Administration Of Different Doses Research Articles

Investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the renal protective potential of green coffee extract in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male albino rats

• High-fat diet and streptozotocin cause apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in kidney. • Green coffee inhibits HFD/STZ-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. • Green coffee has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic activities. Green coffee consumption has been stated to have a converse association with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Hence, we assessed changes produced by the administration of different doses of green coffee on biomarkers related to renal and antioxidant systems. The study was carried out on 42 diabetic male albino rats; a high-fat diet (HFD) and a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg kg −1 ) were utilized for model induction. Diabetic rats were received green coffee water extract (GCWE; 50 and 100 mg kg −1 ) daily for 28 days. GCWE caused a remarkable recovery of kidney weight, kidney function, and aldosterone level, particularly. Proapoptotic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory markers were significantly improved and showing a great retain to their normal levels specifically in GCWE-treated groups. Also, a marked improvement in the antioxidants defense system was noted. GCWE has a great protective influence on kidney injury of HFD/STZ‐induced diabetic rats.

Evaluation of the biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters of female Wistar rats fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aspilia africana leaves.

Introduction: Aspilia africana is a plant commonly used to stop bleeding, heal wound, and manage various stomach complaints. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of A. africana on biochemical (liver function tests, renal function tests, and lipid profile), histopathological (kidney and liver) and haematological parameters of the female Wistar rats. Methods: To study acute toxicity, the median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by oral administration of different doses of the extract to 8 groups of 3 rats each and the animals were observed for 24 hours for signs of toxicity. To evaluate the toxicological effect of the extract, 3 groups of 5 animals each received 0.5 mL normal saline (control), 250 or 500 mg/kg of the extracts for 2 consecutive weeks. Results: Data revealed the LD50 of the extract to be >5000 mg/kg.bw. There was no significant variation in organosomatic indices of the animals fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. africana leaves. In comparison with the control, there were significant increases (p<0.05) in serum liver and kidney biomarkers, high density lipoprotein, and white blood cells while some red cells indices, platelets, some lipid profile levels reduced significantly (p<0.05). A marked alteration in hepatic and renal architectures was also observed. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that the A. africana leaf may not be safe as medicine despite the outcome of LD50 acute toxicity studies. For it to be integrated in folk medicine, we recommend its use at minimal doses.

Antidiabetic activity of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Watermelon is one of the commonly eaten fruit in most homes in Nigeria and has been used in the management of diabetes mellitus traditionally. This study was carried out to explore the antidiabetic potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Watermelon juice was used for the determination of in vitro parameters such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) as well as phytochemicals such as total phenol, total flavonoids. In vitro, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were also accessed using standard procedures. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of freshly prepared alloxan (150mg/kg body weight). The animals were randomly grouped into five groups of normal control, untreated diabetic control, diabetic rats administered 200mg/kg body weight of metformin, diabetic rats administered 500mg/kg body weight of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice and diabetic rats administered 1000mg/kg body weight of watermelon juice. The rats were sacrificed on the 14th day of the experiment and various in vivo biochemical parameters were also evaluated in the serum and tissue homogenates of diabetic rats. The watermelon juice exhibits anti-oxidant properties and inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Added to this, the administration of different doses of the watermelon juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, glucose-6-phosphatase, lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, hexokinase activity as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4) levels in diabetic rats administered different doses of Citrullus lanatus. Taken together, this study demonstrates that watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice exhibits its antidiabetic potential in experimental diabetic animal model via multiple pathways involving modulation of glucose transporters, anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidant defense system and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This suggests that the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice may have a useful clinical application in the management of diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications if developed as adjuvant therapy.

Liquiritin Alleviates Pain Through Inhibiting CXCL1/CXCR2 Signaling Pathway in Bone Cancer Pain Rat.

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is an intractable clinical problem, and lacked effective drugs for treating it. Recent research showed that several chemokines in the spinal cord are involved in the pathogenesis of BCP. In this study, the antinociceptive effects of liquiritin, which is an active component extracted from Glycyrrhizae Radix, were tested and the underlying mechanisms targeting spinal dorsal horn (SDH) were investigated. The BCP group displayed a significant decrease in the mechanical withdrawal threshold on days 6, 12, and 18 when compared with sham groups. Intrathecal administration of different doses of liquiritin alleviated mechanical allodynia in BCP rats. The results of immunofluorescent staining and western blotting showed that liquiritin inhibited BCP-induced activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord. Moreover, intrathecal administration of liquiritin effectively inhibited the activation of CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway and production of IL-1β and IL-17 in BCP rats. In astroglial-enriched cultures, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) elicited the release of chemokine CXCL1, and the release was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by liquiritin. In primary neurons, liquiritin indirectly reduced the increase of CXCR2 by astroglial-enriched-conditioned medium but not directly on the CXCR2 target site. These results suggested that liquiritin effectively attenuated BCP in rats by inhibiting the activation of spinal astrocytic CXCL1 and neuronal CXCR2 pathway. These findings provided evidence regarding the the antinociceptive effect of liquiritin on BCP.

