Alternative Motor Research Articles

Novel approaches to the creation of alternative motor fuels from renewable raw materials

The paper considers the method of obtaining aliphatic alcohols as components of alternative fuels by catalytic processing of synthesis gas under the conditions of mechanochemical activation of the catalyst without using high pressure.It is established that the introduction of hydrocarbon spherical clusters (onions) in the alternative fuel changes physical, chemical and chemmotological characteristics of fuel due to the effect of structure formation. The results of comparative studies of the performance properties of hydrocarbon and alternative fuels are displayed

Automatic Steering System

The arrangement for converting a conventional manual steering system of an on-road vehicle to automatic steering system utilizable electric microcontroller and ultrasonic sensor. A DC motor is direct connected to rack and pinion drive to a drive mounted on the steering shaft. In this paper we work on the pre notification which helps in the reduction of the extreme impacts of the vehicle collision. This pre notification is calculated in concern with both the distinct on the steering as well as the vehicle. This paper can play an important role in the advancement of the intelligent system of the chore automotive. In this paper, we propose a safety only in terms on the road. The DC motor is connected to aelectrical control unit (ECU) and moves with the steering shaft in both a manual steering mode and an automatic steering mode. An encoder provides a signal to a electrical control unit (ECU) that changes operation to the manual mode if the number of steps reported by the encoder is different than What is expected. An assembly including alternate steering Wheel, shaft pulley, adapter fit and DC motor is easily connected to the steering column. This type of design structure work both on manually and automatic.(1)

ДИЗЕЛЬНОЕ СМЕСЕВОЕ ТОПЛИВО: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ РАЗРАБОТКИ

The goal of the research is constructive adaptation of automotive diesel engines working by diesel mixed fuel. A perspective kind of an alternative motor fuel is biodiesel blend produced with mixing of vegetable oil and conventional diesel fuel in different percentages. The present diesel-powered machinery is not adapted to work on such kind of fuel because of the different properties of biodiesel and diesel fuels. Applying of the invented devices (such as dual-fuel supply system, the mixer-filter and ultrasonic fuel mixer) allows to adapt automotive diesel engines for work on biodiesel blend. The dual-fuel supply system performs engine start, warm-up and stop modes on mineral diesel fuel, and its work on biodiesel blend on other modes. The original design of the fuel mixer-filter provides effective mixing of components and filtration from contaminants. Due to the high frequency vibrations the ultrasonic mixer provides the obtaining of homogeneous fuel composition and molecular splitting of higher fatty acids contained in vegetable oil.

The impact of operating pressure on residential bathroom exhaust fan performance

This study quantified the performance impact of increasing operating pressure on residential bathroom exhaust fans based on the comparative analysis of airflow, efficacy, and loudness on more than 80 different residential bathroom exhaust fans with alternate current motors. The fan performance data were measured in a well-instrumented laboratory environment that includes a calibrated nozzle airflow chamber and a six-microphone reverberant sound chamber. Fan airflow rates, efficacies, and loudness were experimentally determined to investigate the impact of external static pressure (ESP) on fan performance at the rating pressure of 0.1in. w.g. (25Pa) and the higher field-observed pressure of 0.25in. w.g. (62.5Pa). An analysis of results showed that fan performance was strongly affected with increasing the ESP. For example, when the ESP was increased from 0.1 to 0.25in. w.g. (25–62.5Pa), the average value of fan airflow rate decreased by 19%, efficacies were penalized by 16%, and the loudness increased by 75%.

Повышение несущей способности этанола как компонента альтернативного моторного топлива: эксперимент и молекулярное моделирование

Повышение несущей способности этанола как компонента альтернативного моторного топлива: эксперимент и молекулярное моделирование

Upper Limb Immobilisation: A Neural Plasticity Model with Relevance to Poststroke Motor Rehabilitation.

