Administration Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of the Phytoconstituents of Cinnamomum tamala in Rats

In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of Cinnamomum tamala were investigated. The ethanol extract of the leaf of C. tamala was used for investigating its effect against diabetes using a rat model. Different doses of the ethanol extract of C. tamala was administered orally to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 15 d and the effect of treatment on blood glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin and peroxidation products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and serum lipids were monitored. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography techniques were used for identification and quantification of the active principles of the ethanol extract responsible for exerting antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. Oral administration of the ethanol extract of C. tamala resulted in significant decrease in the blood glucose levels, glycosylated haemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and serum lipids in diabetic rats under investigation. It was also observed that the oral administration of ethanol extract of C. tamala significantly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in the hepatic and renal tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These results provided evidence for the antidiabetic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of the ethanol extract of C. tamala when administered orally. On the basis of these findings it can be concluded that extracts of C. tamala should be investigated further for predicting their clinical potential as a phytomedicine for treating diabetes mellitus.

Administration of Tempehethanol Extract on Prenatal Until Weaning Period Inhibit the Ovary Follicles Developing of Little Wistar Rats

Background and objective: soybean tempeh contains isoflavones that are able to bind to estrogen receptors, so they have estrogenic properties. This study aims to prove that the administration of tempeh soybean extract during periods of perception can inhibit the formation of ovarian follicles. Method: posttest only control group design, using female rats aged 12-13 weeks with BB 150 g, a research site in Udayana University’s integrated laboratory. Result: the results showed that there were significant differences in the mean numberof follicles in the three groups, namely primordial, primary, secondary was p <0.01; atretic follicles wasp <0.05. Conclusion: the administration of ethanol extract of tempeh during the perimenopause period can inhibit the formation of primordial follicles, primary follicles, and secondary follicles. High doses can increase the average number of atretic follicles. Keywords: ethanol extract tempeh, perimenopause period, ovarian follicles

Effect of Lion’s Foot (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Alchemilla vulgaris&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) on Liver and Renal Functions in Rats Induced by CCl&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;

The present work aims to study the influence of antioxidants activity of lion’s foot (Alchemilla vulgaris) leaves at different concentrations to give more protection against chronic liver disease. Results indicated that dried lion’s foot leaves had rich in total polyphenolic and flavonoids content (395.65 and 183.10 mg/100g, respectively). These results were reflected to the antioxidant activity (DPPH); it’s noticed that the antioxidant activity of dried lion’s foot leaves was high (131.74%). The major polyphenolic components were benzoic acid (1084.63 ppm) followed by ellagic acid, catechol, and catechin (614.16, 580.54, and 566.53 ppm, respectively) then salicylic acid and protocatechuic acid (479.71 and 444.43 ppm, respectively). On the same trend, flavonoids fractions indicated the highest content in luteo-6-arabinase 8-glucose, apig. 6-rhamnase 8-glucose, acatein, narengin and luteolin (40.01; 15.04; 8.07; 6.64 and 6.42 ppm, respectively). Fifty-six male albino rats were used in biological experiments. Rats fed on basal diet for two weeks before the performance of the experiment. At the beginning, rats divided into eight main group were fed on diets for 45 days as follows: Negative control group (first group) was fed on basal diet. Forty nine rats were fed on basal diet and induced by CCl4, in paraffin oil (50% v/v, 2 ml/Kg) twice weeks subcutaneous injection to induce chronic damage in the liver, then divided into 7 groups numbered from group 2 to group 8. Positive control group rats fed on basal diet till final experiment (second group). Group 3 and 4 rats treated with 50 and 100 ppm ethanolic leaves extracts, respectively. Also, group 5 and 6 treated with 50 and 100 ppm aqueous leaves extracts, respectively. All extracts were fed on orally every day. While, rats in group 7 treated with 1% and 2% dried lion’s foot leaves. At the end of the experimental period, serums were collected to determine liver and renal functions. The liver was removed surgically for histopathological observation. The results revealed that CCl4 intoxication impaired liver function. Serum AST, ALT, ALP and total bilirubin levels were elevated by CCl4 administration, while significant decreasing was noticed in serum albumin in CCl4 group. Histopathologically, CCl4 caused congestion of central vain, fatty change of hepatocytes, and focal inflammatory cells in filtration. Treatment with lion’s foot with different forms and concentration attenuated these adverse effects and markedly ameliorated histopathological and biochemical alterations caused by CCl4 especially with 2% powder and 100 ppm ethanol extract administration. Therefore, the results of this study concluded that lion’s foot can be proposed to protect hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. The results also revealed that the hepatoprotection effect of lion’s foot may be attributed to its antioxidant contents and free radical scavenger effect.

