Alhagi Maurorum Research Articles

First report of a 16SrII‐C phytoplasma associated with Artemisia sieberi witches’‐broom disease in Iran

Artemisia sieberi (Asteraceae) is an important perennial plant that is common in the pastures, mountains and deserts of Iran. In 2019, A. sieberi showing little leaf, yellowing, internode shortening and witches’-broom symptoms (Fig. 1) were observed around Abarkooh (Yazd province, Iran). The disease incidence was up to 5%. Total DNA was extracted from 0.2 g of fresh midrib tissue from 10 diseased and five symptomless plants and was tested for the presence of phytoplasma DNA by direct PCR using the P1/P7 primers and nested PCR using the P1/P7 and the R16F2n/R16R2 primers (Lee et al., 1998). Expected amplicons of 1.8 and 1.25 kb were obtained from all symptomatic but not from asymptomatic plants. R16F2n/R16R2 amplicons yielded the same RFLP patterns as those obtained from the 16SrII-C subgroup (Lee et al., 1998) after restriction with AluI, HhaI, HinfI, HpaII, MseI and RsaI enzymes. Three nested PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The sequences were identical and a consensus sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MZ151480). Sequence comparison by BLAST analysis showed the highest identity with members of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ species (e.g. MH363612 and KJ442846). Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbour-joining method (MEGA software version 6.0) confirmed that the A. sieberi witches’-broom phytoplasma clustered within the 16SrII phytoplasma group clade, closest to strains affiliated to the 16SrII-C subgroup (Fig. 2). Computer-simulated analysis with 17 restriction endonucleases using iPhyClassifier (https://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/cgibin/resource/iphyclassifier.cgi) showed that the RFLP pattern derived from the A. sieberi witches’-broom phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene resembled the reference pattern of the 16Sr group II, subgroup C (AJ293216), with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99. The occurrence of 16SrII-C phytoplasma strains was previously reported from Iran on Daucus carota, Medicago sativa, Prunus dulcis, Vicia faba (Siampour et al., 2019), Alhagi maurorum (Esmaeilzadeh-Hosseini & Salehi, 2021), P. armeniaca (Rasoulpour et al., 2019) and P. persica (Salehi et al., 2020). Previous studies in Iran have shown that Circulifer haematoceps can transmit 16SrII group phytoplasmas; this leafhopper is polyphagous and could feed on A. sieberi, which may act as a reservoir host for 16SrII-C phytoplasma strains. Association of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma strain with A. sieberi has been previously reported from the Hormozgan province, Iran (Hemmati & Nekoohi, 2019). To our knowledge this is the first report of A. sieberi as a new host of the 16SrII-C phytoplasma subgroup in Iran. This paper is part of the results of project no. 100-11-81-108 approved and supported by Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ministry of Agriculture, Iran.

A Comparative Study on Anticancer Effects of the Alhagi maurorum and Amygdalus haussknechtii Extracts Alone and in Combination with Docetaxel on 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells.

Medicinal plants have long been studied due to their anticancer effects and use of them is commonly increased as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM therapies) among patients with cancer. In this study, Alhagi maurorum (A.m) and Amygdalus haussknechtii (A.h) extracts were evaluated for their effects on inhibiting the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells. Based on MTT assay results, the IC50s of A.m and A.h extracts were 57 µg/ml and 85 µg/ml, respectively. Then the cell migration, gene expression, and degree of apoptosis after 48 hours in each treated group with A.m and A.h extracts alone or in combination with docetaxel (DTX) on 4T1 cells were evaluated. A.m had a synergistic behavior with DTX (CI < 1). A.h reduced DTX IC50 but presented CI > 1. Cell migration assay showed that each extract alone or in combination with DTX prevented the migration of 4T1 cells. The Ao/EB staining and flowcytometry results confirmed that, in combination therapy, A.m + DTX and A.h + DTX induced apoptosis close to the level of DTX. Real-time PCR analysis showed that A.m + DTX (IC50 + IC25) downregulated the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and FZD7. A.m + DTX (IC50 + IC10) group decreased the expression of HIF-1α. Moreover, in A.h + DTX (IC50 + IC25) group, β-Catenin and FZD7 were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. Generally, our findings suggest that the combination of A.m and DTX possesses synergistic antitumor effects on 4T1 cells, which may be a valuable choice for CAM therapies. A.h has an acceptable antitumor activity but not in combination with DTX.