Advances in our understanding of the neural plasticity that occurs after hemiparetic stroke have contributed to the formulation of theories of poststroke motor recovery. These theories, in turn, have underpinned contemporary motor rehabilitation strategies for treating motor deficits after stroke, such as upper limb hemiparesis. However, a relative drawback has been that, in general, these strategies are most compatible with the recovery profiles of relatively high-functioning stroke survivors and therefore do not easily translate into benefit to those individuals sustaining low-functioning upper limb hemiparesis, who otherwise have poorer residual function. For these individuals, alternative motor rehabilitation strategies are currently needed. In this paper, we will review upper limb immobilisation studies that have been conducted with healthy adult humans and animals. Then, we will discuss how the findings from these studies could inspire the creation of a neural plasticity model that is likely to be of particular relevance to the context of motor rehabilitation after stroke. For instance, as will be elaborated, such model could contribute to the development of alternative motor rehabilitation strategies for treating poststroke upper limb hemiparesis. The implications of the findings from those immobilisation studies for contemporary motor rehabilitation strategies will also be discussed and perspectives for future research in this arena will be provided as well.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫХ ВИДОВ ТОПЛИВА ДЛЯ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

The growing demand for alternative motor fuels is dictated by aggravating energy and environmental problems. In article the analysis about possibility of use of alternative types of fuel for vehicles is carried out. Application of suitable alternative types of fuel will allow to improve in the future an economic and ecological situation in the country. Alternative fuel has to conform to the following requirements: to have necessary raw material resources, low cost, not to worsen operation of the engine, it is as little as possible to throw out harmful substances, whenever possible to be combined with the developed system of supply with fuel, etc. It is shown that natural gas and fuels derived from vegetable oils are most economical to use

Field Path Design Assessments of a High-Performance Small-Power Synchronous-Reluctance Motor

With the ever rigorous operational efficiency requirements, effective copper loss reduction is one of the viable approaches for small-power alternative current motors. Among those cost-effective schemes, by eliminating the rotor windings while keeping the same stator structures, the synchronous-reluctance motor (SynRM) offers a potential substitute for those small-power applications that the induction motors are commonly adopted. Since the key factor that affects the SynRM-generated torque will be the difference between its direct-axis and quadrature-axis inductances, by arranging the rotor field paths aligned to the direct axis and by considering the possible cross-coupling magnetic saturations on the rotor ribs and segments, the performance impacts due to field path arrangements on the rotor will be thoroughly evaluated by 3-D finite-element analyses. From the experimental measurements, it is clear that the operational objectives can be achieved, and the adequacy of the proposed design guidance can then be confirmed.

An acute bout of aerobic exercise can protect immediate offline motor sequence gains.

The present study examined the efficacy of a short bout of moderately intensive exercise to protect knowledge of a newly acquired motor sequence. Previous work revealed that sleep-dependent offline gains in motor sequence performance are reduced by practicing an alternative motor sequence in close temporal proximity to the original practice with the target motor sequence. In the present work, a brief bout of exercise was inserted at two different temporal locations between practice of a to-be-learned motor sequence and the interfering practice that occurred 2h later. At issue was whether exposure to exercise could reduce the impact of practice with the interfering task which was expected to be manifest as reemergence of offline gain observed in the case in which the learner is not exposed to the interfering practice. Acute exercise did influence the interfering quality of practice with an alternative motor sequence resulting in the return of broad offline gain. However, this benefit was immediate, emerging on the initial test trial, only when exercise was experienced some time after the original period of motor sequence practice and just prior to practice with the interfering motor sequence. Thus, while exercise can contribute to post-practice consolidation, there appears to be a fragile interplay between spontaneous memory consolidation occurring after task practice and the consolidation processes induced via exercise.

