Exercise-induced fatigue is a common phenomenon during exercise, and its mechanisms mainly include peripheral and central mechanisms. This article discusses the causes of the throwing athletes’ fatigue and the effective recovery methods used, in order to have a certain reference value for making throwing training plans more scientifically and rationally and participating in competitions. Central fatigue will seriously affect the athletic state of athletes, and environmental factors are one of the important factors affecting the central fatigue of athletes. Because the influence of central fatigue and environmental factors on throwing athletes is more prominent, the correlation between environmental factors and central fatigue in throwing sports is studied, and a general prediction model and grouping prediction model of athletes’ central fatigue under various environmental factors are established based on ANN. Experiments show that the established general prediction model of central fatigue of throwing athletes has good performance, and the correlation coefficient between the prediction results and the actual measured value is 0.68; for different groups of athletes, the established prediction model of central fatigue of throwing athletes has better performance. The prediction accuracy is high, and the correlation coefficient between the prediction result and the actual measurement value is higher than 0.70.