Abstract Objective Research Articles

지속가능발전교육에 대한 연구현황과 실천현황

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of research and practice in ESD focusing on secondary school subjects to reorganize ESD elements around the subject curriculum, which is one axis of the school curriculum. Methods After analyzing the studies that were searched from the keywords ESD from RISS, the study investigated the status of the perception and practice of secondary school teachers teaching Korean language, social studies, mathematics, science, foreign language/Chinese/Liberal arts, physical education/art, practical skills/other subjects nationwide through an online survey. The Excel program and SPSS Statistics 27 program were used for the analysis, trends were identified with descriptive statistics, and statistical significance was examined with one-way ANOVA. Results As a result of the study, although the majority of studies were conducted on elementary school students, comparing only the secondary school level, research was mainly conducted for science and social studies subjects in high schools, and practical/other subjects in middle schools. Teachers in science and social studies, where ESD research is active, responded that the degree of ESD reflection was similar to the general and subject curriculum. Whereas in subjects like Korean language and mathematics, with insufficient ESD research, teachers responded that the degree of ESD reflection was lower in the subject curriculum compared to the general curriculum. Excluding the mathematics department, it can be seen that the subject connection is salient when teaching ESD as a subject learning topic. Regarding the difficulties experienced while practicing ESD, teachers in social studies, foreign language/Chinese/Liberal Arts, physical education/arts, and practical/other subjects chose students' lack of interest and awareness, and mathematics teachers chose teachers’ lack of professionalism. Conclusions The results of this study have great significance in that it explored the necessity of promoting integrated education focusing on the theme of each subject by acknowledging the independence and differentiation of each subject’s unique content and themes in secondary schools like Korea where there is a clear division between subjects.

코로나19 (COVID-19 pandemic) 상황의 간호학과 교수의 온라인 강의경험

Objectives This study was conducted to explore the online lecture experiences of professors at nursing universities conducted due to COVID-19. Methods For this study, seven nursing professors working at universities in Daegu, Busan, and Suwon with experience in online lectures for more than two semesters were recruited, and data were collected through ZOOM video interviews and phone calls from January 7, 2022. The collected data analyzed the experience of the study participants using Giorgi's phenomenological research method process, which can discover the specific meaning and essence of the experience. Results The results of the study resulted in a total of five top topics, 13 sub topics, and 26 semantic units: “Falling Against the Fearful Wall of Online,” “Wandering in Disconnection and Value,” “Passion and Support permeated online,” “Looking forward to the future of online lectures,” and "I Still Grow Up. Conclusions Based on the research results, by providing evidence to understand the online lecture experience of nursing college professors after COVID-19 from a phenomenological point of view, measures to improve online lectures and development directions were presented to universities that have entered online lectures.

가상현실 및 증강현실 기반 심폐소생술 훈련에 관한 연구 동향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine research trends on VR/AR-based CPR training to provide key information on VR/AR-based CPR training, to explore utilization methods of VR/AR in CPR training in South Korea and directions for future research. Methods Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, and PubMed were searched using keywords from ‘Virtual reality (VR)’, ‘Augmented reality (AR)’, ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)’, and ‘Basic Life Support (BLS)’. Among 1,065 academic articles obtained, 29 papers meeting the criteria were selected by reading the titles and abstracts and excluding papers unrelated to the topic and duplicates. The research design, method, and main results of each literature were scrutinized. Results Research related to CPR training using VR/AR technology has recently increased rapidly, mainly in the United States and European countries. Many are to check the usability of equipment/devices used VR/AR technology or to explore the user's perspectives, and some to see the effects of training for health care workers and college students in related areas. The use of VR/AR in CPR training appeared in various ways regarding the method of platform and feedback. VR/AR based CPR training is an attractive approach, and positive training outcomes are reported but some are not. Conclusions The advantages of VR/AR based CPR training are clear, but the training method is not standardized and remains in the stage of dissemination, thus it should be careful in interpreting it as effective enough to replace traditional CPR training. In South Korea, it is needed to use VR/AR technology as an auxiliary in CPR training to take advantage of its benefits and to increase in research with high level of evidence.