Effect of Ipomoea aquatica ethanolic extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats via1H NMR-based metabolomics approach

BackgroundIpomoea aquatica (locally known as “kangkung”) has previously been reported to have hypoglycemic activities on glucose level in diabetes patients. However, the effect of I. aquatica ethanolic extract on the metabolites in the body has remained unknown. PurposeThis study provides new insights on the changes of endogenous metabolites caused by I. aquatica ethanolic extract and improves the understanding on the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of I. aquatica ethanolic extract. MethodsBy using a combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with multivariate analysis (MVDA), the changes of metabolites due to I. aquatica ethanolic extract administration in obese diabetic-induced Sprague Dawley rats (OB+STZ+IA) were identified. ResultsThe results suggested 19 potential biomarkers with variable importance projections (VIP) above 0.5, which include creatine/creatinine, glucose, creatinine, citrate, carnitine, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, hippurate, leucine, 1-methylnicotinamice (MNA), taurine, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), tryptophan, lysine, trigonelline, allantoin, formiate, acetoacetate (AcAc) and dimethylamine. From the changes in the metabolites, the affected pathways and aspects of metabolism were identified. ConclusionI. aquatica ethanolic extract increases metabolite levels such as creatinine/creatine, carnitine, MNA, trigonelline, leucine, lysine, 3-HB and decreases metabolite levels, including glucose and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates. This implies capabilities of I. aquatica ethanolic extract promoting glycolysis, gut microbiota and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism, improving the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and reducing the β-oxidation rate. However, the administration of I. aquatica ethanolic extract has several drawbacks, such as unimproved changes in amino acid metabolism, especially in reducing branched chain amino acid (BCAA) synthesis pathways and lipid metabolism.

Wound healing effect of Euphorbia hirta linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats

BackgroundEuphorbia hirta linn., is a species of Euphorbiaceae family. They are known as asthma plant, barokhervi. The plant E. hirta is famous for its medicinal importance among the tribal population. It is a common practice to use the whole to heal wounds. Several pharmacological properties including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antidibetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticonvulsant, nootropic, antifertility and aphrodisiac properties have already been reported for this plant. The aim of present work was to evaluate the wound healing property in diabetic animals by oral and topical administration of ethanolic extract of E. hirta whole plant.MethodsThe ethanolic extract of E. hirta was subjected to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content using galic acid and quercetin, respectively as standard. A single injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared in normal saline was administered to produce diabetes in rats, after overnight fasting. For analyzing the rate of contraction of wound, excision wounds sized 4.90cm2 and of 2 mm depth were used. Oral (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and topical treatment with the extract (5% and 10% ointment 50 mg/kg/day) and standard (5% povidone iodine ointment 50 mg/kg/day) was started on the day of induction of wound and continued up to 16 days. The means of wound area measurement between groups at different time intervals were compared using ANOVA and Dunnet’s test. The diabetic wound healing mechanism was studied by measuring the plasma level of glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in both control and treated groups. For the confirmation of activity, histopathology of the wounds tissues from excision wound model was performed.ResultsPhytochemical investigations showed the presence of various phytoconstituents (carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins). In the ethanolic extract of E. hirta the total phenol content was 285 ± 3.22 mg/g whereas the total flavonoid content was 118.46 ± 1.85 mg/g. In the present study, E. hirta caused significant wound closer both orally (35.92%, 44.69% and 61.42% at the doses of 100, 200 and 400, respectively) and topically (32.86% and 36.32% at the doses of 5% and 10%) treated groups as compared to diabetic control. However, the orally treated groups showed more significant effect than the topically treated groups. Moreover, oral administration of E. hirta ethanolic extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in diabetic wound rats (p < 0.01) on day 8 and day 16 as compared to the diabetic wound control (p < 0.01). On the other hand, topical application of E. hirta did not influence the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p > 0.05). It also demonstrated a significant decrease in the plasma levels of lipid malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. The results of biochemical parameters were further supported by the histopathological changes of different organs (liver, pancrease, kidney, heart and skin from wound area) which were evidenced through a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that E. hirta whole plant extract promotes healing of wounds more significantly as compared to diabetic control rats, where healing is otherwise delayed.

