were more frequently nonwhite (47 vs. 30%), and HCV-infected as per last measure (8 vs. 4%) than PWOH (all P < 0.01). Over a median 12-year follow-up, 23% of participants developed diabetes mellitus. In adjusted analyses, the risk for incident diabetes mellitus was 40% (95% CI: 0--80%) higher among PWH than PWOH (P = 0.04). Among men with prediabetes mellitus, PWH had an increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus adjusted for competing risk factors, warranting the evaluation of diabetes mellitus prevention strategies.

Molecular docking studies of α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma diphenyl peptidase-4 enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme as an antidiabetic drug candidate.

ABSTRACTα-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone are some of the marker compounds found in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) whose activity on several treatment targets including toward the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) receptors, diphenyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme is unknown. Although this plant has been predicted to be used as an alternative antidiabetic treatment, it has been proven through several previous studies. This research study used three natural ligands (α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone) whose training set was designed using Molecular Operating Environment and then compared them with several drugs on the market that are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The docking molecular results showed that the α-mangostin and γ-mangostin compounds had activity toward PPAR-γ receptor, DPP-4 enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme by showing almost similar affinity values when compared to the comparison ligands. Meanwhile, xanthone showed unfavorable results. This approach shows that α-mangostin and γ-mangostin are predicted to play a role as antidiabetic mellitus in mangosteen when viewed from these mechanisms.

Urena lobata (PEMANFAATAN SEBAGAI OBAT TRADISIONAL DAN BIOAKTIVITASNYA)

Urena lobata is one of the Malvaceae family that has long been used as medicine. This plant is easy to find on the roadside or empty land because it is one of the pioneering vegetation plants, therefore it is very potential to be developed as traditional medicine. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the relationship between the utilization and bioactivity of U. lobata. The method used in writing this article is a review and review of the literature published online. In ethnobotany, U. Lobata is used for fever, rheumatism, wounds, and as an antiseptic. Urena lobata but prominent bioactivity is antimicrobial, antifertility, anti-diabetes Mellitus, and hepatoprotective. The potential and bioactivity of U. lobata as an antifertility for further investigation so that it can be developed to regulate the number of births and is reversible.

Ellagic acid and its fermentative derivative urolithin A show reverse effects on the gp91-phox gene expression, resulting in opposite alterations in all-trans retinoic acid-induced superoxide generating activity of U937 cells

Ellagitannins (esters composed of glucose and ellagic acid) are hydrolyzed to generate ellagic acid in gut followed by conversion of ellagic acid to urolithins such as urolithin A by intestinal bacteria. Since urolithins are absorbed by gut easier than ellagitannins and ellagic acid, and show various physiological activities (e.g. anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular disease, anti-diabetes mellitus, anti-obesity and anti-Alzheimer disease activities), they are expected as excellent health-promoting phytochemicals. Here, using human monoblast U937 cells, we investigated the effect of ellagic acid and urolithin A on the superoxide anion (O2−)-generating system of phagocytes, which is consisted of five specific protein factors (membrane proteins: p22-phox and gp91-phox, cytosolic proteins: p40-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox). Twenty micromolar of urolithin A enhanced the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced O2−-generating activity (to ~175%) while 20 μM ellagic acid inhibited the ATRA-induced O2−-generating activity (to ~70%). Semiquantitative RT-PCR showed that transcription level of gp91-phox was certainly decreased (to ~70%) in ATRA plus ellagic acid-treated cells, while that of gp91-phox was significantly increased (to ~160%) in ATRA plus urolithin A-treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay suggested that urolithin A enhanced acetylations of Lys-9 residues of histone H3 within chromatin surrounding the promoter region of gp91-phox gene, but ellagic acid suppressed the acetylations. Immunoblotting also revealed that ATRA plus urolithin A-treatment up-regulated protein levels of p22-phox (to ~160%) and gp91-phox (to ~170%) although ATRA plus ellagic acid-treatment down-regulated protein levels of p22-phox (to ~70%) and gp91-phox (to ~60%). These results suggested that conversion of ellagic acid to urolithin A in gut may bring about reverse effects on the gp91-phox gene expression, resulting in opposite alterations in O2−-generating activity of intestinal macrophages.

Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases.

The aging of population has become an issue of great concern because of its rapid increase. Aging is an important risk factor of many chronic diseases. Resveratrol could be found in many foods, such as grapes, red wine, peanuts, and blueberries. Many studies reported that resveratrol possessed various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, anticancer, antidiabetes mellitus, antiobesity, neuroprotection, and antiaging effects. The antiaging mechanisms of resveratrol were mainly ameliorating oxidative stress, relieving inflammatory reaction, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating apoptosis. Resveratrol could be an effective and safe compound for the prevention and treatment of aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the effects of resveratrol on aging, life extension, and several age-related diseases, with special attention paid to the mechanisms of antiaging action.

Gerakan Siaga Masyarakat Anti-Diabetes Mellitus (SIMANIS) Melalui Kartu SIDIA (Skrining Pre-Diabetes) di Kabupaten Semarang

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease that contributes to the cause of death. Based on the analysis of the situation in Kawengen Village, Semarang Regency, there were several problems related to the incidence of DM, including the Non-Communicable Disease Integrated Guidance Post Program (Posbindu PTM), which was not running optimally. Based on these problems, it is necessary to form a movement called the Anti-Diabetes Mellitus Community Alert Movement (SIMANIS). Active case finding and detection of pre-DM cases aim to capture people who already have pre-DM symptoms, but they do not know. Furthermore, if caught, they can be followed up so that they are willing to go to the health service unit before complications occur. The implementation of this community service activity is carried out in four stages, namely the formation of SIMANIS cadres, education on prevention and control of DM to SIMANIS cadres and the community, ToT on how to fill in and use the SIDIA Card (pre-diabetes screening) to SIMANIS cadres, and use of the SIDIA Card for early detection active case finding pre-DM. There was an increase in the pre-post education knowledge score from 7.59 + 1.5 to 8.93 + 0.9 and an increase in the pre-post education attitude score from 7.96 + 1.22 to 9.07 + 0.78. SIMANIS through the use of the SIDIA Card can be used to increase public awareness in prevention, early detection, and case finding of DM.

