Al-Anbar Governorate Research Articles

Influence of Planting Date and Kinetin Concentration on Thermal Accumulation and Some Growth Trails in Barley

A field experiment was carried out in Alsufia - Al-Ramadi city - Al-Anbar governorate Republic of Iraq at winter season 2020-2021 on sandy loam soil. The experiment included 12 treatment resulted from the combination of planting date Oct25, Nov10, Nov25 and Dec10 ( main plots) and kinetin concentration 0,30 and 60 mg L-1( sub plots ) using RCBD with split plot arrangement and three replications. The results revealed that the plants of first planting date recorded 91 days until booting stage and reduced gradually to 60 days at fourth date. First planting date score highest thermal accumulation at 1876 C and declined to lowest value at third date (1389) C. Fourth planting date gave the highest CGR (0.127) g day-1 and NAR (0.00028) g cm-2 day-1. The concentration of kinetin 30 mg L-1 surpass in CGR significantly, but kinetin concentration have on significant effect on NAR.

Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Among Anaesthesiologists and Anaesthesia Technicians in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq

Background: Anesthesiologists and their assistants, who have extensive skills and powerful impact, are major contributors to the COVID-19 management team. However, the procedures they perform expose them to the danger of infection. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence rate of COVID-19 among anesthesiologists and the assistant staff in Al Anbar Governorate and factors that might affect the rate of infection. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey study was conducted for the anesthesiologists and anesthetist assistants who worked in any hospital (12 in number) in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The agreed participants were contacted by phone. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for each participant. Results: Of 214, there were 100 participants responded to the questionnaires with a response rate of 46.7%. The prevalence of COVID-19 among them was 93%. The majority of the subjects were from the age group ≤ 40 years (65%), males (67%), and non-smokers (73%). Most of the individuals were sub-staff (90%), with a service duration of 1-2 years (44%), work in the operative room (60%), and they were not worked in an isolation hall (58%). There was no statistically significant difference between infected and non-infected groups regarding the above-mentioned variables (P-value > 0.05). The majority of the participants (92%) were vaccinated. There were 4 out of 92 from the vaccinated group and 3 out of 8 from the non-vaccinated group got an infection with a statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.0001). The majority (83) of the participants were taken the Pfizer vaccine. Most of the infected subjects with mild severity. Besides, there was a statistically significant difference between COVID-19 severity and the timing of the infection (P-value = 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of COVID-19 among the participants was 93%. Vaccination could have a protective effect against the disease.

Improving Silica Sand Specifications for Making Colorless Glasses by Using Chemical and Physical Methods

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of reducing the iron oxide ratio in silica sand from Ardhumah, an area, (18) km west of Rutba, a city in Al-Anbar Governorate, to obtain sand specifications appropriate for making colorless glasses (not exceeding 0.02 % iron oxide ratio). The reduction process of iron oxide includes three stages; the first stage is magnetic separation to reduce Fe2O3 from 0.092% to 0.040%, the second stage is re-floatation which has reduced Fe2O3 to 0.024%, finally treatment of the sand output from the first and second stage with diluted HCl or H2SO4, this study showed the possibility of obtaining silica sand with a ratio of Fe2O3 up to 0.016%.

Hydromorphodynamics Simulation for Selected Stretch of Euphrates River within Al-Anbar Governorate

In this study, the hydromorphodynamic simulation of a stretch of the Euphrates River was conducted. The stretch of the Euphrates River extended from Haditha dam to the city of Heet in Al-Anbar Governorate and it is estimated to be 124.4 km. Samples were taken from 3 sites along the banks of the river stretch using sampling equipment. The samples were taken to the laboratory for grain size analysis where the median size (D50) and sediment load were determined. The hydromorphodynamic simulation was conducted using the NACY 2DH solver of the iRIC model. The model was calibration using the Manning roughness, sediment load, and median particle size and the validation process showed that the error between the simulation and the recorded data was minimum. After calibration, three different scenarios were considered and the scenarios were based on different river discharges (low, average, and flood discharge). Four statistical indices were used to check the predicted values of the velocities and water depth in various sections of the Euphrates River section at the city of Heet and these indices were Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root MSE (RMSE), and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). For velocity, values of the above indices for the first scenario were found to be 0.19, 0.046, 0.21, and 0.17 respectively. However, for water depth, values for the above statistical indices were found to be 0.07, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.13 respectively. The values confirmed the accuracy of the prediction of model iRIC Nacy2DH.