Microscopic Features of the Testes Following Oral Administration of Ethanolic Extract of Alchornea Cordifolia Leaves to Wistar Rats

Microscopic Features of the Testes Following Oral Administration of Ethanolic Extract of Alchornea Cordifolia Leaves to Wistar Rats

Protective effect of Picrorhiza kurroa on Alzheimer’s disease induced by aluminium chloride in rats

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and behavioural changes. The present work is aimed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa against aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer’s disease.Methods: Wistar rats were selected in this study and were divided into 5 groups (6 each). Group I served as normal control. Group II received aluminum chloride (300mg/kg, P.O.). Group III and IV received ethanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, P.O. respectively) and inducing agent (AlCl3 300mg/kg, P.O.). Group V received rivastigmine (0.3mg/kg, I.P.) and inducing agent (AlCl3 300mg/kg, P.O.). The rats were given respective treatment for 20 days and behavioural parameters were determined on 20th day. After 20th day rats were sacrificed and anti-oxidant parameters, brain acetylcholinesterase content were determined.Results: Oral administration of ethanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa at doses 200, 400mg/kg body weight showed improve in behavioural parameters when compared to AlCl3 induced rats, showed increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and decreased levels of malondialdehyde and showed decrease in brain acetylcholinesterase content when compared to AlCl3 induced rats.Conclusions: The study clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of Picrorhiza kurroa by improving biochemical and behavioural parameters.

Comparative Study of the Effect of Ethanol Extract of Psidium Guajava Linn Leaves with Glibenclamide on Experimentally Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a major health problem not only in urban but also in the rural areas of Bangladesh. Regarding its treatment, a suitable drug is yet to be available which can permanently cure this disease. Over 400 traditional plants have been reported for the treatment of diabetes, but only a small number have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy.Objective: The study was performed to compare the anti diabetic effect of Psidium guajava Linn leaves with an oral anti diabetic drug (Glibenclamide), in experimentally induced diabetic rats.Materials and method: The experiment was carried out in the department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2013. Twenty four healthy rats of Long Evans Norwegian strain were divided into 4 groups (group A, B, C and D) comprising 6 rats in each. Group A (normal control) received standard rat food for 14 days. Diabetes was induced by administration of Alloxan 120 mg/kg/body weight in group B, C and D. Group B (diabetic control group) was given standard rat food. Group C and D was treated with ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves 100 mg/kg body weight and Glibenclamide 1.5 mg/kg/day orally respectively. Total duration of the experiment was 15 days.Results: Administration of ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves in group C and Glibenclamide in group D produced a significant reduction (p&lt;0.001) in blood glucose level as compared to group B (diabetic control group).Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves can be considered as a potential anti diabetic agent like Glibenclamide but it requires further investigations.Delta Med Col J. Jan 2017 5(1): 9-14

The Potency of Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Extracts as Hepatoprotector on Lead Acetate-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice.

