Ancient Greek Origins Research Articles

Comparative aspect in the formation of the vocabulary of the terminology of the sublanguage of pediatrics

In recent decades, the study of term formation processes has become more and more relevant both in Ukrainian and foreign linguistics. The study of lexical-semantic and structural-morphological features of terms makes it possible to assess the level of development of the corresponding terminological system and determine the priority directions of its normalization. Replenishment of the terminology of specialized languages takes place on the basis of general principles of word formation, characteristic of the language as a whole. The purpose of the article is to identify the trends of internationalization and autochthony in the process of naming diseases in the modern terminology of pediatrics. Understanding the main models of term formation provides an opportunity to master a professional language when exchanging and integrating data, which will contribute to the timely resolution of urgent medical issues. The object of the study is the terms used to designate children's diseases. Research methods. An etymological and comparative analysis of Latin, German and English terms was carried out in order to establish ways of transforming the names of children's diseases. Scientific novelty. German and English medical terminology was formed over the centuries under the influence of various factors that caused its heterogeneity. As for internal factors, at the turn of the century, a dynamic development of languages is observed, which leads to an increase in the number of borrowings and the restoration and improvement of their national language resources. Terms of ancient Greek and Latin origin deserve special attention. Over the centuries, the classical languages of antiquity played a unique role in the formation of medical terminology, which includes the nomenclature of pediatrics, where Greek-Latin morphemes today occupy leading positions from the point of view of term formation for the designation of its nominative classes. In our study, they function as Greek-Latin terms adapted to the phonetic and morphological features of the recipient language, for example, Latin. hepatitis > German die Hepatitis > Eng. hepatitis or lat. cherubismus > German der Cherubismus > Eng. cherubism. With the development of national terminology, terms of autochthonous origin appear, such as: lat. tussis convulsia > German der Keuchhusten > Eng. whooping cough or lat. metatarsus varus > German der Klumpfuß > Eng. clubfoot. In the era of globalization of society, English gradually became the language of international communication, as a result of which in German we have such terms as der Flap-Op (cleft palate in children undergoing surgery) or die Check-up-Untersuchung (screening examination) . Conclusions. A comparative lexical-etymological analysis of the terms of the specialized language of pediatrics made it possible to establish a certain specificity of the origin of the terms, where the etymological basis of the terminology consists of international and autochthonous elements that are fully or partially borrowed and have national counterparts in the specialized language.

ENGLISH NEOLOGISMS OF ANCIENT GREEK AND LATIN ORIGIN IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY

In our rapidly developing world, people often need to create words to name new concepts. The process of creating a new word is actually very complex and consists of a number of stages that are mostly carried out at the subconscious level. People need to understand the role of a newly encountered phenomenon in the world around them and how that phenomenon will be classified within the framework of the already familiar categories. Another problem is the choice of the outer (phonetic) form of the newly created word, which is mainly based on the categorization process of the new phenomenon encountered by a person. This paper is aimed at studying the role of morphemes of Ancient Greek and Latin origin in the process of coining neologisms in the field of psychology. Psychology is a rapidly developing branch of science, and consequently new words need to be coined frequently. In the paper, we tried to reveal what kind of categorization processes take place when creating new words, and how these processes affect the external phonetic composition of given neologisms, and in particular, why Ancient Greek or Latin morphemes are chosen for coining neologisms in the field of psychology.

The name ’ndrangheta: history versus etymology

AbstractThe article uses archival sources to critique the currently dominant etymological approach to the history of the word ’ndrangheta as used to refer to the Calabrian mafia. Scholars such as Paolo Martino and John Trumper have latched onto the word's ancient Greek origins to argue that the mafia organisation that we today call ’Ndrangheta has origins dating back many centuries. Moreover, according to Martino in particular, the flattering connotations of the word ’ndrangheta (courage, martial prowess, manliness) indicate that the ’Ndrangheta as a social phenomenon was rooted in the same positive values, and that it only later degenerated into criminality. This article proposes that the work of Martino and Trumper represents a largely evidence-free extension of etymology into the field of history. Analysing the latest archival evidence about the word from criminal trials conducted in the 1920s and early 1930s, and setting it in the context of current historiography and criminology on the ’Ndrangheta, the article argues that two conclusions about the history of the word are likely: that the use of ’ndrangheta as a name for the Calabrian mafia began at around the time it first appeared in the documentary sources; that the first to adopt it were mafiosi themselves.