Pemanfaatan Kecibeling (Strobilanthes crispa) Sebagai Obat Tradisional dan Bioaktivitasnya

Kecibeling or Strobilanthes crispa (SC) has long been used by local people as traditional medicine. This study aims to explain the relationship between the use of SC as a traditional medicine with its bioactivity so that its side effects can be minimized. The method used is a literature study published online on Google Scholar using the keywords such as: Strobilanthes crispa and bioactivities of Strobilanthes crispa. The obtained literature is synthesized so that it can explain the utilization and bioactivity of SC. The SC has beautiful flowers, so its easy to find in home yards that are used as ornamental plants or living fences. The results of ethnobotany research found that SC as a drug for wounds, treat kidney stone, treat urine system disorders, treat of appendicitis and treat of diabetes mellitus. The SC has bioactivity as anti-cancer, antidiabetic mellitus, anti-cholesterol, anti-kidney stone and anti-microbial. The bioactivity SC as an anti-cancer is more prominent and is cytotoxic against breast cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, liver cancer and corrective cancer, therefore it can be developed as an alternative medicine in dealing with cancer.

BIOAKTIVITAS ASAM JAWA (Tamarindus indica) DAN PEMANFAATANNYA

Tamarindus indica is one of the species in the Fabaceae which is widely used as food and traditional medicine. T. indica has naturalized in Indonesia, especially in Java Island and mostly only used as food, while its use as medicine is still limited. This study aims to explain the relationship between the use of T. indica as a traditional medicine and its bioactivity. The method used in this study is based on literature studies obtained online using the key word Tamarindus indica, uses of T. indica and bioactivities of T. indica. The use of T. indica as a traditional medicine is related to its bioactivity. Bioactivity of T. indica as antimicrobial, antidiabetic mellitus, anti-cholesterol, analgesic, antiobesity and antioxidant. Bioactivity of T. indica as anti-microbial and anti-cancer has the potential to be developed as a food preservative as well as providing healthy effects

Indonesian plants with potential as an anti-diabetes mellitus agent

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a degenerative disease that continues to increase in numberin Indonesia and is a disease that is spread throughout the world due to unbalancednutritional conditions. Treatment of diabetes mellitus is a chronic and lifelongtreatment. Treatment of diabetes mellitus, such as the use of insulin and oralantihyperglycemia drugs, is relatively expensive, is used for a long time and can causeunwanted side effects. There are many plants that have potential as antihyperglycemiadrugs. One of the active compounds that act as antihyperglycemia isflavonoids.Flavonoids derived from various types of plants studied are thought to actas antihyperglycemic agents. Flavonoids are known to have the ability to scavenge freeradicals or act as natural antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids is relatedto phenolic –OH groups which can capture or neutralize free radicals (such as ROS orRNS). Flavonoids can play a role in pancreatic tissue damage caused by DNA alkylationdue to alloxan induction as a result of improving the morphology of the rat pancreas(Prameswari and Widjanarko, 2014).

Chronic Diabetic Complications and Associated Factors among People with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Debretabor Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the proportion of chronic diabetic complications and factors with type-2 diabetes mellitus at Debretabor Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 systematically selected type-2 diabetes mellitus patients from March 1-April 5/2018. The collected data were entered into EPI INFO 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Variables with P value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 424 study subjects participated in the study. Overall, 222 (52.4%) (95%CI: 48-57%) of patients were diagnosed with at least one chronic complications. Patients who were >50 years of age [AOR=4.23 (95%CI: 1.80-9.89)], those taking both oral and insulin anti-diabetes mellitus medication [AOR=2.42 (95% CI: 1.18-4.94)] and patients >5 years with duration of diabetes [AOR=17.72 (95%CI: 8.25-38.07)] were positively associated, whereas patients with preventive care services [AOR=0.40 (95%CI: 0.24-0.69)] were negatively associated variables. Conclusion: Older age, taking both oral and insulin anti-diabetes mellitus medication, patients with duration of diabetes >5 years, patients with preventive care services were significantly associated with chronic diabetic complications. Providing the necessary information on the preventive care services by health professionals is needed.

PEMANFAATAN DAN BIOAKTIVITAS SIDAGURI (Sida rhombifolia)

Sida Rhombifolia&lt;em&gt; is one of the species in the Malvaceae family that is widely used as a medicine including the local Indonesian community. This plant is easily found in various fields such as roadsides, yards, gardens and berra land. This study aims to explain the relationship between SR utilization and bioactivity so that it can be used as a source of information in its development. The method used is a literature review in various books and scientific articles that are published online and offline using the keywords Sida Rhombifolia and the bioactivity of S. Rhombifolia. In ethnobotany SR used as traditional medicine include gout, broken bones, wounds, fever, treatment of diarrhea, malaria, gastrointestinal dysentery, fever, asthma, and inflammation and anti-inflammation. SR has bioactivity as an anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, drug for kidney disorders, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetes mellitus, and analgesics. The content of tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins found in SR are related to their bioactivity. Utilization of SR as an anti-microbial especially the Enterobacter digestive tract, kidney disorders and anti-cancer can be developed so that it is used as a new alternative source.&lt;/em&gt;