Investigating the descending motor tracts in patients with chronic ischemic stroke with diffusion tensor imaging

To evaluate the relationship between structural integrity of descending motor tracts and motor status in patients with chronic ischemic stroke using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). From April 2012 to December 2013, 47 patients with chronic ischemic strok were recruited along with 20 matched normal controls. The DTI data was acquired and preprocessed. Bilateral descending motor tracts includingcorticospinal tract (CST) and alternate motor fibers (aMF) were constructed. The descending motor tracts numberswere acquired and the relationships between laterality indices(LI) of descending motor tracts numbers and FMA were assessed. The patients were grouped into (CST + aMF) group (group1), no (CST + aMF) group (group2), CST group (group3) and aMF group (group4) according to the damage morphology of descending motor tracts. Observing the changes of each group. Ipsilesional CST and theentiredescending motor tracts numbers (aMF + CST) were lower in the patient group as compared to the control group (P < 0.01, CST: 26 ± 30, CST + aMF: 37 ± 37). The FMA were statistically different between group 1, 2, 3 (55 ± 12, 16 ± 10, 34 ± 15, F = 24.2, P < 0.01). The LI of CST and (CST + aMF) significantly diagnosed motor impairment (P < 0.01, r = -0.653; r = -0.692). Meanwhile, it is a stronger parameter when entire descending motor tracts were combined comparing to using the CST only. The integrity of entire descending motor tracts, not merely the CST, appears to account for stroke recovery. Our results highlight the role of aMFin compensatory function, which may be used as a target in future rehabilitative treatmentsto promoting motor function recovery at the most extent.

The Structural Relationship Between Two Motor Sequences Practiced Close in Time Impacts Offline Facilitation

ABSTRACTRobust offline gains occur during explicit motor sequence learning. However practice of a motor sequence, other than the target sequence, within 4–6 hr after initial practice interferes with these gains. This work assessed if experiencing supplemental practice of spatially or motorically similar sequences influenced the extent of offline gain. A contemporary model of sequence learning assumes that exposure to a spatially but not motor-related sequence would not compromise stabilization of the memory for the target sequence, thus, would have minimal impact on the resultant offline gain and possibly amplify overnight gains. As anticipated, a reliable offline improvement was observed for the target motor sequence in the absence of practice with an alternative motor sequence. This gain was significantly reduced when the learner experienced additional practice with either a novel or motorically similar sequence. There was no evidence of heightened overnight gain for the target sequence from intervening practice with a spatially similar sequence. Thus, the expression of offline improvement is not necessarily eliminated if practice of an alternative motor sequence is encountered shortly after a target sequence. However, the structure of the motor sequence faced during intervening practice can impact the resultant postpractice consolidation processes reflected in the eventual expression of offline facilitation.

Drosophila ovipositor extension in mating behavior and egg deposition involves distinct sets of brain interneurons.

Oviposition is a female-specific behavior that directly affects fecundity, and therefore fitness. If a fertilized female encounters another male that she has evaluated to be of better quality than her previous mate, it would be beneficial for her to remate with this male rather than depositing her eggs. Females who decided not to remate exhibited rejection behavior toward a courting male and engaged in oviposition. Although recent studies of Drosophila melanogaster identified sensory neurons and putative second-order ascending interneurons that mediate uterine afferents affecting female reproductive behavior, little is known about the brain circuitry that selectively activates rejection versus oviposition behaviors. We identified the sexually dimorphic pC2l and female-specific pMN2 neurons, two distinct classes of doublesex (dsx)-expressing neurons that can initiate ovipositor extension associated with rejection and oviposition behavior, respectively. pC2l interneurons, which induce ovipositor extrusion for rejection in females, have homologues that control courtship behavior in males. Activation of these two classes of neurons appears to be mutually exclusive and each governs hierarchical control of the motor program in the VNC either for rejection or oviposition, contributing centrally to the switching on or off of the alternative motor programs.

Structural white matter changes in descending motor tracts correlate with improvements in motor impairment after undergoing a treatment course of tDCS and physical therapy.