Novel Alhagi maurorum leaves mediated synthesis of titanium nanoparticles for human breast carcinoma applications: a preclinical trial study

IntroductionIn this study, titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) were synthesized in an aqueous medium using Alhagi maurorum extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent.Material and methodsUltraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fou�rier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were the techniques to characterize the biosynthesis of TiNPs. To survey the anti-human breast cancer effects of TiNPs, MTT assay was used on the common breast cancer cell lines, i.e., breast cancer (breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), infiltrating ductal cell carcinoma (Hs 319.T), inflammatory carcino�ma of the breast (UACC-732), and metastatic carcinoma (MDA-MB-453)) cell lines. TiNPs’ crystal size was measured as 16.08 nm. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in size range of 12.16 to 43.46 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles respectively.ResultsThe cell viability of breast carcinoma cells decreased dose-de�pendently in the titanium nanoparticles’ presence. The IC50 values of A. mau�rorum and titanium particles on the MCF7 cell line were 680 and 359 µg/ml, on the Hs 319.T cell line were 507 and 191 µg/ml, on the UACC-732 cell line were 477 and 217 µg/ml, and on the MDA-MB-453 cell line were 507 and 191 µg/ml, respectively. TiNPs had high anti-breast cancer activities dose-dependently against MCF7, Hs 319.T, UACC-732, and MDA-MB-453 cell lines.ConclusionsThe best result of anti-breast cancer effects was seen in the case of the Hs 319.T cell line.

Extraction methods of Alhagi Maurorum (camel thorn) and its therapeutic applications

Alhagi maurorum (A. maurorum) is one of the medicinally important plants that belongs leguminasae family, commonly known as Camel thorn. This article we will present the methods of Alhagi maurorum plant extraction, the compounds of the extract and the compounds in the plant extract and its various therapeutic applications in the medical field and highlight the importance of plant extracts as alternatives to manufactured medicines with multiple side effects, the plant extracts has many compounds the most important is flavonoid and phenolic because of their therapeutic properties such as anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory.

Zinc nanoparticles green-synthesized by Alhagi maurorum leaf aqueous extract: Chemical characterization and cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-osteosarcoma effects

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized in an aqueous medium using the plant extract as stabilizing and reducing agents. The synthesized ZnONPs were characterized using different techniques including Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS). According to the XRD analysis, 21.46 was measured for ZnONPs crystal size. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in size of 27.92 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles respectively. For evaluating anti-osteosarcoma and cytotoxicity effects of ZnONPs, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The result of this test showed that ZnONPs have no cytotoxicity on normal cell line (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)) and have potent anti-osteosarcoma features dose-dependently against G-292, clone A141B1, MG-63, HOS, Hs 707(A).T, and Saos-2 cell lines. For evaluating the antioxidant features of ZnONPs, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract, we used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, in this test butylated hydroxytoluene was a positive control, the results of this test showed that the ZnONPs have an effective antioxidant feature. Probably, potent anti-human osteosarcoma activities of ZnONPs formulated with Alhagi maurorum aqueous seed extract because of antioxidant properties.

Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum roots on renal failure induced by acetaminophen in mice

The protective actions of ethanol Alhagi maurorum (AM) root ethanol extract on acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and renal toxicity in mice was evaluated. Forty male SWR strain albino mice aged 8 weeks were grouped into five groups. G1 (n=5): as control. G2 (n=5): administered orally a single dose of acetaminophen (2000mg/kg). G3 (n=10) administrated orally 200 mg/kg of roots ethanol extract for one week then acetaminophen as G2 at 8th day and; G4 (n=10) administrated orally 400 mg/kg of roots ethanol extract for one week then acetaminophen as G2 at 8th day; G5 (n=10) administrated orally 600 mg/kg of roots ethanol extract for one week then acetaminophen as G2 at 8th day. At end of experiments, the mice were killed under anesthesia and blood samples were gathered to preform complete blood test (CBC), serum levels of urea and creatinine and oxidative stress biomarkers as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) using available Elisa mice kits. Kidneys were removed and histologically examined. Acetaminophen intake significantly elevated WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, urea and creatinine levels and significantly decreased RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, GSH, SOD and CAT (P &lt;0.05). Treatment with Alhagi maurorum roots extract especially high dose (600 mg/kg) resulted in decreased in WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, urea and creatinine levels and significantly increased RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, GSH, SOD and CATversusacetaminophen group. Alhagi maurorum root extract treatment similarly decreased renal histological alteration induced by acetaminophen. This study can be utilized as prove of reading that Alhagi maurorum ethanol root extract especially high dose might be administered to prevent renal destruction induced by acetaminophen due to its antioxidant activity

Effects of extracting solvent composition on antioxidant and antibacterial activities ofAlhagimaurorumextracts

The medicinal plants, like Alhagi maurorum, have received great attentions, especially by food scientists and manufacturers as natural food preservatives due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In this study, the effects of extracting solvents, namely, hexane, water, and acetone, individually or in combination with each other according to especial cubic mixture design, as extracting solvent were evaluated on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Alhagi maurorum extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as main food pathogenic strains. Various empirical models were then offered in order to predict the antibacterial and antioxidant of extracts by extracting solvent composition, with quite high coefficients of determinations (R2 > 84%). It has resulted that the extracting solvent composition had significant effects on biological and chemical characteristics of attained extracts. Due to the high antibacterial and antioxidant effects of extracts, they can be successfully used as natural food preservatives. Practical applications The Alhagi maurorum extracts were fabricated using the best multicomponent extracting solvent system and the gained extract showed the greatest antioxidant or antibacterial activities, against common food pathogen strains. Thus, it can be successfully used in various food and beverage formulations as plant-based natural preserver and nutrition enhancer with health promoting activities.

Structural elucidation and osteogenic activity of a novel heteropolysaccharide from Alhagi pseudalhagi

Alhagi pseudalhagi, commonly known as camel thorn, is used as an indigenous medicinal plant in China. The present study was designed to elucidate the structure of a novel polysaccharide, APP90-2, isolated from Alhagi pseudalhagi and evaluate its osteogenic activity. A homogeneous polysaccharide (APP90-2) was obtained from A. pseudalhagi via DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100 columns, with a molecular weight of 5.9 kDa. Monosaccharide, GC–MS, and NMR analyses showed that APP90-2 consisted of α-l-Rhap-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1→, →4)-3-OAc-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-β-d-GalAp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, and →3,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with relative molar ratios of 4.1:1.8:6.1:6.7:1.7:1.0:1.5:2.7:2.4:1.1:2.3:2.6:1.4:2.0. Morphological analyses revealed that APP90-2 interacted with Congo-red and had an obvious honeycomb structure. Additionally, APP90-2 significantly promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating that APP90-2 exhibited pronounced osteogenic activity. Therefore, our findings suggest that A. pseudalhagi may be used as an alternative medicine or health supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Impact of Aceria alhagi (Acari: Eriophyidae) as a potential biological control agent on the invasive weed Alhagi maurorum (Fabaceae) in its native range.

