Al Ions Research Articles

Waterproof and robust Al:GO for greatly-enhanced energy harvesting and reliable self-powered fluid velocity sensing

New applications of nanogenerators (NGs) in various environments (dry or wet) have gained increasing attention, but the mechanical strength and water resistance of active materials in nanogenerators need to be enhanced for reliable and durable performance. In this study, we propose a strategy to enhance water resistance and mechanical strength of graphene oxide (GO) membranes/films by surface treatment and cross-linking to fabricate reliable self-powered fluid sensors, and gigantically-enhanced triboelectric NGs. The bonding of Al ions dramatically improves the water resistance of GO membranes, making them suitable for immersion-type solid-liquid TENGs. The water flow-induced direct-current output has an excellent linear relationship with the water flow speed (R2 >0.99), rendering them ideal for self-powered water speed sensors. Besides, the output voltage and current of the Al:GO solid-solid TENG are increased by 18.5 and 6.7 times, respectively, by Al-containing molecular dipoles, and the durability is also greatly enhanced due to Al-induced crosslinking. This work promotes practical applications of nanogenerators for various self-powered sensing and energy harvesting in various environments.

A novel paper-based colorimetric sensor using parylene C for Al (III) detection on a smartphone platform

The paper-based analytical platforms have been applied in biochemical detection and environmental monitoring due to their low cost and easy operation. Despite their advantages, the complexity of fabrication has limited their further application. Here, a simple and innovative approach using parylene C, a material commonly used in semiconductors, is reported to fabricate paper-based chips and construct a point-of-care testing (POCT) platform through smartphones. Parylene C is deposited on the filter paper through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) clamp and forms a hydrophobic barrier. A three-channel paper-based chip was utilized to detect aluminum (Al) ions on a smartphone platform by the chromogenic method. The color change after Al3+ detection is represented with △E which was photographed and calculated by app on smartphone. The detection limit is 0.05 mg/L and the detection range is from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L which indicates the application potential in the field of biochemical detection. This new paper-based sensing method and smartphone-based portable detection platform are simple, low-cost, fast, and highly sensitive, and provides a potential application for on-site, visual detection of ions and even other substances.

Physiological mechanisms of exogenous organic acids to alleviate aluminum toxicity in seedlings of mungbean, buckwheat, and rice

One of the major constraints for crop yield in acidic soils is the phytotoxicity of aluminum ions (Al3+), which primarily affects the roots. To mitigate the harmful effects of Al toxicity, plants use organic acids to chelate Al internally and externally. In this study, the effects of exogenous organic acids on Al toxicity in rice, mung bean, and buckwheat were investigated. Specifically, the study examined the ameliorative effect of three organic acids (oxalic acid, malic acid, and citric acid, each at a concentration of (100 μmol/L) on root elongation, fresh weight, Al content, organic acid key enzymes, and rhizosphere pH in hydroponic media containing (100 μmol/L) Al. The experimental results revealed species-specific responses to aluminum tolerance and the alleviating effects of different organic acids. Buckwheat was found to be the most aluminum-tolerant, followed by mung bean, while rice was the least tolerant. Exogenous application of oxalic acid promoted root elongation, increased root fresh weight, and enhanced the activity of the PEPC enzyme in mung bean. Malic acid, on the other hand, alleviated Al toxicity in rice by promoting root elongation, increasing root fresh weight, enhancing the activity of the PEPC enzyme, and decreasing the activity of the MDH enzyme. In buckwheat, citric acid application reduced Al toxicity by promoting root elongation, increasing root weight, and decreasing the activities of CS and GO enzymes. These findings indicate that different organic acids can reduce Al toxicity in different plant species by employing different physiological mechanisms.

