Al-Anbar Governorate Research Articles

Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Viruses among Hemophiliac Patients in Al-Anbar Governorate

Background: People with hemophilia (factor VIII and IX deficiency) and those with other clotting factordeficiencies are particularly at risk of acquiring blood-borne hepatitis virus infections and HIV throughtransfusion with unscreened blood and blood products.Objective: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and HIV among hemophiliac patients in the AlAnbar governorate.Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study carried out between October 2014 and March 2015 wasdone to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and HIV among hemophiliac patients. Forty hemophiliacpatients were recruited to this study, who were documented to have hemophilia A and B by factor assay.Patients’ surveillance for hepatitis B, C and HIV were done by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay“ECLIA” by using Cobas e 411-immunoassay analyzer.Results: Forty hemophiliac patients with age ranged between 6 months and 22 years with mean age 9.9 ±5.4 years were recruited to this study, 5 patients were mild hemophilia, 6 patients moderate hemophilia and29 patients with severe hemophilia.The prevalence of hepatitis C among the 40 hemophiliac patients was 5%, while for hepatitis B and HIV was0%. Six patients (15%) showed immunity to hepatitis B due to successful vaccination.Conclusions: This study showed that the prevalence of hepatitis B and HIV is zero, while for hepatitis C5%. Hepatitis C infection was more in severe hemophilia A, advanced age and an increasing number ofblood and blood products transfusion. Only 6 patients (15%) among hemophiliac patients were seropositivefor hepatitis B vaccine immunity.

Standard Sand Specifications Development by Mechanical Attrition Scrubbing to Make it Convenient for the Cement Industry

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of improving the properties of the sand from Kasser Mohaiwir area in Al-Anbar Governorate to obtain sand specifications conforming to the standard sand specification (not exceeding 0.25% loss in acid). This study showed the possibility of obtaining standard sand with loss in hydrochloric acid up to 0.175 and recovery rate not exceeding 80% using mechanical methods without resorting to the use of acid methods currently in production.

RESPONSE SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) VARIETY TO ZINC SPRAYING

A field experiment was carried out in the Spring and Autumn seasons of 2018 in Al-Subaihat village (latitude 33° 21- N and longitude 43° 46- E) Fallujah city - Al-Anbar governorate in silty-loam soil. To study the effect of two factors which were foliar zinc application different concentration of zinc 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg Zn h1 in the form of aqueous zinc sulfate ZnSO4.7H2O (46% Zn) on the Qualitative Characteristics of three varieties of sunflower (Tarsan8018, Esahaqi 1 and Aqmar). The layout of experiment RCBD ,arrangemental in Factorial experimental units distributed (36 experimental units) with three replicates. The results showed significant different between cultivars in most of the studied traits. Aqmar gave the highest oil content of 54.14 and 51.40% for the both spring and autumn respectively. For the autumn season, Tarsan1018 cv. recorded highest mean percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds about 91.73% for spring season, While Isahaqi 1 exceeded the highest mean of 90.91% for autumn season. Isahaki 1 plants recorded the highest average carbohydrate percentage of 14.70 and 14.97% Zinc spraying resulted in a significant increase in the seed oil percentage. The concentration of 1.5 kg Zn h-1 achieved the highest mean ( 51.56% ) in spring season , while concentration of 1.0 kg Zn E-1 achieved the highest mean capacity in the autumn season (48.79%) Concentration 0.5 kg Zn h-1 are highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acids was 91.01%. In the autumn season, while the concentration of 1.0 kg Zn h-1 achieved the highest average percentage of unsaturated acids in seeds was 90.56%, also the concentration of 1.0 kg Zn h-1 gave the highest percentage of oleic acid in oil was 68.48% and 27.92% for the two season respectively.

Study of Thyroid Hormones for Vitiligo Patients in AL-Anbar Governorate

Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentation disorder characterized by the loss of functional skin and mucosal melanocytes the reported incidence is 0.5% to 2% worldwide. Its pathogenesis is mostly consider autoimmune and this pigmentary disorder is strongly associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders. To evaluate the serum thyroid hormone in vitiligo patients of Al-Anbar governorate and to compare the results with other external studies. The study group included 80 patients with vitiligo, and 40 healthy volunteers. Blood thyroid hormone was determined using Monobind kits from reliable USA company. Their ages ranged form 1 to 70 years. Family history of vitiligo was positive in a percentage of (30%) of the patients. The mean levels of serum thyroid hormone (T3, T4) in patients with vitiligo were found to be no significant difference than those of healthy individuals. The TSH level in patient with vitiligo were found to be significantly higher than those of healthy individuals. This study strengthens the relationship between the thyroid hormones intake, formation, and metabolism with the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Therefore it is concluded that vitiligo patients should be evaluated for thyroid hormones.