플립러닝 체육수업 운영에 대한 초등 교사의 인식 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore information and implications for applying flipped learning to physical education classes by analyzing elementary school teachers' perceptions of flipped learning physical education classes. Methods A questionnaire survey of 223 elementary school teachers across the country, focusing on teachers teaching in the G Province, and 210 data were collected and frequency analysis was conducted using SPSS 23.0 for Windows. Results Elementary school teachers recognized that flipped learning physical education classes were necessary, and a high percentage of respondents responded to the purpose and purpose of flipped learning physical education classes as ‘reflecting the needs of the times for future education’ and ‘freeing up time for the development of learner-centered activities.’ There was a strong perception that the operation of flipped learning physical education classes required teacher competencies such as ‘class design ability’ and ‘communication skills’. In addition, 17.6% of primary school teachers experienced flipped learning physical education classes, which were mainly taught in competitive and challenging areas, and the duration of operation was mainly around 6 months, and the operation was recognized as having a higher effect than traditional physical education and classes when managing flipped learning physical education classes. The educational implications of the research are as follows: First, flipped learning physical education classes have a high educational effect and sufficient meaning to be an alternative to future physical education. Second, in order to effectively practice flipped learning physical education classes, it is urgent for teachers to develop their ability to design lessons, and the possibility of practice can be enhanced through teacher learning community, faculty training, etc. Third, it was suggested that in order to effectively oper-ate flipped learning physical education classes, systematic preparation is necessary by providing a comprehensive environment such as digital ethics education and the construction of IT infrastructure. Conclusions Elementary teachers' experience and perception of flipped learning physical education classes are expanding, but they must be supported by the establishment of an environment that increases their viability.

LDA 토픽모델링 기반 프랑스어교육 연구 동향 및 토픽 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the current status and problems of researches on French language education, and also to present the future direction of French language education and researches by analyzing the trend and topics of researches on French language education using the topic modeling. Methods Through the LDA-based topic modeling which is the most representative topic modeling that automatically extracts and classifies latent topics as a text mining technique used for the analysis of a large quantity of texts, this study analyzed the network between four topic contents and topics focusing on the keywords of 265 theses on French language education published from January 2002 to February 2021. Results The results of this study were drawn as follows. First, due to the decreased French language education in secondary school and university, the researches on French language education record the low level despite some differences in each year. Second, in the results of examining the appearance frequency of keywords, it was shown in the order of ‘French language education’, ‘Curriculum’, ‘French language’, ‘communication skills’, and ‘French language as a foreign language’. This shows the active performance of researches focusing on the curriculum that becomes the standard of Korean secondary French language education, and communication skills as its important goal, and very limited topics handled in researches on French language education. Third, total four topics were extracted through the topic modeling, and the weight of each topic was shown in the order of ‘college French language education’, ‘secondary French language education’, ‘communicative approach’, and ‘action-oriented approach’. This study also verified that the researches on French language education were concentrated on a specific area or limited to the level or contents of theories or policies. Thus, it would be necessary to perform researches on various teaching/learning methodologies for improving students’ interest or expanding the teaching/learning contents that could be concretely applied to school field. Fourth, in the analysis of network between topics, focusing on French language, the foreign language, curriculum, learning, textbook, communication skills, learner, culture, French language education, education, and France were connected to each other while the French language education, France, culture, and education were forming another network. Conclusions This study verified the necessity of researches on various teaching/learning methods for diversifying and expanding the research field related to French language education, and also motivating and improving interest of learners.