Camelthorn, Alhagi maurorum Medik. (Fabaceae, Leguminosae), a native component of the Asian flora, is invasive in Australia, South Africa and the USA where it is considered a noxious weed in several states. To date there is no biological control program against this weed; however, initial investigations into potential biocontrol agents revealed an eriophyid mite, Aceria alhagi Vidović & Kamali, causing considerable damage in the native range. The mite attacks the growing tips as well as the flowers of the plants, not only reducing height and plant vigor but also reducing seed set. To assess the host range and impact of this potential biological control agent, on the target weed, no-choice tests as well as an open-field impact experiment were conducted at the research farm of the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, over 2years (2018 and 2019). Results from the no-choice tests suggest that A. alhagi poses negligible risk to the non-target plants tested in this study. In the first year of the open field impact test, plants did not flower; however, plant height was significantly reduced by mite attack. In the second year, significant reductions in plant biomass (26%), seed production (95%) and photosynthesis (53%) were observed in response to mite attack that would potentially limit the competitiveness of camelthorn as well as long-distance dispersal through seed in the invaded range. These results suggest that A. alhagi is a promising candidate for the biological control of camelthorn and should be prioritized for any future studies, expanding on the host range testing and safety.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОДООХРАННЫХ ЗОН РЕК ВОЛГИ И КИЗАНИ В РАЙОНАХ ПОВЫШЕННОГО ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РИСКА

The growing anthropogenic load on fluvial hydrosystems is now becoming a real threat. The aim of the research was to assess the state of vegetation and soil in the territory of water protection river zones in the delta part of the Volga river in high ecological risk areas. In order to achieve it, standard methods of biotesting and bioindication were used in the territories of two water protection zones. The results of the research showed that the soils of Sokolovsky Oil Pits are the most toxic of all: the germination capacity of the test object (watercress) is 6 times lower than that at other monitoring sites. In summer and autumn, all monitored sites demonstrated the maximum rates of occurrence and abundance of typical representatives of the local flora these are camel thorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi) and greater burdock (Arctium lappa). In 2018–2020, indicators of abundance of all thirteen-plant species registered in the oil-contaminated area (Sokolovsky Oil Pits) have a positive trend, the area gets more and more overgrown.

Biosynthesis of Cu/Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Alhagi camelorum aqueous extract and their catalytic activity in the synthesis of 2-imino-3-aryl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol-5-ol derivatives

A novel, low-cost and green method was developed for the synthesis of Cu/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using Alhagi camelorum aqueous extract as a safe reducing agent and effective stabilizer without addition of any chemical reducing agents or surfactants. TEM (transmission electron microscopy), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and UV–Vis (ultraviolet visible) analyses were used for the characterization of green synthesized NPs. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the existence of different functional groups of Alhagi camelorum extract phytochemicals which were responsible for the fabrication of NPs. Finally, the magnetic Cu nanocatalyst was employed for the preparation of 2-imino-3-aryl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol-5-ol derivatives via the reaction of arylcyanamides and p-benzoquinone at ambient temperature. The biosynthesized Cu/Fe3O4 NPs can be recovered and reused for five cycles with no significant reduction of catalytic activity.

Effectiveness of alhagi maurorum as natural coagulant aid in grey wastewater treatment study

The Alhagi Maurorum (AM) is used as a coagulant aid to support the action of coagulant factor in grey water treatment; alum could be accounted as the mean chemical coagulant and Alhagi Maurorum (in two separated forms: powdered and extracted liquid) as the coagulant aid. A series of experiments were managed to find the optimum dosage of AM and optimum pH condition so as to achieve higher removal efficiencies for the contaminants such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) originated in synthetic grey wastewater. Using AM as an extracted liquid was better than the powdered form. The results showed that the combination of 40 mg/l of alum and 1.0 ml/L of extracted liquid AM achieved reduction efficiency for (Turbidity, COD and TSS) by (98%, 92%, 95%) at pH=10. The results showed the possibility of the application of AM as natural coagulant. The positive impact or possibility of the application of AM as natural coagulant

An investigation of the nutritional value of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) at three growth stages and its substitution with part of the forage in Afshari ewes’ diets

The camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum: AM) is a drought-resistant plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, but its nutritional value has received little attention. First, the nutritional value of AM was investigated at three growth stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding) by different laboratory and in vitro protocols. Second, the partial replacement of conventional dietary forage with AM on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal fermentation parameters of Afshari ewes were examined. Apart from ether extract (EE), other chemical compounds were all affected by three growth stages. Crude protein (CP) content ranged from 100 for the seeding stage to 122 g/kg DM for the vegetative stage. The concentration of minerals in the seeding stage was highest. At the vegetative, flowering, and seeding stages the values for relative feed value (RFV) were 112, 94.6 and 85.3, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were 449, 495 and 525 g/kg DM, and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were 351, 302 and 263 g/kg DM, respectively. The highest concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.010) were observed when AM at the vegetative stage incubated in the culture medium. The highest potential gas production (P = 0.002) and acid-base buffering capacity (P < 0.001) were also observed in the vegetative stage. The in vivo study indicated that the some nutrient (DM, OM) digestibility, milk yield and milk composition were unchanged when the conventional dietary forages were partially replaced with AM at the vegetative or flowering stages. Animal performance was affected by the growth stage when ewes fed a diet containing AM at the seeding stage compared to the control group. Ewes receiving AM at the seeding stage exhibited lower body weight change (P = 0.008), EE (P = 0.049), CP (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.001) digestibility in comparison to the control group. The in vitro study showed that the nutritional value of AM at the vegetative stage was higher than the other stages. Partial replacement of dietary forage with AM at the vegetative or flowering stages at a rate of 250 g/day had no adverse effects on the ruminal fermentation, some nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and animal performance; however, at the seeding stage, it should be used with more caution.

Siirt İlinde Sebze Alanlarında Görülen Yabancı Otlar

Sebzeler taze olarak da tüketildiğinden hem zehirli yabancı otlarla karışık olmaması hem de pestisit kalıntısı içermemesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle sebze alanlarında görülen yabancı otların belirlenmesi hem insan sağlığı hem de yabancı ot kontrolü yönüyle büyük önem taşımaktadır. Uygun iklim koşullarının da bir sonucu olarak Siirt ilinde sebze üretim alanları sürekli artmaktadır. Ancak yörede sebzede sorun olan yabancı otların saptanmasına yönelik olarak daha önce herhangi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu nedenle Siirt ilinde toplam 40 tarlada sürvey çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sürveylerde sebze ekim alanlarında sorun olan yabancı ot türleri ve bunların rastlanma sıklıkları ile yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmayla çalışma alanında 20 familyaya ait 52 farklı yabancı ot türü tespit edilmiştir. Saptanan yabancı otlardan 3’ünün tam parazitik ve 11’inin dar yapraklı olduğu diğerlerinin ise geniş yapraklı oldukları saptanmıştır. Dar yapraklı yabancı otlardan en fazla rastlanan ve en fazla yoğunluk oluşturan türlerin; Sorghum halepense (%67,5), Echinocloa crus-galli (%22,50) ve Cynodon dactylon (%17,5) olduğu saptanmıştır. Bölgede en fazla görülen ve yoğunluk oluşturan geniş yapraklı yabancı otların ise; Portulaca oleracea (%92,0), Amaranthus retroflexus (%82,0), Chrozophora tinctoria (%82,0), Alhagi pseudalhagi (%77,0), Solanum nigrum (%72,0), Heliotropium europaeum (%70,0), Amaranthus albus (%67,0), Xanthium strumarium (%65,0) ve Convolvulus arvensis (%57,5) olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Breaking Seed Dormancy of Camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) Using Different Treatments and Salinity Tolerance Threshold Level Evaluation at Germination Stage

Breaking Seed Dormancy of Camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) Using Different Treatments and Salinity Tolerance Threshold Level Evaluation at Germination Stage