Study the Impact of Selenium in Women with Osteoporosis in Al-Anbar Governorate

Study the Impact of Selenium in Women with Osteoporosis in Al-Anbar Governorate

PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE DESERT REGION IN WESTERN IRAQ

A field experiment was carried out at Al-Saqlawiya township Al-Anbar governorate at north in latitude 33°24´57" and east longitude 43°41´23", during period from 15/10/2018 to 15/1/2019 in order to evaluate the performance of 5 units of surface drip irrigation system, components and periods of use, by the steps recommended by the American Agriculture Engineers Association, at 50 kPa operational pressure. Results showed that there was a disparity in values of emitters actual discharge, uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity and variation percent of discharge. Although the similarity of most measurement conditions such as land area, design, management and the operational pressure except of the periods of using these systems which ranged 2-5 years. The decrease percent of actual discharge values 8.06%, 8.74%, and 19.04% when comparing the actual discharge for the system 1 with the values of systems 2,3 and 4, respectively. While the increase percent of the actual discharge value reached 29.74% when comparing of system 1 with system 5. Uniformity coefficient of system decreased were 5.32%, 19.95%, 3.81% and 7.21%, respectively, and 10.73%,37.25%,7.51% and 14.36% for the decrease percent of emission uniformity comparing the system 1 with the systems 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, as for the increase percent for the variation emitters discharge, it were 7.70%, 118.73%, 7.70%, respectively. Non- compliance of users of these systems with regular maintenance of the end of agriculture seasons, poor storage conditions, not maintained at high temperature or cold conditions and increase use periods, all had caused the expansion of emitters' holes, which affected negatively in some values of the followed evaluation standard.

Geotechnical properties of gypseous soil contaminated with crude oil

Gypseous soils are extensively distributed and especially in Iraq where area of hot climate is extant. These soils may be contaminated by crude oil due to the multiple oil wells, the oil exploitation, damaged storage tanks and pipelines, natural seepage and the crude oil spills during the war. Therefore, this study presents the geotechnical properties of gypseous soils contaminated with crude oil and the possibility of using the crude oil as an improvement material. The soil used in this study has been brought from Haditha city at Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq with (34%) average gypsum content and classified as silty sand (SM) according to unified soil classification system (USCS).A series of laboratory tests included physical, chemical, shear strength, collapsibility test conducted on both clean and contaminated soil samples with crude oil. Compacted soil samples are prepared and three percentages of crude oil (3%, 6%, and 9%) are added to the gypseous soil samples and then tested. The results showed that the crude oil increases the liquid limit of the gypseous soils and changes the soil from non-plastic to plastic material, the crude oil also increased the maximum dry density (MDD) and decreases the optimum moisture content (OMC). The results also showed that using crude oil denotes good solution and appropriate alternate to improve the properties of gypseous soils by elimination the melting of gypsum when it comes in touch with water in addition to increase in stability and strength properties of gypseous soil by decreasing the collapse potential and increasing CBR values.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS AND FOLIAR APPLICATION WITH IRON AND ZINC ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF THE )Lactuca sativa L.)

In order to determine the effect of nitrogen levels and spraying with iron and, zinc individually or together on the growth and yield of lettuce plant, a field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields located in the Sufiya area of Ramadi district in Al-Anbar Governorate, on the longitude 29.34- east, latitude 33.22- north and height 48 m above sea level, which is about 1250 m from the right bank of the Euphrates River during the winter season of 2018. The experiment included two factors, the first factor four Levels of nitrogen (50,100,150 and 200 kg N ha-1) and the second factor four Treatments: (0,240 mgL-1 of Fe,120 mgL-1 of Zn and 240 +120 mg. L-1 of Fe+Zn), an experiment was carried out according to the design of the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates per treatment, results indicated that the level 200 kgN.ha-1 had significant effect in all the characteristics of vegetative growth and its components such as plant height (46.09 cm Plant-1) and leafy area (7460.80 cm2plant-1) and dry weight (200.25 gm plant-1), head diameter (42.54 cm), head circumference (92.22 cm) and number of leaves (55.74 leaves-1), and qualities of the yield and its components as the percentage of the wrap heads (98.57%), marketing yield (62.23 Mg.ha-1) and total product (89.49 Mg ha-1), Foliar application with (240 mg Fe L-1 +120 mg Zn L-1) had significant in all Characteristics of vegetative growth such as plant height (42.59 cm), leafy area (6230.17 cm.Plant-1), dry weight (188.39 gm plant-1), head diameter (39.12 cm), head circumference (86.20 cm), The number of valid papers to eat (32.00 leaf -1) and total number of leaves per plant (50.95 leaf -1) Foliar (240 mg Fe L-1 +120 mgZn L-1) together gave a significant superiority in yield characteristics and components such as percentage of head wrap (96.34%) and marketing yield (49.23 Mg ha-1) and total yield (74.87 Mg ha-1).