Study on the characteristics of pharmacokinetics of different doses of gastrodin in mice

Background: Rhizoma Gastrodiae, the dried rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) , is famous Chinese herb that belongs to the genus Gastrodia , family Orchidaceae. Gastrodin (GAS) is an effective monomer with one of the major active constituents in Rhizoma Gastrodiae . GAS has a good sedative and sleeping effect and has a mitigating effect on neurasthenia, insomnia, and headache. Moreover, in the circulatory system, it has the effect of reducing peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure, and so on. Objectives: The objective is to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics after the administration of different doses of GAS by using pharmacokinetic method and make a preliminary judgment on whether the intake of GAS in the liver is involved in transporters. Materials and Methods: All healthy mice were randomly divided into three groups according to the drug concentration: low-concentration group (LC group), middle-concentration group, and high-concentration group. Then, each group received different doses of GAS by tail vein injection. The blood samples of different groups were harvested at different time points, and the blood drug concentration was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography method. The method was confirmed in terms of the linearity, precision, and accuracy. Results: The results showed that the analytical curve was linear over the concentration range of 4–40 μg/mL. In the intra- and inter-assay, the coefficient of variation was

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF PETROSELINUM CRISPUM SEEDS IN HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Atherosclerosis is one of the major contributing factors for the mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of therapeutic agents are available still the management of atherosclerosis is not completely possible due to associated side effects with these therapeutic agents. Due to this herbal drug are considered as alternative for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Among this herbal drugsofPetroselinumcrispum seeds are considered as potential agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present study, hydroalcoholic extract and petroleum ether extract ofPetroselinumcrispum seeds was prepared and anti-atherosclerotic activity was evaluated in High fat diet induced atherosclerosis in rats. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydroalcoholic extract was carried and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated. Antiatherosclerotic activity was evaluated by measuring serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum LDL, VLDL and HDL level in animals. Animals were kept on high fat diet for 45 days and different doses of hydroalcoholic and petroleum ether extract were administered. Administration of different doses significantly attenuated the elevated level of serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum LDL, VLDL and elevated HDL level. Oxidative stress was also found to be significantly attenuated in in vitro and in vivo models. From the study it can be concluded that hydroalcoholic and petroleum ether extract of Petroselinumcrispum seeds significantly attenuated elevated oxidative stress and lipid profile.

Effect of Caesalpinia bonduc Polyphenol Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats in Attenuating Hyperglycemia by Upregulating Insulin Secretion and Inhibiting JNK Signaling Pathway.

Caesalpinia bonduc has been used in herbal medicines for the treatment of a wide range of diseases from decades. The present study has explored the remedial potential and underlying mechanism of polyphenol extract of Caesalpinia bonduc in alloxanized diabetic rats. HPLC/MS analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics in considerable concentrations in Caesalpinia bonduc extract. Administration of different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of CPP extract to hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks restored blood and serum glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, leptin, amylin, and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes level towards normal compared to alloxanized diabetic group. The effect of CPP extract on various genes such as Pdx-1, Ins-1, ngn-3, GLUT-4, and IRS-1 in insulin signaling pathway and Traf-4, Traf-6, and Mapk-8 in MAPK downstream JNK cascade was examined through qRT-PCR to access the core molecular mechanism involved in CPP-induced recovery of diabetes. Results have revealed that CPP extract reduced oxidative stress in pancreatic β cells by restoring free radical scavenging potential, reducing the mRNA expression of Mapk-8, Traf-4, and Traf-6, and increasing the Pdx-1, Ins-1, ngn-3, GLUT-4, and IRS-1 expression ensuing regeneration of β cells and subsequent insulin release from pancreas. The results obtained in this study recommend that CPP extract may be a promising therapeutic restorative agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Management of Liquid Organic Waste from Palm Oil Plant and Compost Cow to the Growth and Production of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)

