Temperature Absorption Research Articles

Modeling and performance study of CZTS solar cell with novel cupric oxide (CuO) as a bilayer absorber

A Kesterite material like CZTS provides the steering to the researcher with their tunable bandgap and high optical coefficient above 104 cm−1 for solar cells. These features make it a suitable material for a single junction solar cell increasing the acceptance as well. In this paper, comparative numerical simulations were performed on a regular base structure of CZTS absorber layer with a CdS buffer layer, a ZnO window layer, and a transparent n-ITO conducting layer with a proposed structure where CZTS absorber layer is replaced by a CZTS and CuO bi-layer using SCAPS-1D software to optimize the efficiency. In addition to that the thickness, defect densities and doping concentrations of the absorber layers and temperature were varied to observe the responses of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (JSC), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (η) of the solar cell. Among the three basic researchs on lost mechanism for kesterite materials, we have focused on improving the back contact interface recombination through an absorber bi-layer combination of CZTS and CuO resulting in increased VOC, Quantum efficiency and carrier generation efficiency approximately by 50 %, 8.94 %, and 34 % respectively, elevating the efficiency of the proposed structure to 19.92 %.

Development of Thermal Energy Storage Material From Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel and Paraffin Wax for Augmenting Freshwater Generation Capacity in a Solar Desalination System

Abstract Enhancing nocturnal productivity holds promise for boosting the effectiveness of solar desalination setups. Current research concentrates on an innovative strategy: the integration of paraffin wax and Jatropha biodiesel as a composite energy storage material (CESM) to amplify distilled water output during nighttime. The composite material, comprising Jatropha biodiesel and paraffin wax in a 1:1 ratio by weight, is meticulously examined for its impact on productivity, juxtaposed against a conventional solar still (CSS). Results reveal a substantial improvement in thermal conductivity with CESM, exhibiting a noteworthy 20.37%% surge compared to pure paraffin wax. Furthermore, a solar still with biodiesel and phase change material (SSBDPCM) is pitted against a CSS, with continuous monitoring of water and absorber temperatures alongside distillate production. The findings illustrate that SSBDPCM achieves a 16% upsurge in water temperature and a 10% elevation in absorber temperature compared to CSS. Impressively, SSBDPCM achieves a staggering 63% increase in distillate production, yielding 3.6 l/m2 and 3.4 l/m2, in sharp contrast to CSS, which only manages 2.2 l/m2 and 2.1 l/m2 over a two-day test period. Furthermore, a comprehensive cost analysis showcases the economic superiority of SSBDPCM over CSS. SSBDPCM demonstrates a compelling 29.2% reduction in cost per liter and a significant 25.9% decrease in the payback period in comparison to CSS. These compelling outcomes underscore the substantial potential of the SSBDPCM approach in delivering heightened efficiency and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for a promising advancement in solar stills.

Simulasi CFD Distribusi Temperatur pada Pengering Biji Kopi dengan Sistem Konveksi Paksa

Drying is a mass transfer and heat transfer process that is strongly influenced by temperature and air velocity. The importance of analyzing the temperature distribution and air velocity is expected to be used as a reference to optimize the drying process to be faster and better. This study aims to analyze the temperature distribution and air velocity that occurs in a coffee bean dryer with a forced convection system using CFD simulation. CFD simulations are carried out using ANSYS Fluent software. with steady conditions, and using a pressure-based solver method. The obtained temperature distribution occurs with an estimated absorber temperature difference with the drying chamber is 31% during the day.

Comparative Study of Different Perovskite Active Layers for Attaining Higher Efficiency Solar Cells: Numerical Simulation Approach

The simulated device structures of ITO/ZnO/Perovskite absorber layers (PAL)/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au with distinct absorbers were modeled and investigated using solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) simulating software (version 3.8). The primary objective is to enhance the thermal stability of the solar device. As the absorber thickness and temperature impact PV performance parameters, thus main aim of this work is to determine the optimum thickness of PAL as well as the temperature affectability on the PV performance of the cells. It was also observed that the maximum PV parameters (among the cells under consideration), viz. 29% PCE, are achieved with the formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) at the thickness of 600 nm. Similarly, the temperature of 300 K shows a much-improved efficiency offering nearly 29%. Further, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and J-V also confirm the determent of the more stable, lead-free, FASnI3-based device, which can provide an effective way to develop highly efficient, low-cost solar cell devices.