Organic geochemistry of oil seeps from the Abu-Jir Fault Zone in the Al-Anbar Governorate, western Iraq: Implications for early-mature sulfur -rich source rock

Organic geochemical methods were performed on four oil seep samples collected from the Abu-Jir Fault Zone (AJFZ) in the Al-Anbar Governorate, western Iraq. These oil seeps have undergone biodegradation, showing large unresolved complex mixture (UCM) shapes, with degradation of normal alkanes and isoprenoids. The inorganic elements of the Abu-Jir oil seeps, i.e., S, Ni and V, suggest a marine carbonate-rich source rock deposited under reducing environment conditions. The biomarker ratios and parameters of hopane and sterane further suggest that the oil seeps were derived from source rock rich in lipids from phytoplankton and bacteria with less contribution of terrigenous organic debris. The chemical maturity indicators show that the Abu-Jir oil seeps were generated from early mature sulfur -rich source rock, thus in association with a high S content of more than 1.93%. The geochemical characteristics of the analyzed oil seep samples are similar, which is consistent with most of the crude oils in the northern and southern basins in Iraq, and were generated from the Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation. The overall geochemical correlations and geological information confirm that the Abu-Jir Faultoil seeps in the western Iraq were sourced from the Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation that reached an early maturity level of oil-generation window and that they migrated into the ground surface through the Abu-Jir major fault during the middle Miocene.

Prejudice to the Environmental Balance Exacerbate the Outbreak of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis after the War against Daesh in - Al-Ramadi, Al-anbar Governorate

Prejudice to the Environmental Balance Exacerbate the Outbreak of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis after the War against Daesh in - Al-Ramadi, Al-anbar Governorate

CALCULATION OF CRYSTALLIZATION INDEX OF IRON AND MANGANESE UNDER TWO DIFFERENT SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

In order to study the effect of sedimentary environments on the iron and manganese crystallization indices. Six districts were selected in al-Anbar governorate, including al-Baghdadi, Heet, Abu Tayban, Ramadi, Khalidiya and Falluja district. Two pedons were taken for each region and two different environments, one was for the sedimentary and the other was for desert laid in a vertical direction on Euphrates River. The total iron, manganese, available iron , manganese, Crystalline Free Iron, manganese Oxides, and Amorphous iron, manganese oxides have been measured as well as calculation of crystallization indices for iron and manganese. The Results showed that the over the crystallization of iron and manganese index in desert soils was superior sedimentary soil, as well as the iron crystallization index compared with the manganese crystallization index with a presence in pattern distribution in the desert soil compared to the sedimentary soil affected by the movement and the transfer of clay from the surface horizons to sub horizons. The percentage of organic matter was effected negatively on the percentage of crystallization index in the surface horizon and for all environments .

The incidence of enamel hypoplasia in children between 8 and 15 years in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

Aims: Hereditary and environmental factors can lead to enamel hypoplasia (EH). This defect can affect the baby teeth (primary) or permanent teeth. The study has been performed to estimate the incidence of the enamel hypoplasia among children between the age group of 8 and 15 years in Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq and to try to find some solutions to protect the enamel in these ages. Materials and Methods: A total of 2652 pupils were selected from schools of primary and medium. All samples were chosen according to the randomized stratified clustered manner. The pupils' populations were classified into 1–3 groups. In each group, there were 884 pupils (442 males and 442 females) examined. The procedures of diagnosis were in calm status with daylight, using general surgical instruments, for example, disposable mirror, and forceps that have been used to retract the lips and cheeks. Statistical Analysis: The data have been collected were analyzed using the Chi-square statistic test (SPSS version 22 software). Results: The enamel hypoplasia was the most common widespread in both genders, in the boys, it was 122 (9.2%), whereas in the girls, it was 117 (8.82%), and there were no statistically significant P value differences between both genders (P > 0.05). Results also showed that hypoplastic enamel was significantly seen on the maxillary incisors compared with the canines and the premolars. Conclusion: Several factors can cause enamel hypoplasia among children between the age group of 8 and 15 years in Al Anbar Governorate such as nutritional factors, illness, or the range of acquired genetic factors that are eventually lead to esthetics problems and dental hypersensitivity. Accordingly, enamel hypoplasia in teeth can increase the risk of dental caries and tooth wear; therefore, one of the best options was effective preventive care and monitoring are required that is the helping to protect the enamel.