The growth and production of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) are strongly influenced by good genetics and environmental factors, including how to cultivate the soil so that the availability of nutrients is quite balanced. The long-term goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of a combination of palm oil mill effluent (LCPKS) and cow dung waste (LKTS) with EM4 bio-activator applied to sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt).&#x0D; This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors with 12 treatment combinations and 3 replications to obtain 36 research plots. The factors studied are the formulation factor of a mixture of palm oil mill effluent with cow dung waste, which is denoted by (A) consisting of A1 = 70% palm oil mill waste and 30% cow dung, A2 = 50% effluent palm oil mill and 50% cow dung waste, A3 = 30% palm oil mill waste and 70% cow dung waste. The dose factor with the symbol (D) consists of, D0 = control, D1 = 1.5 kg per plot, D2 = 3 kg per plot, D3 = 4.5 kg per plot.&#x0D; The parameters observed were plant height (cm), biomass samples (grams), sample production (grams) and plot production (kg). The results showed that different waste mix formulations and administration of different doses did not significantly influence plant height parameters because compost maturity must be assessed by measuring two or more compost parameters to prevent phytotoxicity. Therefore, quality assurance must be carried out on compost to determine the factors that cause phytotoxicity and also research must be intensified in determining lines that will be able to degrade waste faster, more efficiently and also produce non-toxic compost that mixes the soil produced in plant growth. In addition, care must be taken in selecting raw materials for composting. The results showed that the mixed waste formulations significantly affected the biomass of the sample, where the highest average was obtained in processing A3 (30% of palm oil mill waste and 70% of cow dung waste. The research results also showed that dosing had a very significant effect on biomass parameter sample, sample production and plot production where the highest average is in the D3 treatment (4.5 kg per plot).

L-Carnitine different doses affect serum and pancreas tissue Antioxidative defense and histopathology in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue that affects life expectancy and quality. In diabetic patients, the oxidation status is increased which has detrimental effects against homeostasis. L-carnitine showed anti-oxidative effects in different tissues, and also it was reported that L-carnitine levels reduced in patients with diabetes. In this study, we examined the administration of different doses of L-carnitine on antioxidants status in diabetic rats’ serum and pancreas. Forty-eight male rats (200 ± 10 g weight) were randomly selected and divided into 6 groups (n = 8) as follow; Group I, untreated control, group II, Diabetic control, group III-VI, diabetic rats which received 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day L-carnitine by intraperitoneal injection for 35 days, respectively. At the end of the study, blood samples and pancreas tissue were collected and histopathology and anti-oxidant status were measured. Our results showed that antioxidative capacity was reduced in the diabetic rats. Between different L-carnitine doses, 300 mg/kg/day of L-carnitine showed significant effects than other doses. The highest dose of L-carnitine (300 mg/kg/day) in this study, significantly increased TAS (Total Antioxidant Status), SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) and GPX (Glutathione Peroxidase) levels in the pancreas and serum. Also, it improved pancreas histopathology compared to the diabetic control group. We conclude that L-carnitine administration has protective effects on the pancreas and serum of STZ-induced diabetic rats, and exerts these beneficial effects through hypoglycemic and antioxidant actions.

Changes in Prothrombin Time and Platelet Parameters of Mice Treated with Vitamins C and E

This study aims to elucidate the influence of supplementation with different doses of Vitamin C (VC) and Vitamin E (VE) on Prothrombin Time (PT) in mice; forty eight mice are randomly divided into six treatment groups, which are fed different dose VC and VE except for control Check (CK) for eight weeks. Blood samples are obtained from the mouse canthus to measure PT and platelet parameters. Administration of different doses of VC and VE to mice cause coagulation function damage.

Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Plocama pendula root extract