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion from Alhagi maurorum essential oil and study of its antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and plasmid curing activity against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Nanoemulsion technology is an alternative candidate to overcome antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this research was nanoemulsion production from the essential oil of Alhagi maurorum and the characterization of this nanostructure. Nanoemulsion of essential oil from A. maurorum was prepared using the ionotropic gelation method and chitosan as a nano-carrier. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The effect of nanoemulsion on the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and plasmid curing of six antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, B. cereus) was evaluated. The results of this study showed that nanoparticles had a spherical shape and smooth topology. The mean size were 172 ± 4nm and Zeta potentials was +28.6 mv. The results of antibacterial activity confirmed that nanoemulsion of essential oil had higher inhibition against bacteria compared to free essential oil. Also, this nanoemulsion had antibiofilm activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration for Biofilm (MBCB) were determined for nanoemulsion against the biofilm of pathogenic bacteria. The results have shown that the MIC value for A. baumannii is 12.5mgml -1 and for E. coli this value is 1.75mgml -1. This finding means that MIC values were highest for A. baumannii and lowest for E. coli. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of nanoemulsion against bacterial biofilm was significant (P < 0.05). This nanoemulsion also had a remarkable effect the curing of R-plasmid of three antibiotic-resistant bacteria. According to GC-MS analysis of A. maurorum essential oil, the main compounds were oxygenated sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons. Nanoemulsion of A. maurorum had the potential to use as suitable antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Anatomical structure of the Alhagi pseudalhagi stem

The present research focuses on studying the anatomical structure of annual shoots of Alhagi pseudalhagi, growing in the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The Camelthorn plays a huge role in the desert biogeocenosis stability, restrains the advance of sand dunes, and is the main component of the country’s natural pastures. The non-tufted type of structure of Alhagi pseudalhagi offshoots was established in the work; the degree of development of the photosynthetic bark parenchyma of the stem was identified. Diagnostic features of the offshoots were determined - the presence of a two-layer epidermis, unicellular receptacles, a continuous ring of conductive tissues, and a filled core of the stem. The nature of the distribution of reservoirs in the stem and the degree of development of mechanical and conductive elements in wood and bast are considered. The results of the study can be used in further studies of the Alhagi genus in the field of botany, physiology, ecology of desert biogeocenoses.

The Effectiveness of Methanolic Extracts of Five Plants on Different Salmonella Isolates

Salmonellosis is known to be one of important issues that affect poultry industry as well as it can affect human health. Recently, multiple challenges are facing the use of natural antibacterial compounds, such as herbal extracts to overcome the massive increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance. Different Salmonella serotypes were recovered throughout examination of diarrheic poultry. These strains showed multidrug resistance by disc diffusion methods also, the resistance genes qnrS and aac (6′)-Ib-cr were detected in S. Enteritidis and S.Typhimurium which isolated from broiler's organs and muscles. The methanolic extracts of five plants (Alhagi maurorum, Conyza dioscoridis, Coriander sativum, Caracuma longa and Cuminum cyminum) were tested for their antibacterial activity against different isolated Salmonella serotypes using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Conyza dioscoridis was the most effective extract retarding microbial growth of Salmonella Enteritidis, while other plant extracts showed variable antimicrobial activity. These results are promising in the way of replacing the antibiotic therapy with natural substances to overcome the multidrug resistance.

A study on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in the chloroformic and methanolic extracts of 6 important medicinal plants collected from North of Iran

BackgroundAs possible sources of natural bioactive molecules, the plant essential oils and extracts have been used globally in new antimicrobial compounds, food preservatives, and alternatives to treat infectious disease.MethodsIn this research, the antimicrobial activities of chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Sophora flavescens, Rhaponticum repens, Alhagi maurorum, Melia azedarach, Peganum harmala, and Juncus conglomeratus were evaluated against 8 bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis, R. toxicus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. syringae, X. campestris, P. viridiflava) and 3 fungi (Pyricularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea), through disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the essential oils of plants with the highest antibacterial activity were analyzed utilizing GC/MS. Moreover, the tested plants were exposed to screening for possible antioxidant effect utilizing DPPH test, guaiacol peroxidas, and catalase enzymes. Besides, the amount of total phenol and flavonoid of these plants was measured.ResultsAmong the tested plants, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of P. harmala fruits showed the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Besides, the investigation of free radical scavenging effects of the tested plants indicated the highest DPPH, protein, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase in P. harmala, M. azedarach, J. conglomeratus fruits, and J. conglomeratus fruits, respectively. In addition, the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the greatest amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid compositions in J. conglomeratus and P. harmala, respectively.ConclusionThe results indicated that these plants could act as a promising antimicrobial agent, due to their short killing time.