Ancient Greece in Modern Marseille

Although the Greek origins of Marseille were never questioned, the actual presence of its Greek past was hardly obvious in the image of the city. However, the Greek “memory” of the city had been kept alive throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Keeping in mind that a growing number of Greeks had begun to settle in Marseille already during the late eighteenth century, leading to the gradual establishment of a vibrant Greek community, we will question the role of that community in the discourse on the ancient Greek origins of Marseille. The ways both Greeks and French reconstructed the city’s Greek heritage in the most ancient French city can provide further insight into how memory and identity intersect across languages, ideas, origins, expressions, projections and representations connecting France and Greece in modern times.

Once Again about Archaisms in Modern Greek Dialects

Modern Greek identity is heavily based on the idea of the continuity of Greek culture and the Greek language. Most specialists in Modern Greek regard Ancient Greek and Modern Greek as different stages of the same language despite multiple differences and innovations at all levels. During the 19th century, a number of European classical philologists tried to find Ancient Greek features in Modern Greek dialects. As a result, they have singled out Tsakonian as the sole dialect which descends directly from Ancient Doric Laconian but not from Hellenistic Koiné as the rest of the modern dialects. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that Tsakonian is not the only Modern Greek variety with some unique peculiarities inherited from Ancient Greek. This contribution analyzes the phenomena of the Ancient Greek origin in vocabulary, phonetics, morphology and syntax in Modern Greek dialects. The research is focused on those archaisms which exist in the dialects but are absent from Standard Modern Greek. The data was mostly collected by the author of this paper and his colleagues between 2000 and 2023. The analysis demonstrates that the majority of unique peculiarities of the Ancient Greek origin are found in Pontic and Tsakonian, although most varieties of Modern Greek have some archaisms. However, the quantity of archaisms is not a consistent indicator of the antiquity of the dialect since the history of Modern Greek dialects is still terra incognita and there is no good explanation why some dialects keep their archaisms better than the others.

A Study of Marx's Thoughts on Beauty

In Marx's works, "the way of mastering art" and other expressions about beauty are mentioned. Do these expressions mean that Marx thinks about human existence, human comprehensive development and human liberation from the anthropological intention of beauty? In this paper, Marx's knowledge formation track is investigated from Marx's learning experience from middle school to university and life experience in his youth, tracing the ancient Greek origin of Marx's aesthetic tendency, citing Marx's image data in the eyes of western scholars, and analyzing the implication of Marx's thought on beauty.

On the Classification of Ancient Greek Toponyms (based on the Material of Ancient Toponyms of the Cilician Plain)

The article is devoted to the methods of classification of ancient toponyms from the point of view of their external and internal structure. The first paragraph of the article gives a brief outline of the history of the issue. Despite the generally large number of works devoted to individual problems of ancient Greek toponymy or individual toponyms, only a few works in both domestic and foreign scientific historiography are devoted to the study of ancient Greek toponymy as a system from a philological point of view. The object of research in this article is the problems of creating a common word-formation-semantic classification of ancient Greek geographical names as a whole. The subject of the study is the ancient toponyms of the Cilician plain (Greek. Κιλικία πεδιάς) – low plains in the south of modern Turkey. Among the toponyms of Plain Cilicia, geographical names of ancient Greek and Latin origin (24 ancient Greek and 5 Latin names) were selected and analyzed for morphological structure and semantic features. Special attention is paid to the problems of etymologization of toponyms and the indication of centuries of fixation. The classification of ancient Greek toponyms, proposed in a 1965 article by the Swiss Hellenist Ernst Risch, is taken as a basis. The results of the study are presented in a table reflecting the four main word-formation types of ancient Greek toponyms in diachrony.