Background:Lead is one of the most toxic metals, producing severe organ damage in animals and humans. Oxidative stress is reported to play an important role in lead acetate-induced liver injury.Aim:This study was carried out to investigate the role of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii in protecting against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice.Materials and Methods:The sample used fifty male mice which were divided into five groups: negative control (mice were given daily with Aquadest); positive control (mice were given daily with lead acetate 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally once in a day for 21 days); and the treatment group (mice were given E. cottonii extracts 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg/kg BW orally once in a day for 25 days, and on the 4th day, were given lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW 1 h after E. cottonii extract administration for 21 days). On day 25, the levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. The data of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, SOD, and GPx were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by least significant difference test.Results:The results showed that oral administration of lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW for 21 days resulted in a significant increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and MDA levels. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in SOD and GPx levels. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW but not with 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and MDA levels as compared to positive control group. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW also showed a significant increase in SOD and GPx levels as compared to positive control group. Treating mice with lead acetate showed different histopathological changes such as loss of the normal structure of hepatic cells, blood congestion, and fatty degeneration whereas animals treated with lead acetate and E. cottonii extracts showed an improvement in these changes and the tissue appeared with normal structures.Conclusion:It can be concluded that E. cottonii extracts could be a potent natural product and can provide a promising hepatoprotective effect against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.SUMMARY In summary, Oxidative stress reported to play an important role in lead acetate induced liver injury. The lead acetate treatment significantly increased the SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, and decreased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in liver. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes will increase free radicals in liver tissues and might induce liver injury in mice. The presence of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii with lead acetate showed protective effects as attenuating lead acetate against its liver toxicity, and this may be due to the activity of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii as antioxidant. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) were increased, and MDA, SGOT, SGPT, ALP were decreased after ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii administration. The enzymatic activities (SOD and GPx) and MDA in mice can be used as biomarkers of heavy metal toxicity such as lead acetate. Histopathological view of liver sections in the lead acetate treated group showed the liver damage, as compared to the negative control group. However, administration of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii significantly improved the histopathological in liver of lead acetate-treated mice. From the results of this study we concluded that the ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii could be a potent natural product provide a promising protective effect against lead acetate induced liver toxicity in mice. Abbreviations Used: SGOT: Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, SGPT: Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase, ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase, MDA: Malondialdehyde, SOD: Superoxide Dismutase, GPx: Glutathione Peroxidase.

Cardioprotective Effect of Ulmus wallichiana Planchon in β-Adrenergic Agonist Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy.