서비스러닝 운영 현황과 활성화 방안 연구

Objectives This study is aimed to examine the cases of operating service learning at K University and suggest ways to vitalize service learning based on the cases of its operation in order to realize qualitative improvement in the future operation of service learning-related courses. Methods To address the goal, this researcher examined the current status of service learning operated by K University located in B Metropolitan City for case study and analyzed the contents of assessment on satisfaction and operation performed in the second semester of 2021. To solve operational problems found in the operation of service learning, this author conducted literature review and sought ways to solve the problems and vitalize it. Results In the process of examining the cases of operating the courses of service learning at K University, four limitations were discovered. Based on that, this researcher suggests four ways to vitalize service learning. First, it is needed to establish community infrastructure. Second, instructors for service learning should be trained. Third, it is necessary to train students taking the courses of service learning. Fourth, universities should get support to extend the operation of service learning. Conclusions This study has investigated the limitations of service learning with the cases at K University and sought various ways to extend and vitalize the operation of service learning afterwards based on the ways of its vitalization. This study seems to be significant because grounded on that, it provides foundational material for follow-up research to be done multilaterally regarding effectiveness in the actual operation of service learning, results of learning, and the operation of service learning, too.

학습자 참여중심 토의를 활용한 과학수업이 예비유아교사들의 과학교수효능감, 의사소통능력, 문제해결능력에 미치는 효과

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the learner participation-centered discussion class on the science teaching efficacy, communication capability, and problem solving ability of pre-service early childhood teachers. Methods The subjects of this study were 32 students enrolled in a four-year early childhood education program. The learner participation-centered discussion class were carried out through the science education class (45 hours) during the first semester in 2021. Data were collected from science teaching efficacy, communication capability, and problem solving ability rating scales. Results The results of quantitative analysis were as follows. First, the learner participation-centered discussion class brought statistically significant difference to pre-service early childhood teachers’ science teaching efficacy(both science teaching outcome expectancy and science teaching self-efficacy). Second, the learner participation-centered discussion class brought statistically significant difference to pre-service early childhood teachers’ communication capability(especially in message converting capability out of all sub-domains). Third, the learner participation-centered discussion class brought statistically significant difference to pre-service early childhood teachers’ problem solving ability(especially in the production of alternative resolution method, and the implement and confirmation of resolution method out of all sub-domains). Conclusions Therefore, the learner participation-centered discussion class is the meaningful teaching method to improve the science teaching professionality and problem solving ability of pre-service early childhood teachers.

학생선수 출신 직업상담사의 진로전환 경험에 관한 자문화기술지

Objectives The purposes of this study is to investigate my career transition experience in life development from a student athlete to a vocational counselor and the meaning of my experiences. The study also aimed to have a self-examination and understand clients in a career transition. For these purposes, the researcher set the following research questions based on a self-examination into my experiences as the research participant: first, what were my various career transition experiences from a student athlete to a vocational counselor?: second, what meaning do various career transitions have from a student athlete to a vocational counselor? Methods The purposes of this study was analyzed and used as self-reflection data through self-cultural descriptive papers that mainly used self-reflection data related to career transition. In order to secure the reliability and validity of this study, the confessional-sentimental writing method and analytical-interpretative writing method among the writing techniques suggested by Chang(2008) were mainly used to collect research data. It was reviewed by two experienced counseling professors who has extensive experience in qualitative research methods. Results The findings were as follows: First, a career transition is not a matter of change, but a matter of how one perceives his or her change. A counselor should understand his or her clients as individuals with their own relationships and career transitions and provide them with help. Secondly, I saw an occupation as a series of completing myself and exhibited a self-examination attitude for adjustment with a set of proper coping strategies including a positive and optimistic attitude toward a career transition and an inquiry into my perceptions of a career transition for adjustment and my personal resources. Conclusions These findings will offer some counseling tools to help individuals make constant attempts at a career transition and explore and accept their meaning in their career transition process, including the meaning and concept of career, vocational changes according to their individual internal and external environments, family relationships, starting, adjusting to, and quitting a career transition, and reemployment, efforts.