Plocama is a flowering plant genus belonging to Rubiaceae family. The natural products are soxlated from the dried powder of Plocama root with various solvents like n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Water and Ethanol. Phytochemical screening revealed that Alkaloids are present in chloroform extract whereas Anthocyanins are present in ethanol extract. Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Alkaloids and Phenolic compounds are present in water extract. In the present study, Plocama pendula root water extract (PPRWE) (400 mg/kg) produced significant antidepressant effect in Forced swim test &amp; Tail Suspension Test. Ecliptin alkaloid &amp; Culumbin, a flavonoid present in PPRWE may be facilitating monoaminergic transmission there by producing antidepressant effects. In this work, it was demonstrated that the administration of different doses of the water extract of Plocama pendula root in mice was able to induce antidepressant effects. On the basis of the clinical association of depressive episodes and stressful life events, many of the animal models for the evaluation of antidepressant drug activity assess stress‐precipitated behaviors. Results of this study showed that the administration of the PPRWE produced a diminution of immobility time of mice exposed to the both forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Harmaline alkaloidspresent in Plocama pendulaact as reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors and in common with other beta carboline binds to 5‐Hydroxy Tryptamine receptors. Inhibition of this enzyme causes a reduction in metabolism and subsequent increase in the concentration of biogenic amines. The flavonoid components of PPRWE might be interacting with adrenergic and serotonergic systems in mediating the antidepressant effects of PPRWE. However, the precise mechanisms by which the extract produced antidepressant‐like effect are not completely understood. Further studies would be necessary to evaluate the contribution of active chemical constituents for the observed antidepressant activity.

Green Tea Polyphenols Protect against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating the Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters.

Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) have been shown to exhibit diverse beneficial effects against a variety of diseases. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most frequent causes of drug-induced liver injury. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of GTP on APAP-induced liver injury in mice and the underlying mechanisms involved. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated orally with different doses of GTP (37.5, 75, or 150 mg/kg) 4 h after APAP overdose (400 mg/kg) and continuously given every 8 h until sacrificed at 4, 12, 20, and 48 h after the first treatment of GTP. Survival rate and histological and biochemical assessments were performed to evaluate the APAP-induced liver injury. Protein expression of multiple drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters was measured to demonstrate the possible mechanisms involved. Our results revealed that administration of different doses of GTP significantly alleviated APAP-induced liver injury by improving the survival rate, hepatocellular necrosis, and ALT/AST/GSH levels after APAP overdose (400 mg/kg). The protein expression of APAP-induced drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes was mostly induced by GTP treatment, which was followed by reduction in drug transporters at the later time points. The current study collectively demonstrated that GTP protects against APAP-induced liver injury, possibly through regulating drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters after APAP overdose.

Rhubarb-Evoke Mucus Secretion through Aggregation and Degranulation of Mast Cell in the Colon of Rat: In vivo and ex vivo studies

Rhubarb is commonly used to treat constipation in China for its function of promoting intestinal movement and optimum water content in feces. However, its mechanism of mucus secretion is vague. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of mast cells and enteric neurons in rhubarb extract (RE)-induced mucus secretion in the rat colon. Immunofluorescence was used to detect histamine receptors. Western blotting and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were applied to explore the content changes of mast cells activation. The changes in colonic goblet cells (GCs) were determined by means of PAS/AB staining. An intestinal perfusion system with a Bradford protein assay kit was directly to estimate in vitro secretion. And the cytokines were investigated with ELISA. The longitudinal aspect of this study indicate that the number and water content of faecal pellets were enhanced after the administration of different doses of RE accompanied by mast cells accumulated and increased the content of interferon (IFN) -γ or decreased the levels of interleukin (IL) −10 at doses of 3 and 6 g/kg. Pretreatment with ketotifen, mast cell stabilizer, had partially inhibited on RE-induced mucus secretion. Furthermore, RE induced the release of acetylcholine and mucin-2 in the colonic tissue and the histamine levels from the faeces. The results suggest that RE induced colonic mucus secretion involves mast cell activation and some cytokine.

Vascular effects of aqueous Crocus sativus petals’ extract in the hypertensive rats

Background and Aim: Crocus sativus (C. sativus) petals attenuates smooth muscle tension and blood pressure in control animals. However the antihypertensive effect and its mechanisms haven’t been recognized. This study investigates the antihypertensive effects of C. sativus petals’ aqueous extract in hypertensive rats and also responses of the rat isolated perfused mesenteric bed. Materials and Methods: The interventional experimental study was performed on 20 male rats (divided to 5 and 15 rats for in vivo and in vitro studies respectively). Hypertension was induced by DOCA-salt injection (20 mg/kg, twice weekly, for 5 weeks, S.C) and water was replaced by NaCl (1%). Five weeks later, animals were anaesthetized with sodium thiopental (30 mg intraperitoneal). Then systemic arterial blood pressure was measured by cannulation of carotid artery following administration of different doses of aqueous extract of C. sativus. Isolated mesenteric beds precontracted with KCl (40 mM), and the tension was measured in presence of different concentrations of the aqueous extract. Finally, various doses of C. sativus extract were applied after incubation by L-NAME or indomethacin. The mesentry was perfused with pump and the recordings were done by physiograph. Results: Mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive rats was 231±6 mmHg. Administration of aqueous extracts of C. sativus reduced the blood pressure in a dose–dependent manner. In mesenteric beds preparation, addition of C. sativus reduced the contractile effects of KCl. Incubation with L-NAME but not indomethacin abolished hypotension effect of the extract. Conclusion: It was proposed that the antihypertensive effects of C. sativus petals’ extract are through the reduction in total peripheral resistance following nitric oxide production.