Abuse of Appetite Stimulant Medications in AL-Anbar, Iraq

Medication abuse is characterized as utilizing of medications for a non-restorative or non-medicinal reason. In Iraq medicate abuse is a noteworthy issue on the grounds that practically any medication can be effectively acquired from drug stores. Appetite stimulant medications are case of medications that are broadly utilized without a medicine. The examination incorporates 250 persons who utilize these medications in AL-Anbar governorate. A poll incorporate the accompanying inquiries; age, sex, conjugal express, the explanation behind utilize the medication, whether the medication is recommended by doctor or not, sort of medication utilized, the recurrence of day by day portion and finally the degree of reactions of the medications utilized.

Radiographic detecting for the presence of extra chin foramen for the chosen Ramadi City Community Iraq

Aims and Objectives: The extra chin foramen (ECF) is a scarce structure in the anatomy of human lower jaw. When it is present, the dental surgeon should take care during anesthesia and surgical procedures for anterior teeth. To investigate the existence of the ECF and the direction in relation to chin foramen in chosen Ramadi City community persons, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq, digital panoramic and conventional intraoral (bisecting line angle technique) X-ray was used. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients (200 sides of mandible), 54 males and 46 females were selected. Each one was subjected to digital panoramic and conventional intraoral technique. The obtained images were evaluated for the existence of ECF in both male and female patients on each direction of lower jaw (left and right). Age relation to ECF existence was reported. Position of ECF to chin foramen (anterior or posterior) was calculated. The collected data were treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22. Results: ECFs were seen within 3.5% of the chosen population. Nonsignificant variations were observed between the existence of ECFs regarding gender, side of mandible, age coterie, and position of ECF to chin foramen (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A total of 7 (3.5%) ECFs were detected from 200 sides of mandible. ECFs were observed more in males (5 ECFs, 2.5%), at left side of mandible (4 ECFs, 2%), young patients (4 ECFs, 2%), and anterior to chin foramen (5 ECFs, 2.5%), so they were subjected to complications of damage to nerves and vessels during interventional dental surgery and anesthesia.

USING WATER BALANCE TO ASSESS THE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN THE AREA BETWEEN RUTBA AND DHABAA, WESTERN OF IRAQ

The study area is located in Al-Rutba city, Al-Anbar Governorate, western Iraq. The metrological data were collected during 1981 – 2016, and used to assess the climatic condition for the study area. The total annual rainfall was 113.3 mm and relative humidity was 47.1%, while the monthly average temperature was 20.1 °C, evaporation was 3074.3 mm, the wind speed was 2.6 m/s with a prevailing direction along the year was NW 29.2%. Data derived from the ratio of wind direction and sunshine duration was 9.2 h/day. The climate of the study area is described as an arid and relatively hot in summer, and cold with low rain in winter. During the 35 years' comparison period, the highest potential evapotranspiration value was 175.82 mm during July and August, while the lowest value was 7.758 mm in January, while the total amount was 970.612 mm. The highest value of the corrected evapotranspiration was 212.74 mm in July and the lowest value was 6.78 mm in January, while the total amount was 1072.021 mm. Water surplus was recorded in the study area was 19.849% of the total rainfall which was equivalent to 113.3 mm. The study area consisted of a thin layer (<0.1 m) of sandy soil, therefore, this thin layer was not considered. A number of key findings are presented which pertain to; the type of rainfall event, wind conditions, and the location. Hence, the value of groundwater recharge was 22.489 mm with a rate of 19.849% which represents the percentage of groundwater recharge from the total rainfall.

EVALUATION OF USED EXUDATIVE IRRIGATION TUBES AND DRIP IRRIGATION FOR SOME SOIL WATER PARAMETERS AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF CUCUMBER