Ulmus wallichiana Planchon (Family: Ulmaceae), a traditional medicinal plant, was used in fracture healing in the folk tradition of Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India. The present study investigated the cardioprotective effect of ethanolic extract (EE) and butanolic fraction (BF) of U. wallichiana in isoprenaline (ISO) induced cardiac hypertrophy in Wistar rats. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by ISO (5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) in rats. Treatment was performed by oral administration of EE and BF of U. wallichiana (500 and 50 mg/kg/day). The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured by non-invasive blood pressure measurement technique. Plasma renin, Ang II, NO, and cGMP level were estimated using an ELISA kit. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was estimated. BP and HR were significantly increased in ISO group (130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg vs. 111.78 ± 1.62 mmHg, p < 0.001 and 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min vs. 347.82 ± 6.91 beats/min, respectively, p < 0.001). The BP and HR were significantly reduced (EE: 117.53 ± 2.27 mmHg vs. 130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg, p < 0.001, BF: 119.74 ± 3.32 mmHg vs. 130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg, p < 0.001); HR: (EE: 390.22 ± 8.24 beats/min vs. 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min, p < 0.001, BF: 345.38 ± 6.79 beats/min vs. 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min, p < 0.001) after the treatment of EE and BF of U. wallichiana, respectively. Plasma renin, Ang II, ACE activity was decreased and NO, cGMP level were increased. The EE and BF of U. wallichiana down regulated the expression of ANP, BNP, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP9, β1-AR, TGFβ1 and up regulated NOS3, ACE2 and Mas expression level, respectively. Thus, this study demonstrated that U. wallichiana has cardioprotective effect against ISO induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Dried Flowers of Moringa oleifera in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleiferaflower on stretozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w. Thirty (30) male experimental albino rats were grouped randomly into six groups: groups A, B, and F are the control, diabetic control and reference drug groups, while C-E received 100, 200, and 300mg/kg b.w of the extract, respectively. Blood samples and organs were collected to assay for blood glucose level and antioxidant enzymes. Levels of blood glucose, serum lipids and lipid peroxidation as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats orally administered ethanolic extract of M. oleifera flower. However, the body weight; catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with the controls. M. oleifera flower ethanolic extract administered orally therefore exhibited improved lipid metabolism, glucose-lowering potential and is hence beneficial in preventing diabetic complications as a result of lipid peroxidation and oxidative systems in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It could thus be employed therapeutically in managing diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of anti-hypertensive activity of Ulmus wallichiana extract and fraction in SHR, DOCA-salt- and L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceUlmus wallichiana Planchon (Himalayan Elm), a traditional medicinal plant, used in fracture healing in folk tradition of Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India. It is also used as diuretic. U. rhynchophylla, native to China, known as Gou Teng in Chinese medicine, is used for hypertension (WHO). U. macrocarpa has antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activity. However, no detailed studies related to hypertension have been reported previously, so we have explored the antihypertensive activity of U. wallichiana. Aim of the studyTo investigate the pharmacological effect of ethanolic extract (EE) and butanolic fraction (BF) of U. wallichiana in hypertensive rats. Materials and methodsSHR, DOCA-salt- and L-NAME-induced hypertension models were used. Treatment was performed by oral administration of EE and BF of U. wallichiana (500mg/kg/day and 50mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Then blood pressure was measured by non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement technique. Invasive blood pressure (IBP) was also reported to support the NIBP data. Concentrations of plasma renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), nitrate/nitrite (NO), cGMP were estimated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and ROS activity were also estimated. ResultsBlood pressure was significantly higher in SHR as compared to normotensive wistar group (170.59±0.83mmHg vs 121.54±1.24mmHg, respectively). SBP was increased in DOCA-salt induced group compared to their control (132.77±3.90mmHg vs 107.85±5.95mmHg, respectively) and L-NAME-induced group compared to their control (168.55±5.07mmHg vs 113.03±4.13mmHg, respectively). The treatment of extract and fraction of U. wallichiana significantly decreased the blood pressure in SHR+EE (151.26±1.85mmHg, p<0.001), SHR+BF (140.44±1.16mmHg, p<0.001); DOCA+EE (113.43±5.44mmHg, p<0.05), DOCA+BF (105.09±5.12mmHg, p<0.05) and L-NAME+EE (119.76±4.39mmHg, p<0.001), L-NAME+BF (117.50±7.27mmHg, p<0.001) compared to their respective diseased control groups. The plasma renin, Ang II and ACE activity were also significantly decreased and augmented the NO and cGMP levels. It also down regulated the expression of Renin, ACE, NOS3 and TGF-β1 at mRNA levels. ConclusionsThe EE and BF probably reducing the BP via Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and NO/cGMP signaling pathway. The decrease in blood pressure may be due to presence of quercetin analogue flavonoids (2S,3S)-(+)−3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside; 6-Glucopyranosyl-3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone; 6-Glucopyranosyl-4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone and (2S,3S)-(+)−4′,5,7-trihydroxydihydroflavonol-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, may be due to its antioxidant activity. Thus EE and BF of U. wallichiana found to have the potential ability to be used as herbal medicament to treat hypertension.

INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF MORUS ALBA IN REVERSING OBESITY-ASSOCIATED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND RELATED METABOLIC DISORDER IN RATS