영아 부모를 위한 책 읽어주기 활동에 관한 부모교육 프로그램 개발과 적용

Objectives This study developed and investigated the effects of a parent education program about reading books activities for parents with young children. Methods Researchers developed a parent education program about reading books activities for parents with young children according to a 5-step process. The effects of the program were observed from fifteen parents of S preschool(experimental group) and fifteen parents of H preschool(comparative group). The experimental group participated in the parent education program about reading books activities for parents with young children, and the parents of the comparative group read books to their children at home freely. The effectiveness verification of the program was conducted for eight weeks from the 19th of July to the 17th of September in 2021 using a contact or contact-free way. Results The parent education program about reading books activities for parents with young children was composed of the contents and teaching-learning methods for parents with young children to interact with their children effectively, to improve maternal efficacy, and to promote their children’s language development. The results of this study showed that the scores of the parents’ maternal efficacy, the interaction between parents and their young chidlren, and young children’s vocabulary were meaningfully increased. Conclusions This study provided the information about a parent education program toward increasing parents’ maternal efficacy, the interaction between parents and their young chidlren, and young children’s vocabulary by demonstrating the educational effects of a parent education program about reading books activities for parents with young children. It was significant that this study suggested an effective parent education program to promote young children’s development and increase parents’ maternal efficacy.

메타버스 플랫폼을 활용한 생물 탐구 프로그램이 초등 과학영재의 정의적 영역에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was a development the biology inquiry program using a metaverse platform and to check the effect on the affective domain of elementary science gifted students. Methods The researcher developed a biology inquiry program in the virtual world by investigating prior studies. Also, 17 students participated in the pre and post-test of learning motivation and task commitment. Results The biology inquiry program developed using a metaverse platform could use a virtual world and mirror world, and the learning process and method were drawn by preceding research analysis. Also, the researcher tested the improvement and effect on the learning motivation and task commitment of science gifted students. Conclusions The biology inquiry program using the metaverse platform could encourage a positive effect on the affective domain of elementary science gifted students. And it would lead to reducing Zoom fatigue by providing positive recognition of online learning through the expansion of social interaction. 

대학생의 사회불안에 대한 수용전념치료 스마트폰 어플리케이션 적용 및 효과검증

Objectives The purpose of this study was applicating a smartphone app for Acceptance Commitment Therapy(ACT) for social anxiety and examine its efficacy. Methods The ACT smartphone application is a self-help treatment program of 4 sessions that include 6 components of ACT. The present study was conducted on 61 undergraduate students who had subclinical scores in Korean Social Phobia Scale(K-SPS) or Korean Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(K-SIAS). Participants were randomly assigned to treatment group of 30 or control group(waiting-list) of 31. To examine the effect of the program, all participants completed the scales of K-SPS, K-SIAS, Social Anxiety Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (SA-AAQ), Brief Symptom Inventory-18(BSI-18), Psychological Well-being Scale(PWBS). These questionnaires were measured before and after the treatment in both group and 2 weeks after termination in treatment group only. Results The results indicated that the program significantly reduced the level of social anxiety, somatization symptom, depression and anxiety in treatment group. Also, their social anxiety acceptance behavior and psychological well-being were significantly increased. Furthermore, additional improvements of social anxiety level, somatization symptom and social anxiety acceptance behavior were found at 2 weeks follow-up period. Conclusions These results suggest that ACT smartphone application for social anxiety applied in this study can reduce a level of social anxiety efficiently.