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2017 at AL-Ramadi district, AL-Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The research was conducted in a silty Loam soil, to evaluate of the performance and used exudative irrigation tubes for previous season compared to drip irrigation in some hydraulic parameters: Irrigation systems, moisture distribution, Application efficiency cucumber crop factor of the and cucumber yield. The experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results showed an increase in uniformity coefficient at drip irrigation as it reached 97% compared with 96.2% for exudation, with variation percentage of 8.33% for drip irrigation and 11.32% for irrigation of exudative. Moisture content decreased with distance from emitters horizontally for the three growth stages and irrigation methods. Cucumber water consumptive use was 356.32 mm for exudative irrigation compared with 456.6 mm for drip irrigation with decrease 21.96 %. Exudative irrigation method significantly increased in WUE as it reached to 15.29 kg m-3 compared with 13.13 kg m-3 for drip irrigation with an increase of 12.82%. The result showed an increment in irrigation efficiency giving 89.12% for drip irrigation compared with 85.88% for exudative irrigation with an increase 3.64%. The crop factor was 0.61, 0.66, 0.77, and 0.51 for the initial vegetative growth stage, second vegetative growth stage, start of flowering and fruit set and end flowering and fruit set respectively.

Hydrogeologic Conditions of Mulussa Aquifer Between Rutba and Dhabaa in Al-Anbar Governorate

Rutba area is located in Al-Anbar Governorate - West of Iraq. Hydrogeological investigation calculation of Mulussa aquifer between Rutba and Dhabaa is carried out. The groundwater moves in directions of (NE, E and SE) influenced by depletion process in the amount of hydraulic gradient ranged between (0.0000416 - 0.008036). The groundwater flux (V) and groundwater pore velocity (U) are reached (0.00451) m/day and (25.02) m/day, respectively. Mulussa aquifer is carbonate beds, where represents confined aquifer conditions. The values of transmissivity, permeability and storage coefficient are ranged between (0.507 – 250) m 2 /day, (0.00547 - 3.05) m/day and (9.65 x 10 -5 - 2.64 x 10 -4 ) respectively. While the estimated of transmissivities which are obtained from specific capacity ranged (208.041 – 862.166) m 2 /day. This variation in the values revealing the great variations in the aquifer lithology, which was affected by intensity and the number of fractures and joints.

Assessing stress among medical students in Anbar governorate, Iraq: a cross-sectional study.

IntroductionA high prevalence of stress has been recorded among medical students worldwide. Additionally, high levels of personal distress may have a negative effect on the cognitive functioning and learning abilities of medical students.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using medical students in the Al-Anbar governorate; data collection was carried out from February to March 2018. The assessment of stress levels among these students was administered using the Kessler10 Psychological Distress instrument (K10).Results231 students (77.5%) reported at least some degree of stress, ranging between severe (30.2%), moderate (25.5%) and mild (21.8%). The highest proportion of students with stress (11.5%) was reported by first-year students; this proportion largely fell within the moderate and severe categories. There was a significant statistical association between gender and stress level.ConclusionThere is a high level of stress among medical students in Falluja and Anbar Universities; this may require special programmes to identify any predisposing factors.

Radiation Hazard Assessment by Measuring of Soil Radioactivity Levels in Al-anbar (Al-fallujah District) and Wasit Governorate in Iraq

Soil samples were collected from two region Al-anbar (Al-fallujah district) and Wasit of Iraq with an aim to determine the activity concentration using a coaxial high purity germanium (HPGe) detector based on high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. 226Ra, 232Th, the primordial radionuclide 40K, and the artificial radionuclide 137Cs were measured in the soil of the study area. The mean radioactivity concentration in Al-anbar (Al-fallujah district) and Wasit region due to 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs was (20.36, 11.08, 226.97, and 1.01Bq kg-1) and (23.01, 14.45, 290.64, and 2.22 Bq kg-1), respectively. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq), representative level index (Iγ), absorbed gamma dose rate (D) in air, total annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) from the terrestrial gamma radiation, the external and internal hazard index were estimated. The mean of six hazard index values came out to be (53.67Bq kg-1, 0.38Bq kg-1, 24.78Bq kg-1, 0.15mSv y-1, 0.14Bq kg-1, and 0.19Bq kg-1) in Al-anbar (Al-fallujah district) and (66.17Bq kg-1, 0.49 Bq kg-1, 32.08 Bq kg-1, 0.2mSv y-1, 0.18 Bq kg-1, and 0.24 Bq kg-1) in Wasit, respectively. Present data have been compared with the published data for other regions of the world near from the study area and found to be safe for public and environment.

Effect Of renal diseases on some biochemical criteria in AL. Ramadi city

The present study has been done in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in Al-Anbar governorate from 1/4/2016 to 1/10/2016.The study included 135 blood samples patients suffering from chronic renal diseases severe renal inflammation and renal gravel of as follows : (40) samples of blood for patients with chronic renal failure (15) samples for severe renal inflammation , (40) samples for renal gravel and in addition to the control group (40samples). The statistical results of this study has shown that there is moral rise (P