Tunable transparent terahertz absorber for sensing and radiation warming

The lack in efficient functional devices has hindered plenty practical applications in terahertz (THz) band. In this work, we developed transparent THz absorber by employing trilayer Salisbury screen structure. Monolayer graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass were spaced by a thin dielectric film, forming a transparent THz absorber. Assisted by ion gel, the carrier density of graphene layer can be effectively tuned through small external electrical gating (−2.5 V-2.5 V), with a modulation depth reaching to 100%. Taking advantage of the strong π−π interaction between graphene and external molecules containing π electrons, our fabricated transparent THz absorber enabled diphenylamine (DPA) detection. The adsorbed DPA molecule moves Fermi level of graphene toward Dirac point, performing a limit of detection of 5.5 ng. Moreover, by transferring the absorbed radiation into heat, our fabricated absorber can serve as a radiation warming device. The surface temperature of transparent THz absorber is 0.7 °C higher than that of glass in IR radiation environment. Note that the absorber is highly transparent in visible band, it will not prevent photosynthesis process of plants. Thereby, the THz absorbers have potential practical applications in diverse fields including wave manipulation, molecule sensing, and radiation warming.

Heat Transfer Coefficient for a Glazed Transpired Solar Collector in Natural Convection Mode

A glazed transpired solar collector (GTC) was set up to operate in natural convection mode. Collector air temperature and velocity were measured at specific points in the collector. Solar radiation, ambient temperature, collector cover glass and absorber temperature were also measured. Using dimensional analysis and the measured data, a heat transfer correlation was obtained for the collector which will enable the heat transfer coefficient to be determined. The GTC heat transfer correlation based on influence of pitch is . The GTC absorber plate hole diameter was 3.0 mm and the pitches ranged from 15 mm to 35 mm. The Nusselt number correlation for influence of pitch, P for predicted all Nusselt numbers well with maximum error of 5.2%. The predicted Nusselt numbers using the correlation of this work were found to be in close agreement with a similar model which was developed based on the influence of absorber hole diameter. Furthermore, the correlation of this work is valuable for future studies on optimization of pitch for a given hole size in the application of the GTC for air heating and crop drying.

Mapping circumgalactic medium observations to theory using machine learning

ABSTRACT We present a random forest (RF) framework for predicting circumgalactic medium (CGM) physical conditions from quasar absorption line observables, trained on a sample of Voigt profile-fit synthetic absorbers from the simba cosmological simulation. Traditionally, extracting physical conditions from CGM absorber observations involves simplifying assumptions such as uniform single-phase clouds, but by using a cosmological simulation we bypass such assumptions to better capture the complex relationship between CGM observables and underlying gas conditions. We train RF models on synthetic spectra for H i and selected metal lines around galaxies across a range of star formation rates, stellar masses, and impact parameters, to predict absorber overdensities, temperatures, and metallicities. The models reproduce the true values from simba well, with normalized transverse standard deviations of 0.50–0.54 dex in overdensity, 0.32–0.54 dex in temperature, and 0.49–0.53 dex in metallicity predicted from metal lines (not H i), across all ions. Examining the feature importance, the RF indicates that the overdensity is most informed by the absorber column density, the temperature is driven by the line width, and the metallicity is most sensitive to the specific star formation rate. Alternatively examining feature importance by removing one observable at a time, the overdensity and metallicity appear to be more driven by the impact parameter. We introduce a normalizing flow approach in order to ensure the scatter in the true physical conditions is accurately spanned by the network. The trained models are available online.

Characterization of high-temperature figure of merit for solar-thermal absorbers

The figure of merit (FOM) is a widely used metric to characterize the solar-thermal conversion performance of solar absorber layers. Many of previous works have reported FOMs estimated from the radiative properties measured at room temperature. However, advanced concentrated solar power (CSP) plants operate at very high temperatures (∼750°C), which can strongly affect the absorber’s radiative properties. The present work proposes using a 1-D conduction-based reference bar technique to directly measure the converted thermal energy to determine the FOM at high absorber temperatures (≳750°C) while operating under a large solar concentration (∼1200× suns). Using the finite difference method, we carefully analyze several key parameters influencing the design of the experimental setup, such as temperature distribution, material properties, heat loss, and sensor accuracy. In addition, a rigorous uncertainty analysis is incorporated into the FOM to ascertain the confidence level of the result. We validate this new technique on a custom-built tungsten reference bar with an oxidized Inconel 625 solar-thermal absorber. A good agreement between the model and the experiment shows the reliability of the FOM measurement with a well-defined uncertainty. The same method can be implemented to measure the high-temperature FOM of most surface or volumetric solar absorbers for CSP.