예비 중등교사 진로 관련 국내 연구 동향 및 향후 과제

Objectives This study aims to suggest future research directions by analyzing career-related research trends for pre-service middle school teachers and to provide implications for practical field applications. Methods To this end, from 2003 to 2021, 9 domestic dissertations and 42 academic journals with the theme of ‘career’ were selected for ‘College of Education, Preparatory Teachers, Completion of Teaching, and Teachers’ as the subject of analysis. By applying the analysis method, the frequency, medium frequency, and percentage were calculated and analyzed based on the publication status, research subject, research method, and research topic. Results As a result of the analysis on the status of research publications, 8 articles (15.7%) in 2018, 6 articles (11.8%) in 2017, 2012, 2016, and 5 articles (9.8%) in 2020 were found in that order. From 2015, when the 4th cycle of teacher training evaluation was conducted, it was confirmed that the research was steadily increasing. As a result of the analysis of the research subjects, it was found that there were 9 natural science education courses (42.9%), 8 arts and physical education courses (38.1%), 3 education departments (14.3%), and 1 language education course (4.8%). As a result of the study method analysis, quantitative research had the most with 32 studies (62.7%), followed by qualitative research with 15 studies (29.4%) and mixed studies with 3 studies (5.9%). As for the detailed analysis methods of quantitative research, 21 cases (35%) of difference analysis between groups and 15 cases (25.0%) of relationship analysis were the most common, and as detailed analysis methods of qualitative research, in-depth interview 8 cases (13.3%) and grounded theory 4 were used. Part 1 (6.7%) followed by narrative 2 part (3.3%). As a result of the analysis of research methods according to the research topic, the research topic with a large proportion of quantitative research was a problem area related to the career development stage, 35 (31.7%), and a research topic with a high proportion of qualitative research was a problem area related to the career development process, and 9 cases (8.7%) %) was analyzed. As a result of the analysis of the research topic, problems related to the stage of career development (33.0%), other career problems related to work (26.5%), career problems related to the career development process (16.7%), career problems related to education (15.2%), pleasure related to work It was confirmed that the study was conducted in the order of various emotions that did not (8.5%). Conclusions Based on these analysis results, directions for future research and implications for practical field applications were suggested.

예비수학교사의 비대면 수학체험전 운영 효과 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to share the cases in which preservice mathematics teachers ran an untact mathematics experience exhibition and to examine the running effects. Methods To do this, the entire process of 43 preservice mathematics teachers who ran the untact mathematics experience exhibition was examined. Video data, feedback data, activity photos, activity impressions, and satisfaction survey results of preservice mathematics teachers who ran the untact mathematics experience exhibition were collected and analyzed. The results of the survey were analyzed using frequency analysis, one sample t-test and exploratory data analysis, and data such as video data and feedback data were analyzed using triangulation to increase validity and reliability. Results In the process of preparing for the untact mathematics experience exhibition, we were able to examine the misconceptions of mathematics that preservice mathematics teachers had, and we could see them learning the mathematics knowledge included in the experience program. In addition, preservice mathematics teachers confirmed the prior knowledge of students though the curriculum, and confirmed the misconceptions that students can have through communication with other preservice mathematics teachers. In addition, preservice mathematics teachers showed that they produced and edited videos in consideration of students' prior knowledge and so on. Conclusions Preservice mathematics teachers can obtain the following effects for the running of the untact mathematics experience exhibition. First, it helps preservice mathematics teachers cultivate knowledge of mathematics content. Second, it helps preservice mathematics teachers with knowledge of pedagogical content. Third, it helps preservice mathematics teachers to improve their remote education capabilities.

간호대학생의 플립러닝 기반 협심증 환자 간호시뮬레이션 실습경험에 대한 현상학적 연구

Objectives This study was to identify the lived experience of simulation practice for caring patients with Angina pectoris integrated with flipped learning. Methods Qualitative research method of a phenomenological research was applied. Total 20 nursing students participated in the study. Data were collected by semi-structured questionnaires and analysed by using Colaizzi’s phenomenological research methods. Results 4 themes were extracted from 8 theme clusters and 16 formulated meanings. Main themes were ‘heightened tension’, ‘recognition of poor in knowledge of themselves’, ‘self-awareness of the necessity of deep learning’, and ‘narrowing the gap.’ The essential experience of nursing students on simulation practice of patients with Angina pectoris was the practice field for shortening the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice. Conclusions It is necessary to understand the experiences of learners participating in simulation practice integrated with flipped learning and apply it to educational programs for nursing students in the future to derive more effective educational results.