Multi-channel sensing of trivalent metal ions using a simple ferrocenyl Schiff base probe with AIE property

A simple ferrocene-based Schiff base (probe L) exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect has been synthesized and investigated. The probe L showed selective detection for trivalent metal ions (Al3+, Cr3+and Fe3+) over a range of monovalent and divalent metal ions in methanol via multi-channel of detection using colorimetry, fluorescence and electrochemistry. Upon binding with trivalent metal ions, color change from faint yellow to pink for Al3+, Cr3+and Fe3+ was observed by the naked-eye, which was consistent with the change of UV–Vis absorption spectra. In addition, probe L showed a dramatic off-on fluorescence emission along with a large Stocks-shift of about 33 nm in the emission wavelength. The fluorescence enhancement with a blue shift may be attributed to the combined effect of rotation inhibition and an extended intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. Moreover, electrochemical detection demonstrated that the oxidation potential difference between probe L and probe l-metal complexes was 0.028 V (Al3+), 0.044 V (Cr3+) and 0.015 V (Fe3+), respectively, indicating that trivalent metal ions induced charge transfer from the ligand to the metal (LMCT) and reduced the electron density of ferrocene moiety. Therefore, Al3+, Cr3+and Fe3+ can be selectively detected using multi-channel of detection techniques. Finally, 1H NMR titration study confirmed that two molecules of probe L bind with one metal ion through the nitrogen atom and oxygen atom of the probe L.

Designing of click-derived 1,2,3-triazoles as potential anti-bacterial agents and sensor towards Al(III) ion in aqueous medium

Aluminium is useful in various industrial applications and pharmaceuticals but its excess can pose serious health risks. There lies a need for the development of simple, cost-effective sensors for detection of Al(III) ion and the triazole appended moieties are potential chemosensors. Owing to these factors, we have utilized Click-approach for the synthesis of 1,2,3- triazole appended probe 5a that shows good selectivity and sensitivity towards Al(III) ion in UV–visible spectroscopy with an association constant value of 1.9 × 106 M−1 and limit of detection value of 0.08 × 10−7 M. The binding mechanism of synthesized receptor and Al(III) ion has studied via 1H NMR and DFT calculations. Keeping in view the biological activity of triazoles, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of triazoles 5a-5d have been investigated and compared towards bacterial strains E. coli and S. aureus, resulting in the lowest MIC value of 5c against the gram-positive S. aureus strain. The interaction between 5c and S. aureus protein has been studied using theoretical tool of molecular docking.

Chemically modified flubendazole carbon electrochemical sensor for aluminum determination in food stuff, Multivitamin syrup and real water samples supported by DFT calculations, IR and morphological tools.

Aluminum is a key component in nearly nourishment stuffs and medications. It is also found in treated drinking water in the form of reactive species, and aluminum salts are commonly utilized as flocculants in water treatment. Meanwhile, it was not thought to be a dangerous metal for people, but research showed a possible link with Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer, autism, and aluminum. Controlling the amount of aluminum in food processing, agriculture, and drinking water is crucial, thus newly synthesized Al(III) ion selective electrode based on innocuous reagent, flubendazole drug, has been developed. The electrode displayed Nernstian slopes of 20.11 0.47mV decade-1 at 25±1°C, covering a wide concentration range of Al(III) from 1×10-7 to 1×10-1 mol L-1. The response mechanism is studied using IR, computational calculations, morphological tools. The developed sensor has been utilized to accurately measure Al(III) ions in genuine water samples, multivitamin syrup, and food stuff.

Introduction of Al(III)‐Ion‐Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Material for Energy Storage Device Applications

AbstractSolid phase electrolyte system PVIm‐R‐PEG‐AlCl3 is introduced for Al(III) ion‐based energy storage material. Here, we introduced [AlCl3Br]− counter anion system with N‐octyl‐polyvinyl imidazolium polymer matrix supported by PEG. Electrolyte material shows good thermal stability with a Glass transition temperature (Tg~148 °C), which provides a good working temperature range for material processing. PVIm‐R‐PEG‐AlCl3 shows electrochemical stability of 1.5 V and red‐ox properties, it has 96 % of ionic conduction against the Al metal. The conductivity of electrolyte material is found in the range of 10−5 S/cm at room temperatures and 10−4 S/cm at higher temperature (>40 °C). The polymer electrolyte matrix shows the mobility of 1.37×10−6 m2/Vs and drift ionic velocity of 3.42×10−4 m/s at 30 °C. The ionic movement of Al(III) ions inside the matrix follows correlated type hopping with the activation energy of 0.266 eV. This Al(III) ion‐based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is associated with a large amount of capacitance with a tiny electrode contribution.