Assessing the Groundwater Recharge with Water Balance in Ameriat Al-Falluja City, Al-Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq

This study aims to figure out how to calculate water recharge using the soil conservation service method, one of the most widely used methods for calculating runoff volume following rainfall. The research is being conducted in Ameriat Al-Falluja City, Al-Anbar Governorate. The Iraqi meteorological organization's Baghdad Airport and Al-Ramadi stations provided data on the research area from 1989 to 2020 as total annual rainfall (123.1 mm), the RH% (43%), the mean monthly T (23.6 °C), total evaporation (3169.61 mm), the wind speed (3.1 m/s), and the sunshine duration (9 h/day). The climate of the study area is described as arid. The total evapotranspiration value quantity is 1137.38 mm for the 32-year comparison period, while the total amount of correct evapotranspiration was 992.3 mm. Water surplus is 36.7% of total rainfall, which equals 45.2 mm. Groundwater recharge is 45.2 mm, with a rate of 36.7%, showing the groundwater recharge (%) from total rainfall. The value of groundwater recharge throughout a year is about equivalent to 23.6848* 105 m3/year.

Monitoring of Land Surface Temperature from Landsat Imagery: A Case Study of Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq

Land surface temperature (LST) estimation is a crucial topic for many applications related to climate, land cover, and hydrology. In this research, LST estimation and monitoring of the main part of Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq is presented using Landsat imagery from five years (2005, 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2020). Images of the years 2005 and 2010 were captured by Landsat 5 (TM) and the others were captured by Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS). The Single Channel Algorithm was applied to retrieve the LST from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images. Moreover, the land use/land cover (LULC) maps were developed for the five years using the maximum likelihood classifier. The difference in the LST and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values over this period was observed due to the changes in LULC. Finally, a regression analysis was conducted to model the relationship between the LST and NDVI. The results showed that the highest LST of the study area was recorded in 2016 (min = 21.1°C, max = 53.2°C and mean = 40.8°C). This was attributed to the fact that many people were displaced and had left their agricultural fields. Therefore, thousands of hectares of land which had previously been green land became desertified. This conclusion was supported by comparing the agricultural land areas registered throughout the presented years. The polynomial regression analysis of LST and NDVI revealed a better coefficient of determination (R2) than the linear regression analysis with an average R2 of 0.423.

Epidemiological Study on Toxoplasmosis in Cat, Healthy and Contact Human in Al-Anbar Governorate

Epidemiological Study on Toxoplasmosis in Cat, Healthy and Contact Human in Al-Anbar Governorate

The rate of radiation dose distribution in Al-Anbar Governorate, Al-Qaim district

بواسطة المنظومة المتنقلة GR-460 والوحيدة في العراق المخصصة لعملية المسح الإشعاعي، ملحق بالمنظومة جهاز لتحديد المواقع عن طريق الأقمار الصناعية (منظومة GPS) بحيث تكون نقاط القياس مقرونة بالإحداثيات المكانية اجريت المسوحات الاشعاعية للمحافظة تم اتخاذ الطرق الرئيسية والشوارع الداخلية التي يسهل المرور فيها في احياء وشوارع القضاء ورسم مسار افتراضي على الخارطة لاتخاذه كمسار لسير المنظومة ، وقد بلغ مجموع أطوال المسارات التي شملها المسح الاشعاعي بحدود (85) كم وتم تسجيل بيانات بملف يزيد على (6500) نقطة قياس بمعدل زمني مقداره نقطة لكل ثانية .

Climatic Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge in Abu-Jir Village, Al-Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq

The study area is located in Al-Anbar Governorate, western Iraq. The climatic data were collected from Al-Ramadi Meteorological Station for the period 1990 to 2020 and used to assess the climatic condition of the study area. The total annual rainfall, relative humidity, monthly average temperature, evaporation, wind speed and sunshine duration are 108 mm, 52.7 %, 22.6˚C, 2814.3 mm, 2.2 m/s and 8.8 h/day, respectively. The climate of the study area is described as an arid to sub arid and relatively hot in summer and cold with low rain in winter. During the data used, the highest potential evapotranspiration was 217.1 mm in July, while the lowest value was 10.7 mm in January, with a total amount of 1170.07 mm. The highest and lowest corrected evapotranspiration becomes 264.2 mm in July and 9.4 mm in January, with 1310.3 mm. water Surplus (WS) is 2.1mm, 10.71mm, and 5.65mm in December, January and February, respectively. The WS was 18.46mm, forming 17.09 % of the total annual rainfall. The groundwater recharge (18.46 mm) with a rate of 17.09% represents the recharge from the total rainfall zero surface runoff. It has been found that the low amount of rain and sandy soil are among the most important factors causing the absence of surface runoff.

Antimycobacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) Extracted by Deep Eutectic Solvents

Tuberculosis (TB) is a massive problem for public health and is the leading cause of illness and death worldwide. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is used traditionally to treat many diseases, such as infections of the lungs including pulmonary TB. R. officinalis was collected from Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq, and was extracted with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of many different kinds and with conventional water solvent. The antimycobacterial activities of the R. officinalis extracts were tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar disc diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. Then, a time-kill assay and cell membrane integrity analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of the most active extracts on cell growth. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the most active extracts was evaluated against Rat Embryonic Fibroblasts (REF) cell line by MTT assay. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was conducted to analyze the chemical components of the most active extracts. At 200 mg/mL concentration, a significant inhibition activity was seen in DES2: Tailor (DIZ = 17.33 ± 1.15 mm), followed by DES3: ChGl, DES1: LGH and DES4: ChXl. The best result was DES2: Tailor, which had a MIC of 3.12 mg/mL and an MBC of 12.5 mg/mL. The DES2 extract exhibited a high drop in the number of colonies over time, killing more than 80 colonies. The main phytochemical compounds of the R. officinalis extract were camphene, camphenilol, α-pinene, limonene, apigenin, camphor, carnosol, linalool and myrcene. R. officinalis extracts obtained by DESs have shown evident power in treating tuberculosis, and extraction by DES is a greener procedure than the methods involving conventional extraction solvents. As a result, additional research into the application of DES should be considered.

The use of stable isotopes (18O, 2H) and hydrochemistry to determine the type and origin of water for Euphrates Aquifer in Alkhasfa Area –Western of Iraq

Alkhasfa area is located in Al-Anbar Governorate - Western of Iraq. Isotopes and Hydrochemical analysis in groundwater were attempted the study area to learn more about water quality conditions and geochemical evolution. Groundwater in study area is dominated by (Ca+2 and SO4 −2) ions refers to the effect of gypsum that exists in the Fatha Formation and limestone in Euphrates Formation. The type of water according to Piper classification is alkaline water with an increase in alkalinity due to the prevailing of chloride and sulphate ions. Through the relationship between δ 2H and δ 18O, Three group may be distinguished, the first group include the well (W8), the water representing the mixing between groundwater and surface water (Haditha Lake), the second group includes the well (W1) the water representing the more enriched in δ18O, δ2H isotopic values indicate deep water impacts due to the location of the well above a Fault and the third group includes the remaining wells which have more depleted in heavy stable (δ18O, δ2H) values indicates that rainfall recharged to groundwater in these well. All groundwater samples are located right the Local meteoric line and global meteoric waterline. This means that water undergoes evaporates.

Geological Hazards in Al-Anbar Governorate, West Iraq

Al-Anbar Governorate has the largest coverage area among the 18 Iraqi gover-norates. The coverage area is about 138 579 km2 forming about 32% of the whole coverage area of the Iraqi territory. The governorate forms the western part of Iraq representing the Iraqi Western Desert and a small part north of the Eu-phrates River within the Jazira Plain. This large coverage area with diversity of rock types with large time span (Permi-an – Pleistocene) and different topographic forms have contributed to develop-ment of different types of geological hazards, which act at different parts of the governorate with different intensities and different damages caused to the infra-structure and community, even life losses. Three main types of geological hazards are active in the governorate; these are: 1) Floods, 2) Karstification, and 3) Swell-ing (Expensive) clays; however, other types like mass movements, depressions, active tectonic areas are also present but with less significance as their risks and caused damages to the community and infrastructure is concerned.

Assessment of Radon gas concentration in Tap water supply of Haditha Town / west Al-Anbar Governorate / Iraq

The current study was performed to estimate Radon concentration in the tap water and annual effective dose in 22 water samples from three districts in Haditha city (Haditha center, Haqlaniyah and Barowana) in addition to Euphrates river. the results show that overall concentration of radon 226 in drinking water in Haditha city was ranged (0.0091 – 0.031 Bq L−1). Also, the annual effective dose of radon 226 was calculated, The highest was 0.113166 μSv/y, while the lowest was 0.03322 μSv/y. The rank order of drinking water resources in Haditha region based on the concentration of radon 226 was Euphrates river > Haditha > Barwana > Haglanyah. The overall concentration of radon 226 in drinking water in Haditha city was lower than WHO and EPA standard limits.