초등 전환기 아동의 행복감 변화 양상 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the change in children’s happiness during the transition to elementary school and to identify the preschool factors in relation to children and parents. Methods The 7th (seven-year-old) and 8th (eight-year-old) year data(N=1,469) of the Panel Study on Korean Children(PSKC) were analyzed. Results The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, children’s happiness level decreased significantly during the transition to elementary school. Second, the patterns of change in children’s happiness were classified into high-maintenance, low-to-high, extreme high-to-low, low-maintenance, and high-to-low. Third, the aspects of an individual child’s school readiness, social skills, parent’s parenting behavior, and interaction with children were significantly among clusters. Specifically, school readiness was significantly higher in high-maintenance or low-to-high than in extreme high-to-low; social skill was higher in high-maintenance than in extreme high-to-low. Children in groups of high-maintenance or low-to-high or high-to-low had higher levels of affective parenting in preschool period compared to that of extreme high-to-low. High-maintenance children were higher in positive parent interaction. Conclusions This study provides theoretical rationale of individualized intervention approach that would support children’s happiness during the transition to elementary school.

인공지능과 과학 교과의 체계적인 융합을 위한 내용 체계 및 교수⋅학습 사례 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to propose a content system for systematic linkage, integration, and convergence of artificial intelligenc and science subjects and teaching/learning cases based on the content system. Methods First, a draft of the content system was devised by analyzing and extracting content elements for each area of artificial intelligence and science subjects for AI-SCIENCE convergence education through literature research. Second, the validity of the AI-SCIENCE convergence education content system was verified through expert Delphi. Third, based on the derived content system, teaching/learning cases for AI-SCIENCE convergence education were proposed. Fourth, the validity of the teaching and learning case for AI-SCIENCE convergence education was verified through expert Delphi. Fifth, the implications of the Delphi test results were derived and the AI-SCIENCE convergence education content system-based teaching/learning case was systematized. Results First, as the knowledge of AI-SCIENCE convergence education, learning hierarchies were established by grades 3-4, 5-6, and middle school student development stages and content levels. 2 areas and 4 core concepts of artificial intelligence education, 15 areas and 35 core concepts of science education were selected. Second, based on the analyzed and extracted content system, teaching and learning cases were presented under the theme of ‘planet’. Third, to verify the validity of the content system and teaching/learning cases, expert Delphi was conducted and opinions were collected. As a result, the field composition of AI-SCIENCE convergence education met the conditions of content validity in terms of suitability and importance. Conclusions By analyzing and extracting the content system related to the knowledge and understanding of AI-SCIENCE convergence education, it is possible to facilitate the connection, integration, and convergence of the learning content in the AI field with science in terms of subject characteristics. In addition, subjects other than science subjects will also be able to utilize the presented content system in connection with the content system of each subject.

의사소통 공간으로서 유아 참여적 벽면 전시의 교육적 가치에 대한 탐색

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore the educational value of young children’s participatory wall displays in early childhood classrooms as a communication space Methods To this end, the literature was reviewed, on exhibition discourse in the field of art, which has made a systematic discourse on wall display of art works to emphasize communication and participation; and the discourse in the field of education to see classroom walls as a communication space. The review shows that the discourse of wall display attempted to break down the boundaries of space, time, relationship, and authority. Based on this content, the study explores the specific educational value of young children’s participatory wall display as a communication space in the early childhood classroom. Results As a result, the wall display in the early childhood classroom can be a place where various stories are mixed by breaking the boundaries of space, where the current interest and learning of young children continue through breaking the boundaries of time, and where children communicate through referencing reciprocally by breaking the boundaries of relationships; then, this become a public space where children's participation is activated through breaking down the boundaries of authority. Conclusions The result implies that the children’ participatory wall display can become a forum for public discussion within the classroom, suggest a new understanding of the children's classroom space, and help practicing the children-and-play-centered curriculum emphasized by the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum.