A Predictive Geological Tool of Type 3 Diabetes (Alzheimer’s Disease): The Polygonal Vortex Mineralisation Model a Medical Geology Perspective

Essential selenium and zinc deficiencies biochemistry and physiology is reviewed to impact neurobiology and Alzheimer’s significantly whilst metal pollutants impact early Alzheimer’s progression. A predictive bio-geospatial tool for such impacts considers Taranjebin-Mannagum selenium, by way of the Polygonal Vortex Mineralization Model (PVM) in the central Asian Metallogene. Manna becomes Taranjebin on selenium hyper-accumulation, then highly valued ethnomedically for immune disorders, hyperbilirubinemia, also mitigating diabetes, including Alzheimer’s risk, combating low birth weight known to influence diabetes. Diabetes mitigation source regions of hyper accumulating organic selenium are described within deficient desert terrains. PVM was initially developed as a predictive mineral exploration tool. It is proposed for the first time a novel use as a geological framework of potential public health risks including diabetes. PVM is now intended to cover all forms of mineralization and anthropogenic by products. Similarly, to mineral exploration targeting, PVM can help ‘prospect’ for health risks. That’s helpful, as most communities never undergo geogenic epidemiological studies. PVM defines mineralization fluid pathways, often in polygonal fracture sets, from microscopic to macro fractal niche scaled, as previously reported, providing high fracture surface activity. Essential minerals and or pollutants are then geologically remobilization to biota, impacting health through food bowl, water and air quality. Significantly, PVM-geogenic models may provide mappable ‘Medical Geology indicators’ of essential elements or pollution when qualified biogeochemically, as “Geogenic Public Health Indices” (PVM-HI). Ideally, they and other indices help produce “The Medical Geology Map of The Globe”, supporting public health in developing countries and where epidemiological and Metallogene supervision of it is sparse. One should add warfare and industrial metalliferous debris ‘indices’. The author’s expectation is this paper will engender PVM-HI debate on such “prospecting” utilities for unrecognized Alzheimer’s, other health risks, and help unravel their core pathways through bio-geospatial analysis. Taranjebin selenium biogeochemical-ethnomedical qualified data varying with geology provide PVM-HI examples. Selenium-bio-fertility is herein linked to plate subduction beneath former Iran-Pakistan-Afghanistan micro plate collision boundaries. Interestingly, present country borders conform to former micro plate boundaries, though cultural aspects follow geological features. This has physiographic-geogenic mobility implications for selenium and community Medical Geology. Selenium, sourced primarily from evolving calc-alkaline to alkalic Cenozoic magmatism and fault fracture networks (PVM), confers Taranjebin ethnomedical quality, transitioning higher towards back arc environments respectively. The Cimmerian orogenesis responsible effected the Eurasian plate between Turkey and Thailand since the Mesozoic, widening PVM-HI Medical Geology ‘prospecting’ scope. Gondwana micro continent collation included the Central East Iran Microplate (CEIM), where the Fabaceae manna gum hosts, and Alhagi maurorum was studied. Taranjebin selenoglycoproteins are considered the active selenium species utilized by primal desert communities. Taranjebin with other manna gums are still widely traded, as they were in antiquity. With demographic changes underway it is essential primal confounding physicochemical environment factors and metal speciation impacting Alzheimer’s are studied soon, with epidemiology, genetics and anthropology. Mediterranean to Central Asia manna selenium studies are recommended before modern life completely overshadow primal geogenic factors in diabetes. This Medical Geology perspective will help unravel some confounding factors in type 3 diabetes (Alzheimer’s disease).