Assessment of heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Haditha reservior and Eupheates River, within Anbar Governorate/Iraq

10 sediment samples were obtained from Haditha reservoir and Anah city in Al-Anbar governorate for this study during (October, 2021). to assess sediment contamination in trace metals like (Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni), from applying geochemical contamination coefficients such as Geo - Accumulation variable I-Geo, Contamination Factor CF, as well as Pollution loud Index PLI. The research area is found in the northwestern region of Al-Anbar governorate, between the longitudes (42º23'.13'' - 42º01'.10'' E). and latitudes (34º10'.22'' - 34º22'.7'' N), The area which is located between Haditha Dam and Anah city. The results of geochemical analyzes showed that it soil sediment has a high value of the elements (Ni, Fe and Cd), which exceeds the limits of local studies, this can be affected by Anthropogenic activities like urbanization, industrialization, agricultural runoff, fertilizers, and also the Haditha dam's electrical station, but the elements (Zn, Pb and Cu), Within the permissible limits of local studies.The results of the I-geo shows that the elements (Ni, Zn, Pb, Fe and Cu), has unpolluted (class- 0). While Cd is (class- 1), slightly polluted.

Relationship between IL-20 and diabetic nephropathy in AL Anbar governorate

Background: Diabetic syndrome is characterized by increase blood sugar and resistance to insulin. It is linked to macrovascular and microvascular complication such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The aim of this study to investigate the relationship between Interleukin 20 and diabetic nephropathy. Material and Methods: The study was include 36 of them with type 2 diabetes, 23 of them with diabetic nephropathy, and 25 healthy controls population , all of whom were over the age of 40. ELISA was used to calculate the Interleukin 20 concentration. fasting serum sugar, Glycated Hemoglobin, Urea, Creatinine, Total protein, Albumin, and globulin were all found. Body mass index was also calculated. Result: this study shown that decrease level of Interleukin 20 and chronic kidney disease patient comparing to Healthy controls group , and this also associated with increase in fasting serum sugar , Glycated Hemoglobin , Urea , Creatinine and body mass index in patients group compared to Healthy controls group. Conclusion: serum Interleukin 20 level show significance difference between patients and Healthy controls groups. that’s lower in patients groups.

Measuring The Self-Sufficiency Ratio And The Size Of Food Gap (Shortage) From Food In Al-Anbar Governorate

Measuring The Self-Sufficiency Ratio And The Size Of Food Gap (Shortage) From Food In Al-Anbar Governorate

Structural interpretation of 2D seismic reflection data of the Khabour Formation in the Upper West Euphrates, western Iraq

The seismic reflection method has a primary role in petroleum exploration. This research is a structural interpretation study of the 2D seismic reflection survey carried out in the Upper West Euphrates (Khan Al-Baghdadi area), which is located in the western part of Iraq, Al-Anbar governorate. The two objectives of this research are to interpret Base Akkas/Top Khabour reflector and to define potential hydrocarbon traps in the surveyed area. Based on the synthetic seismogram of Akk_3 well near the study area, the Akkas/Top Khabour reflector was identified on the seismic section. Also, the Silurian Akkas Hot_shale reflector was identified and followed up, which represents the source and seal rocks of the Paleozoic petroleum system in the Western Desert of Iraq. Time, velocity, depth, and isopach maps were drawn for Base Akkas/Top Khabour reflector and showed the presence of two anticline structures trending east-west and located on the west side of the study area. The first is termed as (A), represented by Tulul structure, and the second is termed as (B). The maps show the increase in time toward the eastern side of the study area. The general slope of the reflectors is toward the southeast of the study area, while the increase of the thickness of the Formation is gradual to the southwest as well as the northwest of the study area. The study area was affected by three transversal faults. Generally, the faults have northeast-southwest trends. The Ordovician Khabour sands are the primary reservoir in the study area. They are interpreted to be present throughout Akkas Field as gas/condensate accumulation located 100 km to the west of the study area.