간호학생의 직업가치관과 간호전문직관이 진로준비행동에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate work value and nursing professional value and career preparation behavior of nursing students by grade and to identify factors influencing career preparation behavior. Methods The participants were 326 nursing college students in one university located in G-city. Data were collected by them using a self-questionnaire from November 29th to December 9th of 2021. Data were analyzed us-ing one-way ANOVA, Scheffė test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 19.0 PC+. Results The mean score for work value was 3.98, nursing professional value was 3.74 and career preparation behavior was 3.20. Significant differences were found in one subdomain of work value(extrinsic work value), Four subdomains of nursing professional value(self-concept of profession, social awareness, the roles of nursing service, originality of nursing) and three subdomains of career preparation behavior(information gathering behavior, tool preparation behavior, practical efforts) to grade. work value, nursing professional value and career preparation behavior had significant positive correlations. Factors influencing career preparation behavior were social awareness, originality of nursing, the roles of nursing service and extrinsic work value, which explained about 29.4% of total variance. Conclusions These results indicate a need to develop and operate a step-by-step career curriculum considering the above predictors in order to choose a job that suits their interests and aptitudes and improve their job adaptation after employment among nursing students.

한국어 시제 연구 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of the studies on tense in the education field of Korean language and to examine the results of the studies. On the basis of these analyses, future research subjects were presented. Methods The number of papers of the subject of analysis is totally 172 papers, including 111 graduate theses and 61 articles of academic journal. The research trends were analyzed by means of research times, research themes, research methods, and research contents and then according to lower standard of analysis, these papers were classified. By making the use of analysis methods such as summary of content, frequency analysis, and data statistics, the trends of studies were analyized. Results As a result, for over 30 years the researches on tense have been steadily ongoing in the education field in Korean language and quantitative growth of this field has been achieved. Studies on the educational plan of tense expressions and on tense expression acquisition have been main subjects in this period. Research methods have been unequally biased in literature research and survey research ones. The most studies are especially related to the past tense in Korean language and tense expressions realizing at the end of sentences. Conclusions By analyzing these research trends, several tasks of future research were proposed. First, themes of tense research need to be diversified. In addition, studies observing the present tense and the future tense are necessary and studies on complex sentence tense are also urgently required.

The moderating effect of research self-efficacy in the relationship between educational experience and graduate school satisfaction

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the moderating role of research self-efficacy in the relationship between graduate students' educational experience and satisfaction with graduate schools. Methods This study used data from the 11th year (2018) of the ｢Korean Education Longitudinal Study 2005｣ and selected 197 valid respondents who answered questionnaires for graduate students. The data analysis methods are descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, and Process Macro v4.0 was used in SPSS 26.0 to analyze the moderation and interaction effects between variables. Furthermore, according to the numerical changes in research self-efficacy, a specific value selection method was used to explore the subsequent conditional effects. Results The results showed a statistic correlation between educational experience, satisfaction and research efficacy. Research self-efficacy plays a moderating role between educational experience and graduate students' satisfaction. In other words, the higher the research self-efficacy value, the more significant the impact of educational experience on the overall satisfaction of graduate students. When the research self-efficacy is at a low level, the satisfaction increases by 0.45 units for each educational experience; when the research efficacy is at a high level, the satisfaction increases by 0.80 units for each educational experience. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, graduate schools need to support graduate students administratively and systematically to improve their research self-efficacy. At the faculty level, research guidance should be provided to enable graduate students to develop the core competencies needed for conducting research. In addition, at the university level, they must provide courses and extra programs to enhance research skills. Moreover, at the university level, a curriculum or extracurricular program for research-related experiences should be provided in the future.