&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;br /&gt;Objective: The goal of the present study was to examine the viability of Morus alba (M. alba) ethanolic extract in repression of obesity-associated&lt;br /&gt;hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorder; dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glycemic status.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: Adult female albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups, eight rats each as follows: Group (1) control group received standard&lt;br /&gt;rodent diet for 24 weeks. The other three groups administered high cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and served as obese group, M. alba-treated group,&lt;br /&gt;and simvastatin-treated group.&lt;br /&gt;Results: The current results showed an increment in thoracic circumference (TCX) and abdominal circumferences (AC) as well as body mass index&lt;br /&gt;(BMI) in obese group. In addition, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance have been elucidated in obese group.&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin&lt;br /&gt;values were significantly increased in obese groups versus control group. On the other hand, administration of ethanolic extract of Morus alba or&lt;br /&gt;simvastatin could significantly lessen BMI and in addition to improve dyslipidemia in obese group. Glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance value&lt;br /&gt;in serum samples demonstrated a significant reduction in obese group upon treatment with M. alba ethanolic extract or simvastatin. Furthermore,&lt;br /&gt;noticeable depletion in hepatic MDA, NO contents, serum ALT, AST activities, and serum bilirubin level was recorded as a result of treatment with&lt;br /&gt;either ethanolic extract of M. alba or simvastatin. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed ballooning degeneration in the hepatocytes&lt;br /&gt;(hepatic steatosis) associated with inflammatory cells penetration in portal zone in obese group. Meanwhile, the treatment of obese groups with&lt;br /&gt;ethanolic extract of M. alba or simvastatin was found to restore the structural organization of the liver.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: The present findings provide a novel aspect for understanding of the role of M. alba against obesity-associated liver diseases and related&lt;br /&gt;metabolic disorder. The mechanisms underlying these effects seem to depend on the hypolipidemic potential, anti-inflammatory property, and&lt;br /&gt;antioxidant activity of its phytochemicals.&lt;br /&gt;Keywords: Obesity, Morus alba, Dyslipidemia, Hyperinsulinemia, Hyperglycemia, Hepatic steatosis.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of Ipomoea staphylina leaves on Streptozotocin- Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Ipomoea staphylina (IS) leaves in Streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic in rats. Oral administration of ethanolic extract of IS leaves and its fractions at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg was studied in glucose-loaded and STZnicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The effects of extract and its fractions on blood glucose, body weight, lipid profile, plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP), serum urea, creatinine, total protein, liver glycogen, and activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in diabetic rats were analyzed. The IS extract and its fractions significantly reduced the blood glucose level in glucose-loaded rats. After treatment with IS extract and its fractions (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 21 days there was a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP), serum urea, creatinine and significant increase in body weight and total protein levels was observed in treated diabetic rats. The activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx were also inceased in diabetic mice after the treatment with IS extract and its fractions. Histological analysis showed improvement in the cellular architecture of pancreas, liver and kidney.

Sub‐Acute Administration of Ethanol Extracts of Erythrophloem suavolens Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Strain Albino Rats

Erythrophloem suavolens is a known poisonous plant to livestock, insects and humans. However, there is no known scientific basis for the toxic effects of this specie. The present study was designed to investigate the hepatotoxic and antioxidative effects of 28 days sub‐acute administration of ethanol extracts of E. suavolens stem bark (EESB) to albino rats. Graded doses of EESB (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg) were administered to each of groups II – V of 5 animals each for 28 days, respectively. Group I served as control and received distilled water. Hepatotoxicity, hepatic antioxidant status and levels of plasma lipid profile were determined. Sub‐acute administration of EESB decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as levels of glutathione in liver homogenate, post‐mitochondrial and mitochondrial fractions, respectively. The amount of malondialdehyde produced increased significantly (p&lt;0.05, p&lt;0.01) and dose‐dependently in all the hepatic fractions, respectively compared to control. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate amino transferases were decreased non‐significantly (p&gt;0.05, p&gt;0.01), respectively compared to control animals. Low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased non‐significantly but markedly at 200 mg/kg of EESB. Non‐significant increase in level of high density lipoprotein was observed in the EESB‐treated animals. Plasma albumin and total protein concentrations of EESB‐treated group were not significantly different from control. Photomicrographs of liver sections showed necrotic lesions at 200 mg/kg dose.These findings suggest that sub‐acute administration of EESB is hepatotoxic which seems mediated by induction of oxidative stress.

The Increase Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Enzyme and Histophatological Changes of Liver of Hypercholesterolemic Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Ethanolic Extract of Ant Plant (Myrmecodia sp.)