Motor impairment after stroke has been related to the structural and functional integrity of corticospinal tracts including multisynaptic motor fibers and tracts such as the cortico-rubral-spinal and the cortico-tegmental-spinal tract. Furthermore, studies have shown that the concurrent use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with peripheral sensorimotor activities can improve motor impairment. We examined microstructural effects of concurrent non-invasive bihemispheric stimulation and physical/occupational therapy for 10 days on the structural components of the CST as well as other descending motor tracts which will be referred to here as alternate motor fibers (aMF). In this pilot study, ten chronic patients with a uni-hemispheric stroke underwent Upper-Extremity Fugl-Meyer assessments (UE-FM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for determining diffusivity measures such as fractional anisotropy (FA) before and after treatment in a section of the CST and aMF that spanned between the lower end of the internal capsule (below each patient’s lesion) and the upper pons region on the affected and unaffected hemisphere. The treated group (tDCS + PT/OT) showed significant increases in the proportional UE-FM scores (+21%; SD 10%), while no significant changes were observed in an untreated comparison group. Significant increases in FA (+0.007; SD 0.0065) were found in the ipsilesional aMF in the treated group while no significant changes were found in the contralesional aMF, in either CST, or in any tracts in the untreated group. The FA changes in the ipsilesional aMF significantly correlated with the proportional change in the UE-FM (r = 0.65; p < 0.05). The increase in FA might indicate an increase in motor fiber alignment, myelination, and overall fiber integrity. Crossed and uncrossed fibers from multiple cortical regions might be one reason why the aMF fiber system showed more plastic structural changes that correlate with motor improvements than the CST.

On the relationship among different motor processes: a computational modeling approach.

On the relationship among different motor processes: a computational modeling approach.

Electric Motor Fault Detection and Diagnosis by Kernel Density Estimation and Kullback–Leibler Divergence Based on Stator Current Measurements

This paper deals with the problem of fault detection and diagnosis of induction motor based on motor current signature analysis. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the three-phase current space to a 2-D space. Kernel density estimation (KDE) is adopted to evaluate the probability density functions of each healthy and faulty motor, which can be used as features in order to identify each fault. Kullback-Leibler divergence is used as an index to identify the dissimilarity between two probability distributions, and it allows automatic fault identification. The aim is also to improve computational performance in order to apply online a monitoring system. KDE is improved by fast Gaussian transform and a points reduction procedure. Since these techniques achieve a remarkable computational cost reduction with respect to the standard KDE, the algorithm can be used online. Experiments are carried out using two alternate current motors: An asynchronous induction machine and a single-phase motor. The faults considered to test the developed algorithm are cracked rotor, out-of-tolerance geometry rotor, and backlash. Tests are carried out at different load and voltage levels to show the proposed method performance.

Impact of biodiesel and renewable diesel on emissions of regulated pollutants and greenhouse gases on a 2000 heavy duty diesel truck

As part of a broad evaluation of the environmental impacts of biodiesel and renewable diesel as alternative motor fuels and fuel blends in California, the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) Heavy-duty Diesel Emission Testing Laboratory conducted chassis dynamometer exhaust emission measurements on in-use heavy-heavy-duty diesel trucks (HHDDT). The results presented here detail the impact of biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels and fuel blends as compared to CARB ULSD on particulate matter (PM), regulated gases, and two greenhouse gases emissions from a HHDDT with a 2000 C15 Caterpillar engine with no exhaust after treatment devices. This vehicle was tested over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the cruise portion of the California HHDDT driving schedule. Three neat blend stocks (soy-based and animal-based fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesels, and a renewable diesel) and CARB-certified ultra-low sulfur diesel (CARB ULSD) along with their 20% and 50% blends (blended with CARB ULSD) were tested. The effects of blend level on emission characteristics were discussed on g·km−1 basis. The results showed that PM, total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were dependent on driving cycles, showing higher emissions for the UDDS cycles with medium load than the highway cruise cycle with high load on per km basis. When comparing CARB ULSD to biodiesels and renewable diesel blends, it was observed that the PM, THC, and CO emissions decreased with increasing blend levels regardless of the driving cycles. Note that biodiesel blends showed higher degree of emission reductions for PM, THC, and CO than renewable diesel blends. Both biodiesels and renewable diesel blends effectively reduced PM emissions, mainly due to reduction in elemental carbon emissions (EC), however no readily apparent reductions in organic carbon (OC) emissions were observed. When compared to CARB ULSD, soy- and animal-based biodiesel blends showed statistically significant increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions for 50% or higher biodiesel blends. The 20% blends of the biodiesels showed no statistically significant effect on NOx emissions on any cycle. In contrast, renewable diesel slightly decreased NOx emissions and the degree of reduction was statistically significant for 50% or higher blends over the UDDS cycle, but not at the 20% blends. The highway cruise cycles did not show a statistically strong NOx emission trend with increasing blend level of renewable diesel. Biodiesel and renewable fuel impacts on two greenhouse gases, CO2 and N2O emissions were of lower magnitude when compared to other regulated pollutants emissions, showing a change in their emissions within approximately ±3% from the CARB ULSD.