Energy and exergy analysis of a subfreezing evaporator environment ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle: Machine learning and parametric optimization

The coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency of a single and double-effect ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system powered by compound parabolic concentrating collectors were analyzed under various operating situations. A novel method was proposed using support vector machine regression and particle swarm optimization to identify optimal operating parameters. The optimal pressure-temperature conditions, including evaporator pressure (Pe), generator pressure (Pg), and absorber temperature (Ta) that maximize the COP and exergy efficiency while minimizing generator temperature (Tg) and evaporator temperature (Te), were investigated. The generator temperature was the main independent variable, ranging from 370 to 470 K. The findings demonstrated that the gain in COP and exergy efficiency caused by raising the generator temperature to more than 430 K is not cost-effective. The COP increased when the evaporator temperature increased along the investigated range of generator temperatures but yielded lower exergy efficiency in all cases. The exergy destruction rate in condenser, pump, recooler, reheater, and expansion valves is insignificant compared to other components. The generator has the highest exergy destruction rate regardless of operating conditions, making it the most crucial component of the absorption system. The optimization process findings showed that, at Pe = 2.8 bar, Pg = 14.5 bar, and Ta = 303.15 K, the maximum COP and exergy efficiency were 0.8483 and 0.3605, respectively, concerning the minimization of Tg and Te, which were 408 and 267 K, respectively. The model produced an acceptable performance with a high prediction accuracy (coefficient of determination > 0.99 and mean square error < 0.0064).

Thermodynamic appraisal of utilizing compressor in double effect absorption heat transformer

In the current appraisal, three various designs of employing compressors in double-effect heat transformers are presented and evaluated from exergy and energy standpoints and collated with the simple configuration of mentioned designs. Water-LiBr is utilized as an operating fluid in noticed systems. As a function of the unit temperatures, the gross temperature lift, pressure ratio (R),and the efficiency of the economizer, a numerical model is also introducedto prognosticatethe irreversibility, exergy coefficient of performance (ECOP),coefficient of performance (COP), and the exergy destruction in each and every one of the key components (EF). The findings show that the generator has the highest exergy destruction, accounting for around 46.06% of the total exergy destruction. Additionally, a decrease in the temperature of the absorber increases the ECOP and COP. The outcomes indicate that systems utilizing water-LiBr as operating fluid have a higher outlet temperature of the absorber as well as higher condenser temperature and lower coefficient of performance (COP). the results showed that, Regarding the simple DEAHT curve, the COP slowly diminishes at low absorber-evaporator temperatures and rapidly at absorber temperatures more than 144.5 °C. Also, Utilizing the compressor in the basic design of the DEAHT unit results in improving the absorber temperature.

Improvement of electrical performance of Photovoltaic cell with incorporating nanofluid flow as cooling system

The present study is about the modeling of laminar flow of testing fluid within the sinusoidal wall in existence of V shaped fins. The heat absorption of testing fluid has been improved with loading nanoparticles and installing fins within the upper side of the pipe. Heat generation in various layers has been calculated and considered as the source term of conduction equations for each solid layer. The fluid regime within the pipe is laminar and equations have been solved in steady state form. The accuracy of the utilized numerical model has been tested based on data of absorber temperature for the previous article. Grid indecency has been examined and the best size of mesh was obtained. With installing fins, the performances of the system have been improved in both views of electrical (0.1%) and thermal (1.12%). Also, outputs showed that the efficacy of fins on thermal and electrical efficiencies for highest amount of inlet velocity (uin) is 14.30% and 39.75% greater than those of uin = 0.06. Increasing velocity can decrease the cell temperature about 7.4% and thermal performance increase about 17%.