The Immanent Infinite

The Immanent Infinite

Building terminological competence in ecology students through creation of glossaries

The present study deals with the problem of development of terminological competence in students in professional ecological education by means of creation of students’ glossaries. The authors describe specifics of terminological competence of future ecologists as the ability to competently use terminology in the field of environmental protection, inspection and management to solve academic, research and environment-related tasks by means of communication. The authors develop an original conceptual model of the student’s glossary that makes it possible to improve students’ knowledge and understanding of professional terminology and lead to their professional and cultural development. The use of international term elements of Latin and ancient Greek origin in the student’s glossary solves the problem of ecological terminological ambiguity and promotes internalization of the professional knowledge and development of terminological competence in ecologist students. In ecological education, the student’s glossary is a systematizing multilingual and multifunctional open-type list of international term elements, terms and terminological phrases related to ecological sciences, with a possibility to be modified or added with new terms in accordance with the stages and goals of professional training. The specifics and roles of the student’s glossary are described at different stages of professional training. The authors formulate the basic principles and requirements for the creation of the student’s glossary.

Λεξιλογικά, μεταφραστικά και σημασιολογικά δάνεια της νέας ελληνικής από τη γερμανική: Χαρακτηριστικά παραδείγματα από πιλοτική μελέτη με βάση σύγχρονα έντυπα μονόγλωσσα γενικά λεξικά της νέας ελληνικής

This paper sheds a first light on German lexical, translation and semantic loans in Modern Greek, including internationalisms (of Ancient Greek or Latin origin as well as hybridisms). It reports on the findings of a pilot study based on present-day print monolingual general dictionaries of Modern Greek. The preliminary sections of the paper offer a short introduction and lay out the research approach and methodology. The main part examines in detail the various lexical, translation and semantic loans along with internationalisms, providing numerous illustrative examples from all (sub‑)categories.

(Dis)continuities in the diachrony of the Greek lexicon: The learned component in the light of a corpus analysis

A most notable feature of Standard Modern Greek (SMG) lexicon is the abundance of pairs of lexemes of similar meaning which belong to different registers. Thus, while one lexeme pertains to the colloquial language and is widely used both in oral and written speech, a semantically akin or even synonymous word of Ancient (i.e., Classical) Greek (AG) origin is also attested in specific contexts. The latter ones are usually described as part of the “archaic” or “learned” component of the Modern Greek (MG) lexicon. In the light of three case studies, our paper aims at investigating this variation by conducting research through diachronic corpora. We intend to disperse certain misconceptions concerning lexical change (which is erroneously interpreted as a straightforward replacement of an “older” word with a new one) and to introduce the concepts of adstratal and superstratal lexicon along with the theory of prototypicality and exaptation in the relevant research. Along with dealing with the diachrony of the Greek lexicon, our account sketches a first theoretical framework for investigating the lexicon of languages with a long-recorded history and diglossic contradictions. Accordingly, it emphasizes the vital role of corpora research in diachronic semantics and onomasiology

A photo-elicitation study of paramedics’ perceptions of mental illness.

<p>The number of people with mental illness who are treated by paramedics is increasing and there are a variety of factors that can affect how well this service demand is met. One such factor is paramedics’ perceptions of mental illness. Photo-elicitation was used to explore how paramedics felt about mental illness and to generate new ways of thinking about this important aspect of paramedicine practice and education. Highlighted is that paramedics can feel helpless and under-prepared in treating people with mental illness and that two concepts of ancient Greek origins — <em>aporia</em> and <em>phronesis</em> — offer a useful way forward in thinking about and responding to this.</p>

Types of derivatives with prefix mega- in synchronic and diachronic perspectives

The article describes different types of derivatives with the prefix mega- in the English language in terms of word-formation meanings. The study of the component of ancient Greek origin functioning in a synchronic and diachronic perspective made it possible to establish the reasons and describe the mechanisms of its further derivational transformations in English language. In the receiving language, the adjective έ undergoes cross-level conversion and is used as a prefix element in various derivatives. The quantitative semantics that is genetically inherent in the component is implemented as a part of terminological units in which the prefix acts as a term element. In other types of discourse, the quantitative identification function is combined with the function of evaluation. In derivatives related to popular science or commercial discourse, the prefix mega- serves to distinguish an object from a number of similar ones and marks it as an exceptional phenomenon. The method of profiling used in the analysis made it possible to describe the internal mechanism of word-formation meanings of derivatives with the prefix mega-. Contextual analysis and survey of informants (native English speakers) allowed for differentiation between the meaning of mega- and super- prefixes used in the evaluation function. It has been found that in English derivatives, the prefix mega- marks the highest degree of the quality and is attached to the bases, which referents could be evaluated in the terms of quantitative characteristics. The addition of the prefix super- is not related to parametric characteristics in the meaning of the root morpheme, which determines its assessment by native speakers as a marker of a lower degree of evaluated quality.