Assessment of Nurses’ knowledge about Enteral Feeding at Critical Care Units in Hospitals of Al-Anbar Governorate

Objectives of the study: The present study aims to evaluate nurses’ knowledge about enteral feeding in critical care units.
 Methodology
 A descriptive study design was carried out in the critical care units at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital and Al-Fallujah Teaching Hospital of Al-Anbar Governorate for the period 6th of December 2020 to 5th of January 2021. A non-probability (purposive sample) consists of 32 nurses was selected based on the study criteria. The instrument consist of, the reliability of instrument was = 0.87.
 The instrument consist of 30 items of knowledge about enteral feeding, the first part, included the study sample's socio-demographic characteristics of age, gender, level of education, years of experience in nursing field, years of experience in critical care unit, and training course on enteral feeding, second part is a questionnaire to assess nurses’ knowledge about care provided to patients undergoing enteral feeding.
 Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis approaches were used for data analysis.
 Results: The findings of the study indicated that most of the nurses had fair level of knowledge about enteral feeding.
 Conclusions: The study concluded that most of critical care nurses did not have a good knowledge about enteral feeding and this can lead to inadequacy of calorie intake in critically ill patients.
 Recommendations: The study recommends developing and improving the nurses’ knowledge about the correct method of enteral feeding through education program and participation in training course programs about safe administration of enteral feeding.

SPATIAL PREDICTION OF THE CONTENT OF CARBONATE MINERALS AND GYPSUM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE FORMATION OF HEAT ISLANDS USING THERMAL IMAGING

The study area was chosen to the south of a Haditha lake. It is located between longitudes 41º 42 '02 "and 42º 27 03" E, and between longitude 34º 02 24 "and 34º 32 08" N, Western desert region at borders of Al-Anbar Governorate in the lower valley unit. It occupies an area of 186240 ha., Thermal units were isolated using the thermal image and 6 pedon were determined, which were accessed using a GARMIN GPS device, based on the Landsat8 satellite image captured on 7/25/2019, use the coefficient. The correlation and the simple linear regression equation between the temperature and each of the lime and gypsum in the soil for the surface horizon. The values for both lime and gypsum were projected using temperature, and the values of the image's pixels were converted into quantitative values for the content of lime and gypsum. The results showed that the study area included five thermal ranges, which included water bodies with an area of 50,300 hectares with a rate of 21.26%, whose temperature ranged from 26-43 degrees Celsius, and land areas with an area of 186,240 hectares, with a rate 78.74%, it was classified into four classes, as the first class occupied an area of 4618.75 hectares with a rate 2.48% of the study area, as it a temperature of 43-46 degrees Celsius, the second class, which had a temperature of 46-49 degrees Celsius, it occupied an area of 78909.89 hectares, equivalent to 42.37% of the study area. The third class had a temperature of 49-52 degrees Celsius and occupied an area of 39873.98 hectares, with a rate of 21.41% of the study area, and the fourth class, which recorded a temperature of 52-55 degrees Celsius, occupying an area of 62837.38 hectares, with 33.74% of the study area. The Spatial prediction values for lime and gypsum were 380 g/kg and 375 g/kg, respectively. The area of Spatial Completion calcareous soils with a content of more than 225 g/kg was about 68517.7 hectares, with 36.79%, while the area of gypsum soils with a content of more than 150 g/kg was about 78595.9 hectares, with 42.21% of the study area.

Assessment of Electricity Sector Using Geomatics Techniques: (Ramadi City as a Case Study)

Geomatics involves the collection, management, integration, representation, analysis, modeling and display of geographically referenced information describing both the Earth’s physical features and the built environment. One of the main use of this tool is to estimate electrical energy demand throughout Al Anbar Governorate, which have major problems in this sector with about 750 to 770 MW. The consumption of the city of Al Ramadi is about 200 MW. According to official forecasts by the Directorate of Electricity Networks of Al Anbar, this demand is expected to increase to about 900 MW during the summer of 2020. The present distribution systems in Al Ramadi are mostly overhead. Gradual conversion from overhead to underground systems, particularly at the 11 kV level, is recommended, especially in the central part of the city. This will allow for higher system safety and reliability, and for a much aesthetically improved appearance. This necessitated the construction of additional backup stations. Furthermore, prepared a plan for stations that have been constructed in the year 2020, in order to meet the anticipated demand growth during the planning period. Long-term plan for the Governorate of Al Anbar in order to cope with the increased demand for electrical energy.