Evaluation of the legal consequences of action affects neural activity and emotional experience during the resolution of moral dilemmas

In any modern society killing is regarded as a severe violation of the legal codes that is subjected to penal judgment. Therefore, it is likely that people take legal consequences into account when deciding about the hypothetical killing of one person in classic moral dilemmas, with legal concerns contributing to decision-making. In particular, by differing for the degree of intentionality and emotional salience, Footbridge- and Trolley-type dilemmas might promote differential assignment of blame and punishment while implicating the same severity of harm. The present study was aimed at comparing the neural activity, subjective emotional reactions, and behavioral choices in two groups of participants who either took (Legal group) or did not take (No Legal group) legal consequences into account when deciding on Footbridge-type and Trolley-type moral dilemmas. Stimulus- and response-locked ERPs were measured to investigate the neural activity underlying two separate phases of the decision process. No difference in behavioral choices was found between groups. However, the No Legal group reported greater overall emotional impact, associated with lower preparation for action, suggesting greater conflict between alternative motor responses representing the different decision choices. In contrast, the Legal group showed an overall dampened affective experience during decision-making associated with greater overall action readiness and intention to act, reflecting lower conflict in responding. On these bases, we suggest that in moral dilemmas legal consequences of actions provide a sort of reference point on which people can rely to support a decision, independent of dilemma type.

Performance of a brushless alternate current motor

A brushless ac motor (BLACM) is described in this paper. The design of the control system and a mathematical description of it are studied. BLACM parameters are determined. An equation to describe a mechanical characteristic of a BLACM is given that takes into account for restricted current, voltage, and demagnetizing. Current control of a BLACM based on a static model in areas of constant torque and weak flux is presented.

Octopus arm movements under constrained conditions: adaptation, modification and plasticity of motor primitives.

The motor control of the eight highly flexible arms of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) has been the focus of several recent studies. Our study is the first to manage to introduce a physical constraint to an octopus arm and investigate the adaptability of stereotypical bend propagation in reaching movements and the pseudo-limb articulation during fetching. Subjects (N=6) were placed inside a transparent Perspex box with a hole at the center that allowed the insertion of a single arm. Animals had to reach out through the hole toward a target, to retrieve a food reward and fetch it. All subjects successfully adjusted their movements to the constraint without an adaptation phase. During reaching tasks, the animals showed two movement strategies: stereotypical bend propagation reachings, which were established at the hole of the Perspex box and variant waving-like movements that showed no bend propagations. During fetching movements, no complete pseudo-joint fetching was observed outside the box and subjects pulled their arms through the hole in a pull-in like movement. Our findings show that there is some flexibility in the octopus motor system to adapt to a novel situation. However, at present, it seems that these changes are more an effect of random choices between different alternative motor programs, without showing clear learning effects in the choice between the alternatives. Interestingly, animals were able to adapt the fetching movements to the physical constraint, or as an alternative explanation, they could switch the motor primitive fetching to a different motor primitive 'arm pulling'.

C&amp;EN Webinars - New GC and FTIR Methods for the Analysis of Alternative Motor Fuels

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTC&EN Webinars - New GC and FTIR Methods for the Analysis of Alternative Motor FuelsCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2014, 92, 44, 34Publication Date (Print):November 3, 2014Publication History Published online31 March 2015Published inissue 3 November 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09244-ad17Copyright © 2014 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) SUBJECTS:Chromatography,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Fuels Get e-Alerts