Intercultural Philosophy and Intercultural Hermeneutics: A Response to Defoort, Wenning, and Marchal

Intercultural Philosophy and Intercultural Hermeneutics: A Response to Defoort, Wenning, and Marchal Eric S. Nelson (bio) I. Introduction Carine Defoort, Mario Wenning, and Kai Marchal offer three ways of engaging with Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought and the philosophical, hermeneutical, and historical issues it attempted to articulate and address.1 This work is historical with a contemporary philosophical intent: to reexamine a tumultuous contested epoch of philosophy’s past in order to reconsider its existing limitations and alternative possibilities. One dimension of this book is the investigation of constellations and entanglements of historical forces and concepts for the sake of articulating critical models and alternatives for the present.2 In the book, I contested the modern self-image of philosophy as exclusively and intrinsically Occidental by genealogically tracing how philosophy is already intercultural through a series of case studies focusing primarily on early twentieth-century German philosophy in its broader historical context. This critical genealogy of the intercultural conditions of the formation of modern philosophy is evidenced not only by considering “positive” influences and appropriations, as in Martin Buber, Martin Heidegger, or Georg Misch’s interpretation of Daoist sources such as the Zhuangzi 莊子 (chapters 4 and 5), but also in the constructions of the autonomy and purity of modern Western philosophy through its reactions against, and exclusion and subordi-nation of, its “non-Western” others (chapters 1, 5, and 6). The book does not represent a purely Western history or narrative insofar as I draw on a variety of argumentational and hermeneutical strategies from Chinese and other discourses to reverse and transform Western prejudices and perspectives. Two important examples of contesting and transforming Western perspectives in the text can be mentioned here. First, I examine the Confucian analysis of resentment in chapter 3 in response to the identification of the Chinese people and Chinese thought with resentment. The Confucian discourse in many ways offers a more nuanced and systematic analysis of the moral psychology of resentment than Western philosophical analyses. Second, in chapter 5, I draw inspiration from the Zhuangzi, and Misch’s interpretation, in pursuing a strategy of undermining and undoing fixations by exposing the limitations of false claims to truth and universality through a [End Page 247] series of historical examples focused on early twentieth-century interactions between Chinese and German thought.3 “The Autumn Floods” (Qiushui 秋水) chapter of the Zhuangzi, which fascinated Misch as an image of “breakthrough” (Durchbruch) and breaking-out from an unreflective natural attitude, depicts how the great river is shocked by its own smallness when entering the sea. The second passage of Qiushui speaks of the frog in the well that cannot glimpse or comprehend anything beyond its limited perspective.4 Leaping out of one’s well is challenging if not impossible. While the ethnocentric skeptic can deny that a genuine leap outside the well and change of perspective has ever occurred, we can ask how he/she knows it has not occurred. Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought was composed as a philosophical history in which we ourselves are participating. It is a deeply hermeneutical project insofar as it calls on its author and readers to practice what it analyzes (undoing fixations) and reflect on itself as part of its object of inquiry (the current polycultural hermeneutical situation). II. Decolonizing Philosophy, Modernity, and the Lifeworld The hegemonic idea of philosophy as disinterested theory, pure reason, and rigorous science, progressing from its presumed ancient Greek origins to Western modernity, is a derivative development of this history. The teleological narrative of the philosophy of history was constructed not only by prominent canonical thinkers such as Hegel and Husserl, who are frequent targets of multicultural criticism, but in the submerged sedimented discourses from which they emerged. Well-intentioned multicultural philosophers miss an important point in the debate when they argue that it is only an issue of the particularities of Western vis-à-vis “non-Western” cultures, since the most hegemonic discourses of the primacy of the West do not directly appeal to race or premodern Western cultures. It is the idea of Western modernity and Occidental rationalization that deadlocks debates about Eurocentrism and multiculturalism inside and...

