Administration Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Insignificant effect of ethanol extract of Dipterocarpus turbinatus (Dipterocarpaceae) bark on selected parameter in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: The present investigation was designed to find out the antidiabetic potency of ethanol extract of the bark of Dipterocarpus turbinatus by alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The bark powder of D. turbinatus was extracted with different solvents (according to the polarity of the solvent). Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of the plants showed different chemical entities including alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. Ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight) were used for antidiabetic study. Oral administration of ethanol extract of the stem bark of D. turbinatus in alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) induces diabetic rats for 14 days. Results and Discussion: Various parameters such as blood glucose level, body weight, and various biochemical parameters (plasma cholesterol, serum creatinine, and urea) were measured by the spectrophotometric method. There was no significant reduction seen in the blood glucose as compared with the diabetic control from the 200 mg/kg dose (P < 0005), and no positive effect could be shown on biochemical parameters as compared with the diabetic control group in both concentrations (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). Conclusion: On the basis of this investigation, we may partially conclude that D. turbinatus is not a potent antidiabetic agent.

English

The present study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract from whole plant of Lactuca runcinata (DC.) in rats fed with atherogenic diet (AD). The acute toxicity study shows that the ethanolic extract are safe up to 2000 mg/kg, thus one tenth of this dose was consider as evaluation dose. Ethanolic extract of Lactuca runcinata was administered in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day to rats fed with atherogenic diet to assess its possible lipid-lowering potential. There was a recognize increment in the body weight in AD fed group (p&lt;0.001), which was reduced by the administration of ethanolic extract of L. runcinata (400 mg/kg). The elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) all along with decrease in plasma HDL-C were observed in group II rats fed with atherogenic diet. After treatment of ethanolic extract of L. runcinata, (400 mg/kg/day) the result showed a significant (p&lt;0.001) decrement in body weight, plasma and tissue total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, plasma LDL-C and VLDL-C although with an increase in plasma HDL-C when compared to group II AD rats. The ethanolic extract of L. runcinata could protect against atherosclerosis and decrease the atherogenic index and cardiac risk ratio. This finding provides some biochemical basis for the use of ethanolic extract of whole plant of L. runcinata as hypolipidemic agent having preventive and therapeutic effect against hyperlipidemia. &nbsp; Key words: Atherogenic diet, hypolipidemia, Lactuca runcinata, wistar rats.

Pharmacological basis of the use of the root bark of Zizyphus nummularia Aubrev. (Rhamnaceae) as anti-inflammatory agent.

BackgroundThe root bark of Zizyphus nummularia (Rhamnaceae) is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent. The current study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity (in vivo) of a crude ethanolic extract (EE) and the pure identified octadecahydro-picene-2,3,14,15-tetranone (IC) in the root bark of Z. nummularia. IC was further subjected to suitable in vitro and in silico studies to find out the mechanistic pharmacology.MethodsEE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and (IC) (400 and 600 μg/kg, p.o.) were subjected to in vivo anti-inflammatory assays to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and predict the probable mechanism(s) of action. Suitable acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid-induced ear edema, xylene-induced ear edema) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) models were employed to investigate in vivo the anti-inflammatory activity. Based on in vivo observation, IC was further subjected to in vitro assays to estimate the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in PBS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Based on the observation of in vitro studies, finally, ADME prediction and molecular docking studies of IC were performed for better understanding of interaction of IC with TNF-α.ResultsOral administration of EE (100 and 200 mg/kg) exhibited significant inhibition of carrageenan (p < 0.05) and arachidonic acid (p < 0.05) induced oedema, and the reduced the granuloma tissue formation (p < 0.05) in experimental mice. IC (400 and 600 μg/kg, p.o.) exhibited significant (p < 0.01) inhibition of carrageenan, xylene and arachidonic acid-induced edema, and reduced the granuloma tissue formation. In in vitro assays, IC caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of LPS stimulated NO (up to ~ 67.4 % at 50 μM) and TNF-α (~84.5 % at 50 μM) production. However, the PGE-2 inhibition did not follow dose dependent pattern. Based on in vitro observations, the molecular docking has been performed on the basis of interaction with TNF-α. In in silico studies, it was observed that IC showed hydrogen bonding with GLN 47 amino acid residue of TNF-α protein.ConclusionsIC possibly produces anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of TNF-α and NO production.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0942-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of Premna esculenta (Roxb).