Sustainable and low-cost cellulose aerogel-based absorber for solar steam generation

Solar steam generation is a promising technology for sustainable seawater desalination. However, its practical application is hindered by the low water evaporation rate and the high cost of materials. Carbon aerogels have demonstrated superior properties for clean water production through solar steam generation, but the complex and time-consuming preparation process inhibits their development and applications. In this study, high-performance solar steam absorbers based on cellulose-derived carbon aerogels were prepared from paper and waste paper using a simple green method. The fabricated carbon aerogels have a typical microporous structure (pore diameter: 20–250 µm), super-hydrophilic properties, good mechanical properties and efficient solar light absorption (∼96 %), which make them ideal for application in solar steam generation. Three different configurations based on cellulose and carbon aerogels were fabricated (bulk absorber, double-layer absorbers and ink-based absorber) to achieve the best design with high efficiency for steam generation. The surface temperature of the bulk absorber and dry double-layer absorbercan achieve 100 °C under 1 kWm−2irradiation. Among all configurations, the double-layer absorbers represented the highest efficiencies, 90.4 % for paper and 84.3 % for waste paper, under 1 kWm−2 irradiation, which are higher than most reported results. According to the results, the sustainable cellulose-based double-layer absorbers were promising materials for efficient solar steam generation due to their high hydrophilicity, high sunlight absorption, open porous structure, non-toxicity, biodegradability, availability and low cost.

Enhancing the performance of a solar air heater by employing the broken V-shaped ribs.

This work aims to enhance the performance of a solar air heater (SAH) by introducing broken V-ribs as roughness elements on the absorber plate. The unit with a conventional flat absorber plate is referred to as the "FSAH," while the unit with a broken V-rib-shaped absorber plate is called the "VSAH." The experiment was performed for three air velocities: 25 m/s, 20 m/s, and 15 m/s and the corresponding air flow rates were 0.037 kg/s, 0.031 kg/s, and 0.023 kg/s, respectively. The results showed that the maximum temperature was experienced on the absorber plate, followed by the glass plate for both SAHs. Overall, the average absorber and glass plate temperatures of the VSAH were 0.6-1.4 °C and 0.4-1.9 °C lower than those of the FSAH. Compared to the FSAH, the experimental results showed that the VSAH experienced useful power and thermal efficiency that were 16.6-19.8% and 15.7-20.4% higher, respectively, while the top surface heat losses were found to decrease by 2.1-8.1%. Due to the disrupted air paths in the VSAH, the observed pressure drop was 113.3-133.3% higher than that of the FSAH. More impotently, the thermo-hydraulic performance factor was always higher 1 and the observed values were 1.48, 1.39, and 1.24 at the va (velocity)values of 15, 20, and 25 m/s, respectively. Therefore, the proposed VSAH had an admirable thermal performance as compared to FSAH. Further, optimization through varying the roughness parameters, namely, relative blockage width (W/w), relative pitch ratio (P/e), number of baffles (n), relative blockage height (e/H), and angle of attack (β) could helped to achieve better performance.

Simulation studies on GAX based absorption cooling and power cycle using a mixture of ammonia-water working fluid and aluminium oxide nano particles

The present work is focused on analyzing the influence of nano material aluminium oxide on the performance of generator absorber heat exchange ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system. Matlab code has been used to simulate the performance of the combined cycle. The effect of refrigeration, absorber and condenser temperatures on the combined cycle performance have been studied. The results of the analysis indicate that the performance of the combined cycle is higher by 15 to 20% when Al2O3 nano particles were added when compared to the same cycle without the addition of nano particles.

Adsorption and effective removal of organophosphorus pesticides from aqueous solution via novel metal-organic framework: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and optimization via Box-Behnken design