The failure behavior of thermally grown oxide of the AlCoCrFeNi bond coating prepared by atmospheric plasma spray at 900–1000 °C

The AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy bond coating was prepared by atmospheric plasma spray. The growth process and failure behavior of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer during the oxidation of the AlCoCrFeNi bond coating at 900–1000 °C were investigated. Results show that the AlCoCrFeNi bond coating generates a protective TGO layer composed of Al2O3 at 900–1000 °C, which effectively reduces the oxidation rate of the coating. The oxidation kinetic curves of the AlCoCrFeNi coating at 900–1000 °C exhibited a parabolic pattern. Until 50h oxidation, the TGO layer at 900 °C remained complete. In contrast, the TGO layer exfoliated at 1000 °C, associated with the thermal mismatch stress between the TGO layer and the AlCoCrFeNi coating. The growth of the TGO layer is primarily controlled by the outward diffusion of Al ions, which causes the generation of Al ion vacancies within the coating, consequently developing into visible pores. The presence of pores exacerbates the possibility of TGO layer exfoliation. The control of the outward diffusion process of Al ions, which can reduce the growth rate of the TGO layer and the amount of pores in the coating, is an important idea to improve the oxidation resistance of AlCoCrFeNi coating.

Two Dimensional V2O5 Nanosheets As an Advanced Cathode Material for Realizing Low-Cost Aqueous Aluminum Ion Battery

Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) are rapidly gaining momentum for the next generation energy storage industry because of its various advantages. In this paper, interconnected sheets-like morphology of low cost V2O5 is being reported as a cathode material to improve the capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of Al battery (AIB). Benefiting from the unique two-dimensional sheet morphology, the V2O5 cathode are able to deliver an initial discharge capacity of ~ 140 mAh g-1, at high current density of 0.5 A g-1, with an excellent capacity retention of 96 % after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1, which is amongst the best cathode performances reported for aqueous AIBs. The high energy storage mechanism of V2O5 is based on the facile intercalation and deintercalation of the tri-valent Al ions from the electrolyte through the electrode material during discharging and charging processes, respectively. Notably, the smaller lattice expansion (~1.4 %) of V2O5, indicate the expansion and contraction of the crystal structure occur reversibly during the discharge-charge process. The stability of the material is established by analyzing the XRD patterns of the material after cycling. Such studies have remained ignored in AIBs till date.

Experimental vs. Theoretical Viscosity Determination of Aluminosilicate Glasses.

The paper presents the results of studies on the viscosity of the glass mass in various temperature ranges, determining the basic technological parameter, very important from the point of view of melting and forming. For this purpose, six sets based on natural raw materials such as basalt, dolomite, and amphibolite, modified with different amounts of float glass cullet, were melted. The melting process was carried out in an electric furnace at the temperature of 1450 °C for 2 h. Using the dilatometric method, high-temperature microscopy and theoretical calculation methods, the viscosity of the produced glasses was determined in various temperature ranges. Comparative analyses of the employed methods were carried out. The significance of the applied calculation methods for aluminosilicate glasses depending on the basic chemical composition of the glasses was presented. The relationship between the manner of incorporating amphoteric ions Al3+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ into the glass structure and the change in viscosity in the temperature range corresponding to the working point range at 104 [dPa·s] viscosity and the relaxation range-Tg temperature at 1013 [dPa·s] viscosity was justified. It was justified that in order to plot the viscosity curve with the correct slope in the forming range for aluminosilicate glasses, it is appropriate to use the two-point method based on the fixed viscosity points of 104 [dPa·s] and 1013 [dPa·s].

Novel organosilica porous materials for highly efficient molybdenum extraction from leach solutions

This study presents the fabrication and comprehensive investigation of novel organosilica materials as solid extractants of molybdenum ions. The novel porous materials were synthesized using one-stage co-condensation procedure and the fabricated particles were characterized by SEM, XPS, XRD, and NMR techniques. The impact of equilibrium pH, shaking time, temperature, and metal ion concentration on the performance of Mo(VI) removal was examined. For the single-Mo solutions, the optimum pH was found to be 2–3 and the equilibrium was obtained after 5 min. The extraction mechanism primarily relied on chemical interactions taking place on the material's surface, facilitated by the presence of imine and amine groups, which exhibited strong binding affinity toward oxomolybdate ions. The spherical ILBr-D4EI demonstrated the highest removal efficiency for Mo(VI) with the real capacity of 325 mg/g. Additionally, it exhibited remarkable selectivity towards the coexisting Al(III), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions, as reflected by separation factors of 4x104. These findings emphasize the potential of these novel organosilica materials as promising materials for efficient molybdenum extraction, offering insights for future advancements in this field.