Ancient Greek Origins of Modern Biopolitics

Ancient Greek Origins of Modern Biopolitics

Prosthetics

Prosthetics

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАМОТНОСТЬ КАК ЗНАЧИМЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ БУДУЩЕГО ВРАЧА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ЛАТИНСКОЙ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ)

Background. The study raises the issue of forming terminological literacy of medical students while studying medical clinical terminology of Latin and Ancient Greek origin applied in new areas of medical science. The aim of the study is to determine the place and role of terms of Latin and Ancient Greek origin in forming professional competence of future medical specialists as an essential component of their training during active development of new areas of medical science. Research methods – universal scientific methods of observation and classification; descriptive method (methods of structural and semantic analysis). The material of the study: the terms obtained by continuous sampling method from special medical texts. Results and conclusions. The fundamental principle for the competent use of the medical clinical term is learning a certain number of Greek-Latin roots, which are the “terminological keys” for understanding the mechanism of forming and functioning of new terms.

MEASURING TIME ALONG THE SILK ROAD AT THE TIME OF MARCO POLO

The Silk Road is a metaphorical term for the network of roads extending from Southern Europe to East Asia. In the Middle Ages, this vast area included the Eastern Mediterranean, Byzantium, the Muslim Middle East, India and China. Expensive commodities were supplied through this network and various cultural and scientific achievements were exchanged. Thus, astronomical knowledge, hour systems and clocks were exchanged too. In this paper, their study is based primarily on the works of al-Biruni. Travelling over several thousand kilometers at the time of Marco Polo, the Silk Road travellers used to come across different timing systems: temporal and equinoctial. The first was a formal system according to which synchronization of social activities was performed, while the other was used only by scientists. Therefore, there were various sundial constructions of ancient Greek origin for the temporal system, while, as far as is known, equinoctial sundials existed only in ancient China at the time. Besides, during the Middle Ages, as products of naive gnomonics, semicircular sundials became widespread across Europe. They did not belong to any of the previously mentioned systems, and, paradoxically, they dictated a separate time system of their own – one showing unequal hours

Демократическая лотерея: конституционная инновация древнегреческого происхождения Рецензия на книгу: Van Reybrouck D. Against Elections: The Case for Democracy. London: The Bodley Head, 2016

Демократическая лотерея: конституционная инновация древнегреческого происхождения Рецензия на книгу: Van Reybrouck D. Against Elections: The Case for Democracy. London: The Bodley Head, 2016

The poles as planetary places

Perhaps more than any other places on Earth, the geographic poles draw their identity from their relationship with outer space. The word “pole” itself referred, in its ancient Greek origin, to the axis of a turning cosmos (and later Earth), as well as the points where this axis met a posited celestial sphere. The terrestrial poles – the places where this invisible axis penetrate the planet’s surface – have long held particular cultural significance as the meeting points of the cosmic and the mundane. When European exploration towards both poles developed from early modern times, writers imagined these places as extraterrestrial portals: routes to the interior of the Earth, channels to an unseen sister planets, shortcuts to other planetary poles. Even with the advent of land-based exploring parties to both poles in the early twentieth centuries, planetary bodies remained central to place identity, with the movement of the sun, rather than any terrestrial feature, providing the best means of proving one’s arrival at these so-called “last places on Earth.” More recently, large-scale cosmological experiments such as those enabled by the South Pole Telescope and the IceCube neutrino detector address questions about the nature of matter and the origin of the universe, providing insight into the events and forces that ultimately set the planet spinning. At the same time, the Anthropocene has brought a new dimension to the poles’ relationship with outer space, with recent research confirming that human activity is shifting the Earth’s axis – and thus the position of the celestial poles – through its contribution to the global displacement of water and ice. In this article, we argue for the usefulness of considering Earth’s geographic poles, and particularly the South Pole, as “planetary places” – that is, specific, storied locations on Earth’s surface that are meaningful primarily in an (inter)planetary context. We begin by demythologising the geographic poles as well-defined points, looking not only to definitional complexities but also to “other” poles, Earthly and unearthly. We then suggest ways in which the poles have enabled certain kinds of thinking about the planet in relation to the human. Through an entangled natural and cultural history, we reveal the South Pole as a place both physically and imaginatively inseparable from Earth’s planetary spatiality.