The objective of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of root extracts of Premna esculenta (family: Verbenaceae). The analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice and radiant heat tail-flick method in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema, while the thrombolytic activity was evaluated by in vitro clot lysis model. The hepatoprotective activity was investigated against carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. In acetic-acid-induced writhing test, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of writhes with 85.96% and 61.98% of inhibition, respectively. In radiant heat tail-flick method, the ethanolic extract produced 88.49% (p<0.001) elongation of tail-flicking time at 90 min after oral administration at same dose level. In the carrageenan-induced edema test, the ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a significant inhibition of paw edema with 22.68% and 17.24% inhibition after the first and third hours of the study period, respectively. In clot lysis model, the ethanolic extract at 5 mg/mL induced a significant clot lysis activity (37.69%, p<0.001). Oral administration of ethanolic extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day for 7 days significantly (p<0.001) reduced the elevated levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamyl oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase compared to the CCl4-treated control group. The results of the study demonstrated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of P. esculenta.

Hypoglycaemic potential of leaf extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schum. and Thonn) Benth

This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effects of different extracts of L. cyanescens leaf on the activities of diabetes-related enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and the effect of its ethanol extract on postprandial hyperglycaemia in starch-loaded rats. Results of this study revealed ethanol extract as the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50: 3.69 mg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.13 mg/ml). Lineweaver–Burk plots of the enzyme kinetics showed that the mode of inhibition of α-amylase by the ethanol extract of L. cyanescens is competitive, while it inhibited α-glucosidase non-competitively. Administration of ethanol extract of L. cyanescens leaf to starch-loaded Wistar rats significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the postprandial blood glucose level of the rats within two hours compared to the control animals. This study suggests that ethanol leaf extract of L. cyanescens possessed hypoglycaemic effect, and that one of the mechanisms by which this extract elicited its hypoglycaemic property may be through the inhibition of diabetes-related enzymes (pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase) activities.

THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF Centella asiatica LEAF ON SERIAL SERUM BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIN FACTOR (BDNF) CONCENTRATION OF RATS (SPRAGUE DAWLEY) FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS

&lt;p&gt;Centella asiatica is considered herbal plant for increasing memory performance. Brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) has a significant role in memory formation process, while stress causes memory impairment. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica leaf on serum BDNF concentration of rats that was taken serially before and after chronic electrical stress. Materials and Methods : Twenty male rats (Sprague Dawley) were divided into four groups: control/aquades group and groups treated with different doses (mg/kg) of Centella asiatica :150 (CA150), 300 (CA300) and 600 (CA600). Each rat underwent memory exercise for nine days before and after electrical stress and oral administration of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica for twenty-eight days. Blood sampling was taken serially from rats’ tail for four times : (1) before memory exercise, (2) after memory exercise (before stress), (3) after chronic stress, and (4) after memory exercise (following chronic stress). Concentration of serum BDNF was assessed using ELISA. Results: There was no significant difference in serum BDNF concentration between groups in first and second serum sampling, which was prior to chronic stress and administration of different treatments. However, there was significant difference in third and fourth serum sampling between groups. Mean concentration of serum BDNF (ng/ml) in third and fourth sampling for control group, CA150, CA300, and CA600, respectively were 1.88+0.21 &amp;amp;1.93+0.24; 2.29+0.13 &amp;amp; 2.01+0.22; 2.29+0.08 &amp;amp;1.86+0.11; 2.71+0.70 and 2.99+0.27 (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica leaf increases serum BDNF concentration in rats after chronic stress. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;: stress, memory, Centella asiatica, BDNF&lt;/p&gt;

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with synapt high‐definition mass spectrometry and a pattern recognition approach to characterize chemical constituents and rat metabolites after the oral administration of Phellinus igniarius

(J. Sep. Sci. 2015, 38, 1137–1148) DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401293 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an essential part of the healthcare system in most Asian countries. For example, Phellinus igniarius is a popular medicinal mushroom in east Asia. Rapid, sensitive, and specific analytical methods for profiling and characterizing the chemical constituents of TCM, both in vitro and in vivo, are necessary and valuable. Serum pharmacochemistry methods have been shown to be useful for elucidating the effective constituents and metabolites in TCM. In this study the ultra-performance liquid chromatography synapt high-definition mass spectrometry, combined with principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis, and MetabolynxTM software, is used to determine the chemical constituents and metabolites produced after oral administration of ethanol extract of Phellinus igniarius (EEPI) to understand the pharmacological effects of EEPI. There were 24 EEPI peaks within 10 min of analysis time and 20 of these were identified or tentatively characterized based on their fragmentation behaviors. In the S-plot of orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis, 27 ions were extracted to form the serum. Among them, 9 absorbed prototype components of EEPI and 18 metabolites were identified in vivo. Glucuronidation, oxidation and methylation were the major metabolic reactions found in EEPI. This is the first systematic analysis and characterization of the chemical constituents and metabolites in EEPI. This method can be applied to the analysis and characterization of constituents and metabolites of other material used in TCMs.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel on blood glucose level of alloxan induced hyperglycaemic mice