A single fluorescent chemosensor for detecting Ag+ ion in DMF and common trivalent metal ions in ethanol

A fluorescent chemosensor PAOP based on pyrene formaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine was successfully synthesized, and its molecular structure was characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. PAOP exhibits excellent fluorescence sensing ability for Ag+ in DMF with high selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, PAOP can selectively identify common trivalent metal ions (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+) in ethanol solution. After the addition of common trivalent metal ions, the fluorescence of PAOP ethanol solution changed from blue–violet to blue–green. The results of the reversible fluorescence change, mass spectra, FT-IR and DFT calculations proved that the selective fluorescence response towards the special metal ions was attributed to formation of stable 2:1 complex PAOP@Mn+. PAOP has good recovery in detection of Cr3+ in real water samples and shows great potential application as a chemosensor.

Characterization of the VO2 thin films grown on glass substrates by MOD

AbstractThis paper describes the deposition of Nb doped vanadium dioxide (VO2) films on a glass substrate by metal organic decomposition (MOD) and their thermochromic properties. The difference in thermochromic properties of VO2 thin films on a glass substrate was investigated with and without a buffer layer of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO). The phase transition temperature of VO2 thin film successfully reduced from 83°C to 43°C on a glass substrate with a buffer layer of HZO. Without a buffer layer of HZO, the thermochromic properties of VO2 thin films deteriorated comparing with a buffer layer of HZO. HZO buffer layer effectively suppresses the miniaturization of VO2 crystallite size of thin film due to Nb doping. Moreover, it would block out the diffusion of Al, Na, and Ca impurity ions from a glass substrate and the partial oxidation of VO2 thin films judging from XPS O1s spectra and XPS depth profile analysis. We conclude that the insertion of the HZO buffer layer is a useful technique for controlling the transition temperature of VO2 for the smart window applications by MOD.

Structure, spectroscopy, and metal exchange among M(III) clusters with salicylidene-α-hydroxy acid chelates (M = Al, Ga, In, Fe)

The tetradentate salicylidene-α-hydroxy acid chelate, 3,5-diCl-Sal-AHA, was previously shown to form trinuclear clusters with the similarly-sized Fe(III) and Ga(III) ions, but a binuclear structure was observed with the much larger uranyl ion. To determine the structural effect of ionic size, complexes of 3,5-diCl-Sal-AHA with the smaller Al(III) ion and larger In(III) ion were prepared. X-ray data show that Al(III) forms a trinuclear cluster similar to those of Fe(III) and Ga(III). However, ESI-MS data show that Al(III) trinuclear clusters exist in equilibrium with binuclear clusters, with basic conditions favoring increased binuclear cluster formation. X-ray data from a crystal obtained from basic solution of Al(III) with 3,5-diCl-Sal-AHA show a binuclear, carbonato-bridged complex. ESI-MS data for the In(III) complex indicate that it forms a trinuclear cluster. The Fe(III), Ga(III), Al(III), and In(III) complexes all have strong circular dichroism spectra, while only the Al(III), Ga(III), and In(III) complexes are fluorescent. When the Group 13 metal complexes are treated with ferric chloride, Fe(III) displaces Al(III), Ga(III), and In(III) in aqueous methanol, but no metal exchange occurs in dry methanol.