Chemopreventive effect of hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid in two stage skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice

The cancer-protective ability of hesperidin was investigated on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Topical application of DMBA+TPA on mice skin led to 100% tumour incidence and rise in average number of tumours. Administration of different doses of hesperidin (HPD) before (pre) or after (post) and continuous (pre and post) DMBA application significantly reduced tumour incidence and average number of tumours in comparison to DMBA+TPA treatment alone. Topical application of DMBA+TPA increased oxidative stress as shown by significantly increased TBARS values and reduced glutathione contents, and glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Hesperidin treatment significantly reduced TBARS values and elevated glutathione concentration and glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the skin/tumors of mice treated with HPD+DMBA+TPA, HPD+DMBA+TPA+HPD or DMBA+TPA+HPD when compared to DMBA+TPA application alone. The study of molecular mechanisms showed that hesperidin suppressed expression of Rassf7, Nrf2, PARP and NF-κB in a dose dependent manner with a maximum inhibition at the level of 300 mg/kg body weight hesperidin. In conclusion, oral administration of hesperidin protected mice against chemical carcinogenesis by increasing antioxidant status, reducing DMBA+TPA induced lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response, and repressing of Rassf7, Nrf2, PARP and NF-κB levels.

Novel mRNA-Based Therapy Reduces Toxic Galactose Metabolites and Overcomes Galactose Sensitivity in a Mouse Model of Classic Galactosemia.

Classic galactosemia (CG) is a potentially lethal inborn error of galactose metabolism that results from deleterious mutations in the human galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) gene. Previously, we constructed a GalT-/- (GalT-deficient) mouse model that exhibits galactose sensitivity in the newborn mutant pups, reduced fertility in adult females, impaired motor functions, and growth restriction in both sexes. In this study, we tested whether restoration of hepatic GALT activity alone could decrease galactose-1 phosphate (gal-1P) and plasma galactose in the mouse model. The administration of different doses of mouse GalT (mGalT) mRNA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mGalT protein expression and enzyme activity in the liver of GalT-deficient mice. Single intravenous (i.v.) dose of human GALT (hGALT) mRNA decreased gal-1P in mutant mouse liver and red blood cells (RBCs) within 24h with low levels maintained for over a week. Repeated i.v. injections increased hepatic GalT expression, nearly normalized gal-1P levels in liver, and decreased gal-1P levels in RBCs and peripheral tissues throughout all doses. Moreover, repeated dosing reduced plasma galactose by 60% or more throughout all four doses. Additionally, a single intraperitoneal dose of hGALT mRNA overcame the galactose sensitivity and promoted the growth in a GalT-/- newborn pup.

Вивчення показників нешкідливості модифікованого крохмалю на білих мишах

Крохмаль має широке використання в харчовій промисловості. Проте фізико-хімічні властивості дають змогу використовувати цей вуглевод в інших галузях народного господарства. Сорбційні властивості крохмалю дозволяють приєднувати до нього органічні сполуки в тому числі ензими та клітини мікроорганізмів. Крохмаль може виступати носієм для іммобілізації мікроорганізмів. Переваги крохмалю як носія полягають у його доступності, відновлюваності та відносно невисокій вартості. Для збільшення місткості крохмалю як носія в лабораторії НДІ харчових технології і технологій переробки продукції тваринництва Білоцерківського національного аграрного університету проведено комплекс робіт із його модифікації фізико-хімічними методами.&#x0D; Використання модифікованого крохмалю як носія для іммобілізації клітин мікроорганізмів заквасок для кисломолочних продуктів передбачає вивчення його нешкідливості. Дані дослідження було проведено на лінійних мишах із масою тіла 19-21 г. Модифікований крохмаль дослідним тваринам водили внутрішньошлунково за допомогою металевого зонду. По завершенню досліду тварин забивали, відбирали тканини і органи для проведення біохімічних досліджень.&#x0D; Експериментально встановили, що за внутрішньошлункового введення мишам по 0,3 см3 5,0 % та 10,0 % розчину модифікованого крохмалю захворювань та загибелі тварин протягом усього експерименту не відмічалось. Етологія тварин була аналогічною контрольним мишам. Введення підвищених доз модифікованого крохмалю не вплинуло на зовнішній вигляд печінки, селезінки, нирок та органів травлення тварин. &#x0D; Дослідженнями показників білкового обміну було доведено, що активність аспартатамінотрансферази та аланінамінотрансферази у печінці мишей, яким водили модифікований крохмаль вірогідно не відрізнялась від аналогічних даних у тварин, яким водили фізіологічний розчин. Різниця щодо вмісту загального білка у печінці та сечовини у крові дослідних і контрольних тварин не мала вірогідного характеру. Гемоглобін у крові мишей після внутрішньошлункового введення їм різних доз досліджуваного фактора був в межах фізіологічної норми.

Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle

Introduction: Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) is a plant used for the treatment of various ailments including malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy of methanol leaf extract of C. aurantifolia in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by intraperitoneal administration of different doses of the extract (100–4000 mg/kg) to 6 groups of 3 mice each and the animals were observed for 24 hours for physical signs of toxicity. To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the extract, three models were used: suppressive, curative and repository. Doses of the extract used were 320, 640 and 960 mg/kg/d in mice, with Chloroquine (5 mg/kg/d) as standard drug. Pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg/d) was used as the standard drug for the repository test and distilled water (10 mL/kg/d) as control in all models. Results: In all models, the low dose (320 mg/kg) of the extract produced the highest chemosuppressive effects in all models (P &lt; 0.001). Mice treated with extract lived longer than those in the control group (P &lt; 0.001). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides and the LD50 of 3280 mg/kg ± 0.01 shows that the extract has low toxicity. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that C. aurantifolia has antiplasmodial properties which support its use in ethnomedicine in the treatment of malaria.

Effect of ferulic acid sugar ester with high molecular mass from corn bran on proliferation of intestinal bifidobacteria in aged mice induced by D-galactose: The role of HFASE in the intestine.

Our experiment was to study the effect of high molecular mass ferulic acid sugar ester (HFASE) from corn bran on proliferation of intestinal bifidobacteria in aged mice induced by D-galactose. The number of bifidobacteria in the intestine of D-galactose-induced aging mice was lower than that of normal mice. After the intragastric administration of different doses of HFASE (100, 200, and 300mgkg-1 day-1 body weight) in experimental groups, the number of bifidobacteria was also higher than the aging group. The proliferation rate of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the experimental groups was fast in the first 24days of feeding and then tended to be gentle. The H-l experimental group (100mg/kg body weight) had the most obvious effect of the proliferation of bifidobacteria. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: As the by-product of corn starch processing, corn bran was usually processed into animal feed and sold at a low price. The results of this study indicated that high molecular mass corn bran ferulic acid sugar ester had the effect of promoting the proliferation of bifidobacteria in aging mice, which provided ideas for the development and application of corn bran in the food industries. It could be added as a raw material for functional foods to common foods such as yogurt, baked bread, cereals, and porridge.

Dose-dependent chemopreventive effects of citronellol in DMBA-induced breast cancer among rats.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women world wide and its incidence is on tremendous increase. The present study is aimed to analyze the dose-dependent chemopreventive efficacy of citronellol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. The mammary tumor was induced through a single dose of DMBA (25 mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near the mammary gland of rats. In DMBA-injected rats, 100% tumor incidence, increased tumor volume, and tumor burden along with loss of body weight were observed. Biochemical analysis revealed the increased levels of phase I detoxification proteins (cytochrome P450 and b5) and decreased activities of phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) in hepatic and mammary tissues. The levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and (GPx) and reduced glutathione) were decreased and lipid peroxidation by-products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and lipid hydroperoxide) got increased in plasma and mammary tissues. Oral administration of different doses of citronellol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) to DMBA-treated rats for 16 weeks absolutely inhibited the tumor incidence and restored the biochemical parameters near to normal level in 50 and 100 mg doses whereas the histopathological studies also supported the biochemical findings. Hence, the result suggests that the citronellol of 50 mg/kg body weight exerted significant chemopreventive effects and can be considered as a minimum optimum dose in the prevention of mammary carcinogenesis.