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of a tin-metal organic framework (Sn-MOF) to remove the organophosphate pesticide diazinon (DZ) from water. The results of the experiments conducted were compelling and demonstrated that Sn-MOF is a powerful adsorbent for removing DZ from aqueous solutions. The Sn-MOF was analyzed using various techniques including SEM, XRD, and BET analysis. It showed that the surface area of Sn-MOF is considerable high 897.69.75 m2/g and a significant pore volume of 1.04 cm3/g. Surface characterization was performed to determine the point of zero charge. To investigate the impact of pH levels on adsorption equilibrium, we carried out batch tests. Interestingly, our findings indicate that variations in solution pH have a significant impact on adsorption behavior. The optimum condition to have high adsorption capacity was found at pH 6, dose 0.01 g, and the temperature, as the temperature rises, the adsorption capacity rises because the process of adsorption is endothermic. The efficacy of DZ adsorption on Sn-MOF was extensively evaluated using kinetic models, specifically adhering to the pseudo-second-order model. Additionally, the Langmuir isotherm model was applied to accurately fit the adsorption process. It was observed that the overall process involved a chemisorption mechanism. In order to optimize the parameters such as absorbent dosage, solution pH, temperature, and time, Box-Behnken design (BBD) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. Following the instructions, we were able to extract the values of (ΔH°), (ΔS°), and (ΔG°) for DZ, which indicated that the process was endothermic and spontaneous when using Sn-MOF as an adsorbent. The Sn-MOF adsorbent that was synthesized shows remarkable reusability and can be cycled up to five times for adsorption-desorption processes. The newly developed adsorbent's efficiency was evaluated as a proof of concept for purifying wastewater samples on a small scale in a laboratory. Additional study was done to better understand the way that Sn-MOF and DZ interact, and it was suggested that the interaction may occur through various mechanisms, including π-π interaction, pore filling, H-bonding, or electrostatic interaction. The use of Sn-MOF as an adsorbent presents a simple and effective approach for the treatment of industrial wastewater and water filtration. The effectiveness of utilizing Sn-MOF as an adsorbent to remove DZ from wastewater samples has never been demonstrated before, but our study is the first to do so. According to the results, a pH value of 6 is required to achieve the highest adsorption capability of DZ onto Sn-MOF, with a value of 587.39 mg.g−1.

Bench-scale CO2 capture using water-lean solvent of 2-(ethylamino) ethanol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and water

Water-lean amine are promising solvent for CO2 capture to significantly reduce regeneration energy. However, existing water-lean solvent hasn’t been put into commercial application due to high reaction heat, slow CO2 absorption rate, and high amine volatility of amine. In this paper, amines with one secondary amino (—NH), one hydroxyl (—OH), and carbon chain length between 3 and 6 (C3-C6) in structure were preferred for water-lean solvent in the light of amine structure–activity relationship. 2-(ethylamino) ethanol (EMEA) dissolving into 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and water were favorable water-lean solvent for CO2 capture, and EMEA/NMP was tested in a bench-scale platform. EMEA/NMP solvents have equivalent CO2 removal efficiencies, and 40–69% lower regeneration energy compared to blended amines and MEA solvents. The lower regeneration energy of EMEA/NMP results from lower water vapor ratio, lower reaction heat, and lower heat capacity. Viscosity of EMEA/NMP at rich loading is 6.92–11.11 mPa·s at 40℃. Increased stripper temperature increases CO2 removal efficiency by decreasing lean loading in EMEA/NMP solvents. CO2 desorption dominates mass transfer in stripper at low temperature while water evaporation dominates at high temperature. The lowest regeneration energy obtained with 5.0 M EMEA/NMP at liquid/gas ratio of 10.5 L/m3 and stripper temperature of 80℃ was 0.99 kWh/kg CO2 (equivalent to 3.6 GJ/tCO2), which is 69% lower than that of 5 M MEA. EMEA/NMP has an increasing amine emission from 109 to 1891 mg/m3 as absorber temperature increases from 34℃ to 54℃. Advanced processes would be employed for volatile amine emission control in future study.

Numerical Simulation of Highly Efficient Cs2TiI6 based Pb Free Perovskites Solar Cell with the Help of Optimized ETL and HTL Using SCAPS-1D Software

In order to provide the best photovoltaic application, this paper examines the physical, optical, and electrical aspects of Cesium Titanium (IV) based single halide Perovskite absorption materials. Perovskite solar cell for scavenging renewable energy, has grown more and more necessary in the context of the diversification of the use of natural resources. Due to its efficient band gap of 1.8 eV, Cs2TiI6 has become a desirable contender for today's thin-film solar cell. This article shows the spectrum responses of a planar Au/FTO/C60/Cs2TiI6/CH3NH3SnI3/Al based structure where CH3NH3SnI3 is used as a Hole transport layer (HTL) and C60 and FTO are utilized as Electron transport layers (ETL) under 300K temperature conditions. This research demonstrates that employing FTO and C60 as Electron transport layer charge extraction can be achieved. FTO provides High transmission, strong conductivity, and good adherence for the deposited layers. When used in a coevaporated perovskite solar cell, a C60 layer with an ideal thickness less than 15 nm improves charge extraction. This article tried to avoid cadmium for solar cell generation due to its toxicity on environment. The simulation included detailed configuration optimization for the thickness of the absorber layer, HTL, ETL, defect density, Wavelength, temperature, and series resistance. In this work the Power Conversion Efficiency (η), Fill Factor (FF), Open-circuit Voltage (Voc), J-V Curve, Quantum Efficiency and Short-circuit current (Jsc) have been measured by varying thickness of absorber layer in the range of 1µm to 6 µm. The optimized perovskite solar cell shows a power conversion efficiency of 21.8429% when the absorber layer thickness is 4µm and electron transport layer thickness is 0.6µm.