The purpose of this study was to show the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera gel in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic mice. Ethanolic extract of Aloe vera gel was orally administered for four weeks at a dose of 300mg/kg body weight. Weekly estimates of fasting blood glucose level in normal non-diabetic and alloxan induced hyperglycaemic mice were assessed. Ethanolic Aloe vera gel extract revealed no blood glucose lowering action upon non-diabetic mice. But, a significant reduction in blood glucose level (p&lt;0.001) was seen in diabetic mice, when compared with diabetic control. Similar results were found when compared with a standard antidiabetic drug, gliclazide. To conclude, as administration of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera gel significantly reduces blood glucose level in hyperglycaemic mice, it can optimistically emerge as a new hope in the management of diabetes mellitus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v30i2.22680 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 30(2): 25-31

CHANGES IN SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND LIPID PROFILE IN NORMAL AND STZ INDUCED DIABETIC RATS WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF POLYALTHIA CERASOIDES STEM BARK

The present study was conducted to determine the changes in serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile by oral admini stration of ethanolic extract of P olyalthia cerasoides stem bark (PcEE 400 mg/kg b. wt) in streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b. wt) induced diabe tic rats. Albino rats of weighing between 200 - 230 g were induced with s ingle dose of streptozotocin (dissolved in 0.1 M ice cold citrate buffer (pH = 4.5) at a dose 45 mg/kg b. wt). Dia betes was confirmed after 48 h in streptozotocin induced rats showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 250 mg/dl. The rats w ere randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). Group I and II (normal and diabetic controls), Group III ( normal rats fed with 400 mg of PcEE), Group IV (diabetic rats fed with 400 mg of PcEE), Group V ( diabetic rats fed with 20 mg of Glibinclamide). After 2 1 days animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis . T he results showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced serum ALT, AST and ALP levels when compared to the diabetic control. The urea and creatinine levels are also controlled significantly ( P <0.05). Similarly TC, LDL, VLDL - cholesterol, TG and total lipids of serum were significantly ( P <0.05) decreased in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats but HDL - cholesterol levels remained un changed when compared to the diabetic control animals. The results clearly suggested that the extract has the ability to retain the altered biochemical parameters as nor mal in diabetic animals and tt was effective as glibinclamide treated animals. Hence th e study reveals the therapeutic use of PcEE on diabetes and its complications

Immunomodulatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Thyphonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume in Rats Induced by Cyclophosphamide.

The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extract of Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. The immunomodulatory effects were determined by lymphocytes proliferation, phagocytic activity of macrophages, plasma cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, interleukin-10 levels, and killer T cells (CD8+ T cells) counts. The results showed that the administration of ethanolic extract of T flagelliforme reduced immunosupessive effect on lymphocyte proliferation, increase the number and phagocytic activity of macrophages in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of T flagelliforme also significantly (P < .05) improved the immune system activities especially the proliferation of CD8+T cells and reduced the suppressive effects on cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1α. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of T flagelliforme has immunomodulatory properties in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. The results suggest that T flagelliforme can reduce immunosuppresive effect caused by a chemotherapeutic agent.

Contraceptive Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Dioscorea villosa Tuber on Reproductive Hormones of Female Wistar Rats

The contraceptive effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Dioscorea villosa tuber for thirty days on reproductive hormones of female albino rats was investigated. Twenty four female albino rats weighing 150-220g were completely randomized into four groups (A-D) comprising six rats each. Animals in Group A (control) were administered 0.5ml of distilled water. Animals in groups B, C and D received 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Dioscorea villosa tuber respectively for 30 consecutive days. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of

Anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Bryonia laciniosa seeds and its saponins rich fraction in neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Context:Bryonia laciniosa Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) seed is used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments including metabolic disorders.Aim:This study evaluated the anti-diabetic action of the ethanol extract of B. laciniosa seeds and saponin fraction of it through its effect on hyperglycemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in neonatally streptozotocin (n-STZ)-induced diabetic rats (n-STZ diabetic rats).Materials and Methods:Ethanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.), saponin fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and standard drug glibenclamide (3 mg/kg; p.o.) were administered to diabetic rats when the rats were 6 weeks old and continued for 10 consecutive weeks. Effects of ethanol extract and saponin fraction on various biochemical parameters were studied in diabetic rats.Results:The treatment with ethanol extract and saponin fraction for 10 weeks decrease in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, serum urea, serum creatinine and diminished activities of aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. The anti-hyperglycemic nature of B. laciniosa is probably brought about by the extra- the pancreatic mechanism as evidenced from unchanged levels of plasma insulin. B. laciniosa modulated effect of diabetes on the liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. Administration of ethanol extract and saponin fraction to diabetic rats showed a significant reversal of disturbed antioxidant status. Significant increase in SOD, CAT, and levels of GSH was observed in treated n-STZ diabetic rats.Conclusion:The present study reveals the efficacy of B. laciniosa seed extract and its saponin fraction in the amelioration of n-STZ diabetic rats.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cannabis sativa on Progesterone and Estrogen Hormones in Female Wistar Rats

Cannabis sativa have been suggested to disrupt the normal ovulatory cycle and hormonal secretion in animals. In this study, we investigated the changes in progesterone and estrogen levels in female Wistar rats as a result of oral administration of ethanolic extract of C. sativa for 7, 14 and 21 days consecutively. A total of 18 female rats were used and selectively divided into three groups (A, B and C) based on their body weight. Group A was control group while Group B and C were test groups and were given 200 ml and 400 ml/kg body weight of the extract respectively. At the end of each week, blood sample was collected from the various groups and subjected to estrogen and progesterone hormonal assay. The estrogen levels observed in Groups B and C were 6.33 ± 5.30 and 2.23 ± 1.07 respectively after 21 days. At the end of the experiment, a significant reduction in progesterone and estrogen levels was observed in the test groups. The present findings demonstrate that medium term (21 days) treatment of female rat with ethanolic extract of Cannabis sativa results to a significant decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels thereby leading to female sexual dysfunction directly or indirectly.

Vitis vinifera (Muscat Variety) Seed Ethanolic Extract Preserves Activity Levels of Enzymes and Histology of the Liver in Adult Male Rats with Diabetes.

The effect of V. vinifera seeds on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and other enzymes of the liver in diabetes is currently unknown. We therefore investigated changes in the activity levels of these enzymes following V. vinifera seed extract administration to diabetic rats. Methods. V. vinifera seed ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) or glibenclamide (600 μg/kg/day) was administered to streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rats for 28 consecutive days. At the end of treatment, liver was harvested and activity levels of various liver enzymes were determined. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in liver homogenates and liver histopathological changes were observed. Results. V. vinifera seed ethanolic extract was able to prevent the decrease in ICDH, SDH, MDH, and G-6-PDH and the increase in LDH activity levels in liver homogenates. The seed extract also caused serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, ACP, GGT, and total bilirubin to decrease while causing total proteins to increase. Additionally, the levels of ALT, AST, and TBARS in liver homogenates were decreased. Histopathological changes in the liver were reduced. Conclusion. Near normal activity levels of various enzymes and histology of the liver following V. vinifera seed ethanolic extract administration may be due to decrease in liver oxidative stress in diabetes.

Hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Caesalpenia crista leaves against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Caesalpenia crista (C. crista) against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Paracetamol (2 g/kg body weight) was used to induce hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of leaves of C. crista was administered at the dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight orally for 7 d. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. The hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract was evaluated by assessment of biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin (total and direct), and triglycerides content. Histopathological study of rat liver was also done. Results: Administration of ethanolic extract at doses 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant reduction in elevated level of serum marker enzymes, bilirubin (total and direct) and triglycerides when compared to positive control group. Conclusions: It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. crista leaves seems to justify the promising hepatoprotective effect on paracetamol induced liver damage in rats.

Multi-analysis strategy for metabolism of Andrographis paniculata in rat using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Compared with chemical drugs, it is a huge challenge to identify active ingredients of multicomponent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). For most TCMs, metabolism investigation of absorbed constituents is a feasible way to clarify the active material basis. Although Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been extensively researched by domestic and foreign scholars, its metabolism has seldom been fully addressed to date. In this paper, high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied to analysis and characterization of AP metabolism in rat urine and feces samples after oral administration of ethanol extract. The differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways between the two biological samples were further compared. The chemical structures of 20 components were tentatively identified from drug-treated biological samples, including six prototype components and 14 metabolites, which underwent such main metabolic pathways as hydrolyzation, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, deoxygenation, methylation, glucuronidation, sulfonation and sulfation. Two co-existing components were found in urine and feces samples, suggesting that some ingredients' metabolic processes were not unique. This study provides a comprehensive report on the metabolism of AP in rats, which will be helpful for understanding its mechanism.