This study was aimed to find out the effect of ethanolic extract of ant plant (Myrmecodia sp.) to increase the activity of enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) serum and to observe the histopathological changes of hypercholesterolemic rat liver. This study used 20 male rats grouped into 4treatment groups, namely negative control group (K1), hypercholesterolemic group (K2), and hypercholesterolemic group that administered withethanolic extract of ant plant 100 (K3) and 200 mg/kg bw (K4). The LPL enzyme activity were measured by the titration method andhistopatological changes of liver were observed by calculated fatty degeneration and fatty infiltration. The data were analyzed using one wayanova followed by Duncan test. The average of LPL enzyme activity on group K1, K2, K3, and K4 were 0.80±0.06, 0.45±0.10, 0.83±0.11, and0.76±0.03 unit, respectively. The average number of fatty degeneration on hepatocyte and fatty infiltration were 1.80±0.83, 3.60±1.14, 23.00±1.22, and 40.20±1.30; and 9.20±0.84, 16.40±1.14, 2.60±0.54, and 4.80±0.83, respectively. The results showed that theraphy ethanolic extract ofant plant effects significantly (P&lt;0.01) on the increase of enzyme LPL and improve liver damage in hypercholesterolemic male rats. To concludethe administration of ethanolic extract of ant plant increases the LPL enzyme activity and improves liver damage on hyperch olesterolemic rats.Key words: Myrmecodia sp., LPL activity, histopathological liver, hypercholesterolemia

Allomyrina Dichotoma Larvae Regulate Food Intake and Body Weight in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Through mTOR and Mapk Signaling Pathways.

Recent evidence has suggested that the Korean horn beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) has anti-hepatofibrotic, anti-neoplastic, and antibiotic effects and is recognized as a traditional medicine. In our previous works, Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL) inhibited differentiation of adipocytes both in vitro and in vivo. However, the anorexigenic and endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress-reducing effects of ADL in obesity has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the anorexigenic and ER stress-reducing effects of ADL in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ethanol extract of ADL (ADE) suggested that an antagonizing effect on ghrelin-induced feeding behavior through the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Especially, ADE resulted in strong reduction of ER stress both in vitro and in vivo. These findings strongly suggest that ADE and its constituent bioactive compounds are available and valuable to use for treatment of various diseases driven by prolonged ER stress.

Administration of Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum Basilicum Leaves Attenuates Depression like Behavior in the Rats Sensitized by Ovalbumin

A relationship between inflammation and depression has been suggested. Ocimum basilicum, has been reported to have preventive effects of inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves on depressive behaviors in rats sensitized by ovalbumin. The animals were grouped into: (1) Control: saline was injected, (2) Sensitized: sensitization was carried out by ovalbumin, (3-5) three groups including Sent-Ocim 50, Sent- Ocim 100 and Sent- Ocim 200 : sensitization was carried and also 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, of Ocimum basilicum leave extract was injected. In open- field (O-F) test, the number of crossing in the central zone of the sensitized group was lower while, the number of crossing in the peripheral zone was higher than control (P<0. 05- P< 0.01). Treatment by 200 mg / kg of the extract increased the number of crossing in the central zone (P< 0.05). Furthermore, in the Sent-Ocim 50, Sent- Ocim 100 and Sent- Ocim 200 groups, the number of crossing in the peripheral zone was lower than that of the sensitized group(P< 0. 01- P< 0.001). In forced swimming (F-S) test, the immobility time in sensitized rats was higher while, the swimming and climbing times were lower than in the control ones (P< 0.05- P< 0. 001). The animals in Sent- Ocim 200 group had lower immobility while, higher swimming and climbing times compared to sensitized animals (P<0.01-P<0.001). The current study revealed that hydro-ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves attenuates depressive behaviors in rats sensitized by ovalbumin. These results confirmed the benefits of Ocimum basilicum in the central nervous system.

Prefrontal cortex cell proliferation of adult rats after chronic stress treated with ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica (L) Urban.