Designing of system for high grade heat recovery in thermal coolingsystem for process heat applications

An experimental investigation on design of a vapour absorption system using LiBr-H2Ofor high grade heat recovery in thermal cooling system for process heat applications has been conducted. A 1.5 kW cooling capacityof the LiBr-H2O vapour absorption system has beend esigned and tested under various operating conditions. Generator temperature, absorber tem-perature, condenser temperature and evaporator temperature have been varied and perfor-mance of LiBr-H2O vapour absorption system has been analysed. Experimental results are presented in terms of COP and circulation ratio. Further, to validate the results thermody-namic model is developed using first law of thermodynamics and simulate in Engineering Equation Solver. The COP and the circulation ratio estimated through simulationsand exper-iments have been in good agreement with ±5% standard deviation. Further, this this research work is beneficial for dairy industries in process heat applications and realizing the impor-tance of the need for energy conservation in dairy industries.

Adsorption of triclosan from aqueous solutions via novel metal–organic framework: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and optimization via Box-Behnken design

Utilizing Lanthanum/Palladium -Metal organic framework (La/Pd-MOF), this study sought to analyze the efficacy of removing triclosan (TCS) from aqueous solutions. Through compelling experimentation, we demonstrated that La/Pd-MOF is an effective adsorbent for eliminating TCS from water. Characterization of the material was conducted using SEM, XRD, BET analysis, and surface characterization to determine the point of zero charge. Through batch experiments, we investigated how pH levels impacted adsorption equilibrium. Fascinatingly, our results show that changes in solution pH drastically altered adsorption behavior. The effectiveness of TCS adsorption on La/Pd-MOF was thoroughly examined using kinetic models, adhering to the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, Langmuir isotherm model fitted the adsorption process accordingly. It was identified that a chemisorption process was involved in the overall process. To further customize the parameters like absorbent dosage, solution pH, temperature and time, Box-Behnken design (BBD) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were implemented. According to the instructions, the (ΔH°), (ΔS°), and (ΔG°) of TCS were endothermically and spontaneously extracted using La/Pd-MOF as an adsorbent. The synthesized La/Pd-MOF adsorbent exhibits remarkable render ability and cyclability for up to five cycles of adsorption–desorption. The effectiveness of the created adsorbent was evaluated as a proof of concept for cleaning wastewater samples at a lab scale. Study the mechanism of interaction between the La/Pd-MOF and TCS as it could be taking place through π-π interaction, pore filling, H-Bonding or electrostatic interaction. The La/Pd-MOF adsorbent provided a straightforward and efficient method for managing industrial effluent and water filtration. Our research indicates that our work is the first to describe how to remove TCS using La/Pd-MOF adsorbent from wastewater samples. The results showed that a maximum adsorption capacity of TCS onto La/Pd-MOF is obtained at a pH value of 6, which is 610.845 mg·g−1.

Temperature Self-Adaptive Ultra-Thin Solar Absorber Based on Optimization Algorithm

In solar applications, the solar absorber is paramount to converting solar radiation to heat energy. We systematically examined the relationship between the efficiency of the solar absorber and operating temperature and other factors. By combining inverse designs with surface plasmonic and Fabry-Perot cavity solar absorption theories, we have developed several solar absorber devices with excellent performance at different temperatures. One of these devices displays a solar spectral absorption of 95.6%, an ultra-low emission rate of 5.7%, and optical-to-thermal conversion efficiency exceeding 90%, all within an ultra-thin depth of 0.45 μm under working temperatures of 600 K. The device has the potential to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit (S-Q limit) in solar power generation systems. Our method is adaptable, enabling the design of optimal-performance devices to the greatest extent possible. The design was optimized using modern optimization algorithms to meet complex conditions and offers new insights for further study of the conversion from solar to thermal energy and the advancement of solar energy applications.