Transparent dual ionic (Zn2+-Al3+) hydrogel with high conductivity for self-chargeable Zn//WO3-x electrochromic devices

In this paper, a Zn//WO3-x electrochromic device was constructed using oxygen-vacancy WO3-x electrochromic film as the cathode, Zn foil as the anode, and dual-ionic Zn2+-Al3+ hydrogel as the electrolyte. The poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) p(AM-co-AA) hydrogel mixed with zinc ion (Zn2+) and aluminum ion (Al3+) at an equal concentration of 0.5 mol/L possessed high conductivity (≈7.01 S/m) and a favorable mechanical properties by screening and optimizing the species, concentration, and proportion of ions. Zn//WO3-x electrochromic devices possessed chemical self-charge-discharge performance by connecting/disconnecting the anode and cathode. Besides, the switch between the coloring state and the bleaching state was also spontaneously observed due to the change of oxidation state of W during the process of self-charge-discharge. Zn//WO3-x electrochromic devices showed a wide optical modulation range of 84.5% at a wavelength of 670 nm, fast charging ability, and a high discharging capacitor of 198 mAh/g. In addition, two series of Zn//WO3-x electrochromic devices can be used as energy storage to light up a light-emitting diode (1.31 V). The results demonstrated that the application of p(AM-co-AA)/Zn2+-Al3+ hydrogel ion electrolyte could effectively avoid the leakage problem in the liquid electrolyte, simplify the assembly of the integrated electrochromic devices, and improve the electrochromic/electrochemical performance of the electrochromic devices.

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of the Proton Transfer in Hydroxyl Ion-Induced Hydrolysis of Aluminum Monomers.

The hydrolysis process of Al(H2O)63+ induced by hydroxyl ions (OH-) is significant to aluminum solution chemistry. Previous investigations of hydrolysis reactions have primarily relied on static calculations in an implicit solvent environment. Herein, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to investigate the evolution process of Al(H2O)63+ under various local alkaline conditions in an explicit solvent environment. Our work demonstrates the effect of solvent water in hydrolysis reactions. Specifically, the stepwise hydrolysis reaction induced by hydroxyl ions involves water wire compression and concerted proton transfers. Dehydration reactions occur when the number of hydroxyl ligands attached to the aluminum ion (Al3+) equals or exceeds three. Moreover, the Al(H2O)n(OH)3 species exhibit unique hydrolysis and dehydration reaction characteristics compared to other species. The geometrically stable aluminum monomers determined by AIMD are Al(H2O)5(OH)12+, Al(H2O)4(OH)2+, Al(H2O)1(OH)3, and Al(OH)4-. In addition, the topological analysis analyzes the interaction between Al3+ and coordinated H2O in different configurations, indicating the weakest interaction appearing in Al(H2O)n(OH)3 species.

Effect of Soil Acidification on the Production of Se-Rich Tea.

Selenium (Se)-enriched tea is a well-regarded natural beverage that is often consumed for its Se supplementation benefits. However, the production of this tea, particularly in Se-abundant tea plantations, is challenging due to soil acidification. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in Se under acidified soil conditions. Eight tea plantation soil monitoring sites in Southern Jiangsu were first selected. Simulated acid rain experiments and experiments with different acidification methods were designed and soil pH, as well as various Al-ion and Se-ion concentrations were systematically determined. The data were analyzed using R statistical software, and a correlation analysis was carried out. The results indicated that as the pH value dropped, exchangeable selenium (Exc-Se) and residual selenium (Res-Se) were transformed into acid-soluble selenium (Fmo-Se) and manganese oxide selenium (Om-Se). As the pH increased, exchange state aluminum (Alex) and water-soluble aluminum (Alw) decreased, Fmo-Se and Om-Se declined, and Exc-Se and Res-Se increased, a phenomenon attributed to the weakened substitution of Se ions by Al ions. In the simulated acid rain experiment, P1 compared to the control (CK), the pH value of the YJW tea plantation decreased by 0.13, Exc-Se decreased by 4 ug mg-1, Res-Se decreased by 54.65 ug kg-1, Fmo-Se increased by 2.78 ug mg-1, and Om-Se increased by 5.94 ug mg-1 while Alex increased by 28.53 mg kg-1. The decrease in pH led to an increase in the content of Alex and Alw, which further resulted in the conversion of Exc-Se to Fmo-Se and Om-Se. In various acidification experiments, compared with CK, the pH value of T6 decreased by 0.23, Exc-Se content decreased by 8.35 ug kg-1, Res-Se content decreased by 40.62 ug kg-1, and Fmo-Se content increased by 15.52 ug kg-1 while Alex increased by 33.67 mg kg-1, Alw increased by 1.7 mg kg-1, and Alh decreased by 573.89 mg kg-1. Acidification can trigger the conversion of Exc-Se to Fmo-Se and Om-Se, while the content of available Se may decrease due to the complexation interplay between Alex and Exc-Se. This study provides a theoretical basis for solving the problem of Se-enriched in tea caused by soil acidification.