Estimation of Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Isolated Fractions from Ficus glomerata Bark Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Ficus glomerata is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes. We planned to isolate compound from the ethanol extract of F. glomerata bark, and also evaluate the antidiabetic activity of isolated fractions in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of ethanol extract of bark and root of F. glomerata at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats. After administration of extract the fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased. The eight different fractions were collected from ethanol extract of F. glomerata bark and dried. The fraction F4, F5, F6, F7 and F9 were administered orally in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After the administration of fractions, blood glucose levels were monitored at specific intervals and it was found that they were significant lowered. The effect of fractions on induced hyperlipidemia was analyzed where the fraction significantly lowered the elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level while increased the High density lipoprotein (HDL). Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.50 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, the fraction treated rats exhibited the significant rise in serum insulin level compared with streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. The findings demonstrated that fraction isolated from ethanol extracts of F. glomerata bark has significant antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats compared to standard drug. These results indicated that F. glomerata possesses significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect due to presence of these fractions.

Estrogenic Activity of Bauhinia racemosa Extract in Female Albino Rats: An Investigational Study

Bauhinia racemosa in female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were tested for their estrogenic activity using ovariectomized method at two dose level: 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Further, plant extracts and standard drug ethinyl estradiol (1 µg/kg) combination were tested for synergistic estrogenic activity. Results: In‑vivo investigation revealed that ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg shows significance increase 325.23 ± 5.23, 328.84 ± 4.56 and 3.252 ± 0.47, 3.288 ± 0.27 in uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio, respectively, in female albino rat as compared to control and petroleum ether and water extracts. Simultaneous administration of standard drug ethinyl estradiol (1 µg/kg) with ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg potentiates (327.36 ± 5.78, 330.95 ± 6.21 and 3.273 ± 0.64, 3.309 ± 0.49 uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat) the estrogenic activity as compared to individual administration of ethanol extract as a synergistic effect. Conclusion: It was observed that ethanol extract of B. racemosa produced significance estrogenic activity.

Ketoksikan Akut dari Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropa curcas) pada Mencit Jantan Galur Balb/C

The acute toxicity of Jatropa curcas leaves on Balb/C male mice was studied in rats. This research aimed to determine acute toxicity, evaluate spectrum of toxic effect and mechanism that caused the death of animal test after administration of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves, single dosage orally on 24 hours observation. The research used male mice, which are divided into 5 groups. Group I was negative control with CMC-Na. Group II, III, IV, and V were given extract with dose of 1400 mg/kgBW, 2240 mg/kgBW, 3584 mg/kgBW and 5734 mg/kgBW, respectively. Evaluation of the toxic symptoms and death of animal test was done for 24 hours. If the animal test was died before 24 hours then it underwent surgery to take the heart, liver, lung, and kidney. In the end of the evaluation, all mice were killed to take the vital organs for histopathologic examination. No mortality was observed during study. The test resulted LD50 of ethanolic extract from J. curcas leaves using Balb/C male mice was 5734 mg/kg of BW. It was categorized as practically not toxic. Administration of the extract did not cause alterations of animal behaviours. Histopathology examination shows inflammation in lung, liver, and kidney after administration of the extract.

NEURO PROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF HYPERICUM HOOKERIANUM IN HALOPERIDOL INDUCED SCHIZOPHRENIA IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

Herbal drugs are playing an important role in health care all over the world, especially in developing countries because t hey are being cheap, locally available and consider being safe. Neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other affective disorders are known to produce extra pyr amidal side effects. Hypericum h ookerianum ( Hh) is known to possess various therapeutic properties. We have earlier characterized its phytochemical and physic chemical properties. However, their role in modulating stress - induced central changes is unexplored. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the brain oxidative st ress induced by haloperidol in swiss albino mice and evaluate the consequent changes in brain neurotransmitters levels such as Dopamine, serotonin , nor adrenaline and GABA. Results showed that Brain neurotransmitters in this study were decreased in schizop hrenic mice which may be related to oxidative stress induced by haloperidol. This is reversed by the administration of ethanolic extract of Hypericum hookerianum ( EEHh ) which seems to be a highly promising herb in protecting the schizophrenicmice against o xidative damage and preventing brain complications suc h as reduction of neurotransmitters . Fu r ther studies are required to understand the mechani sm of action of this herb and active principle responsible for this neuroprotection .