The decrease of proliferation level of cells in several regions of adult brain is found after stress exposure. One of such area is prefrontal cortex. Herbal medicine as antistress has been used widely. Centella asiatica (L) Urban extract was reported to have potent compounds to increase brain function. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of ethanolic extract C. asiatica on cell proliferation of the adult prefrontal cortex in rats (PFC) after chronic stress. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 260-390 g were randomly assigned into six experimental groups, with five rats per group, i.e. Group 1 as nomal control without chronic stress, Group 2 as stress control, Group 3 as positive control given fluoxetine, Group 4-6 as treatment groups given 150; 300 and 600 of ethanolic extrac C. asiatica, respectively. Extract were administered orally to the rats following a period of restraint duration of 6 hours/day for 21 days. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry was used to label the proliferated cells. Physical fractionator method was used to estimate the total number of proliferated cells. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post hoc test was used to evaluate the difference between groups. BrdU-labeled cells on medial prefrontal cortex were as follows: 1715.3±1345.1 (Group 1), 2659.2±2250.6 (Group 2), 4077.4±2415.3 (Group 3), 1784.1±908.3 (Group 4), 3056.6±4263.3 (Group 5), and 2153.4±2259.4 (Group 6). No significance difference between groups was observed (p>0.05). In conclusion, the administration of ethanolic extract of C. asiatica does not influence cell proliferation on prefrontal cortex of rats after chronic stress.

Evaluation of Antiulcer and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria gibsoniDalz. Leaves.

Background:Peptic ulcer is a digestive disorder most commonly found in clinical practice. Given the many side effects of modern medicine, the initial acquisition of fewer side effects, and medication of indigenous drugs, it should be considered as a better alternative for the treatment of peptic ulcer.Objective:To assess antiulcer and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Barleria gibsoni (EBG) Dalz. leaves in ulcer-induced rats and in vitro antioxidants method, respectively.Materials and Methods:Ethanol EBG was screened for antiulcer activity in pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models in Wistar rats. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. Total phenol and flavonoid content in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically.Results:Oral administration of ethanol extract of leaves at doses of 250, 500 mg/kg p.o. reduced significant gastric lesions induced by pylorus ligation-induced ulcer as compared to standard omeprazole (20 mg/kg p.o.). The IC50 values were found to be 150 μg/mL in leaves extract. The ethanol extracts showed good antioxidant capacity in DPPH radical scavenging assay and NO radical scavenging activity when compared to standard. The total phenolic content using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent estimated in 1 mg of leaves extracts was 368 μg and 481 μg with gallic acid equivalent and also the total flavonoid content found to be 240 and 410 μg, respectively, with quercetin equivalence.Conclusion:These findings suggest that the leaves of B. gibsoni possessed antiulcer potential and antioxidant compared to standard. This is the first ever report of antiulcer and antioxidant activities in B. gibsoni (Acanthaceae).SUMMARY In vivo antiulcer and in vitro antioxidant activity of Barleria gibsoni was evaluated.Soxhelt extraction was carried out and extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis. Extract obtained by Soxhlation showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents.EBG showed DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging activity indicating its strong antioxidant potential.On pylorus ligation-accumulated secretions and the related ulcers confirm gastric acid output to be the basic cause of gastric ulcers. Ethanol extract of leaves attenuated the gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index thus showing the anti-secretory mechanism.The results of the histopathological investigation of Barleria gibsoni leaves for antiulcer effects using pylorus ligation induced ulcer model in rats laid credence to traditional use of the plant leaves in ulcer treatment. The ethanol extract of leaves demonstrated increase in percentage preventive index compared to omeprazole respectively. From the present study results reveals the antiulcer activity of ethanol extract leaves which is comparable to that of Omeprazole. Abbreviations Used: EBG: Ethanol extract prepared from the leaves of B. gibsoni, ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, NO: Nitric Oxide, IC50: The half maximal inhibitory concentration, m: mg, DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, GAE: Gallic acid equivalence, AlCl3: Aluminium chloride