Integrating of electrocoagulation process with submerged membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment under low voltage gradients

Treating and reusing wastewater has become an essential aspect of water management worldwide. However, the increase in emerging pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are presented in wastewater from various sources like industry, roads, and household waste, makes their removal difficult due to their low concentration, stability, and ability to combine with other organic substances. Therefore, treating a low load of wastewater is an attractive option. The study aimed to address membrane fouling in the submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) used for wastewater treatment. An aluminum electrocoagulation (EC) device was combined with SMBR as a pre-treatment to reduce fouling. The EC-SMBR process was compared with a conventional SMBR without EC, fed with real grey water. To prevent impeding biological growth, low voltage gradients were utilized in the EC deviceThe comparison was conducted over 60 days with constant transmembrane pressure and infinite solid retention time (SRT). In phase I, when the EC device was operated at a low voltage gradient (0.64 V/cm), no significant improvement in the pollutants removal was observed in terms of color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Nevertheless, during phase II, a voltage gradient of 1.26 V/cm achieved up to 100%, 99.7%, 92%, 94.1%, and 96.5% removals in the EC-SMBR process in comparison with 95.1%, 95.4%, 85%, 91.7% and 74.2% removals in the SMBR process for turbidity, color, COD, ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N), total phosphorus (TP), respectively. SMBR showed better anionic surfactant (AS) removal than EC-SMBR. A voltage gradient of 0.64 V/cm in the EC unit significantly reduced fouling by 23.7%, while 1.26 V/cm showed inconsistent results. Accumulation of Al ions negatively affected membrane performance. Low voltage gradients in EC can control SMBR fouling if Al concentration is controlled. Future research should investigate EC-SMBR with constant membrane flux for large-scale applications, considering energy consumption and operating costs.

Crystal Structure of Scapolite from Urdini Lakes, Northwestern Rila, Bulgaria

The paper provides new insight on the choice of correct space group for description of scapolite crystal structures, with a view of the preferred positions by Si and Al ions and their framework ordering. Samples of scapolite from a skarn zone around Urdini lakes, Northwestern Rila have been analysed with SEM-EDS and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained value for the meionite component Me) is around 70. The crystal structure of the studied sample has been refined in the tetragonal I4/m and P42/n space groups, traditionally assigned to scapolite members. In addition, structural determination has been conducted in C2/m.

An oxazole-derived Schiff base as a multifunctional fluorescence sensor towards Al3+ and Ga3+ in different media

A facile Schiff base derivative N′-(2, 3-dihydroxybenzylidene)-5-(naphthalen-1-yl)oxazole-4-carbohydrazide (G3) was constructed and synthesized through the reaction of 5-(naphthalen-1-yl)oxazole-4-carbohydrazide with 2,3-dihydrobenzaldehyde, which achieved the distinct recognition for two kinds of IIIA group metal ions (Al3+, Ga3+) in different media. G3 performed an enhanced blue luminescence upon addition of Al3+ in CH3OH/H2O buffer solution. As well, G3 exhibited a remarkable fluorescence enhancement toward Ga3+ with a color change from colorless to green in DMSO/H2O buffer solution. Therefore, G3 was applied as a multifunctional fluorescence sensor for Al3+ and Ga3+. The molar ratio for G3 towards Al3+ and Ga3+ was both verified to be 1:2, and the possible sensing mechanism was demonstrated by Job's plot, mass spectrometry titration and theoretical calculation. What’ more, G3 could be used to determinate target ions in real water samples with favorable recovery, which implied a wide prospect for application. And more importantly, the fine difference on microstructure causing the macroscopic performance of sensors in the buffer solution was revealed through the contrastive study of G3 and G1 in previous work.