15th Day Of Pregnancy Research Articles

Effect of pesticides “Butylcaptax (Russia)” and “Droppa (Russia)” on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria of pregnant rats and their embryos

The article provides information on the effect of pesticides - butylcaptax and droppa on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria in rat rats and their embryos. It has been shown that butylcaptax and droppa reduce the oxidation of succinate and α-ketoglutarate in the V4*, V3 and Vdnf states and drug conjugation in the liver mitochondria of pregnant animals and their embryos. The most significant inhibition of ADF formation in the respiratory chain of fatal and maternal liver mitochondria occurs via the NAD-dependent pathway, especially when poisoning with butylcaptax on the 19th day of pregnancy. Apparently, inhibition of ADF-stimulated respiration is associated with inhibition of electron transfer along the respiratory chain or is a consequence of inhibition of the transport of phosphate or ADF into mitochondria, which plays a key role in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. A decrease in the conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation does not create conditions for the accumulation of energy in an utilizable form - in the form of ADF.

Effect of Nanoalumina on Sex Hormones and Fetuses in Pregnant Rats

ObjectiveThis study aimed at investigating the effect of nanoalumina on sex hormones, and fetuses in pregnant rats.MethodsIn this study, sixty-four pregnant rats were divided into eight groups. The control and the injection-control group received normal food and water, and 0.5 ml of distilled water, respectively. Treatment groups were treated with 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000µg/ml concentrations of Nanoalumina from the 7th day until the 18th day of pregnancy. On the 18th day, the rats were investigated in terms of their hormone levels. We evaluated the number of healthy and aborted offspring, as well as fetus size.ResultsNanoalumina caused an increase in progesterone hormones at the concentrations of 250, and 500µg/ml, and a significant reduction in estrogen hormone and aborted fetuses at the concentrations of 250 and 500µg/ml (p<0.05). The largest and smallest size of fetuses were observed in 500µg/ml and 1000µg/ml, respectively. The highest number of aborted fetuses was observed in the group treated with the 500µg/ml concentration. There was no aborted fetuses with 25, 50,100, control, and injection-control groups.ConclusionsDue to nanoalumina toxicity, it must be used with caution.

The effect of prenatal stress on antioxidant glutathion-assosiated enzymes activity in subcellular fractions of rat's liver

The activity of glutathione-associated antioxidant enzymes in subcellular fractions (cytosolic, mitochondrial, and cell nucleus fractions) was investigated in the liver of adult male Wistar rats born after prenatal stress was. Two groups of animals were studied in the experiment: (1) control group included - animals was born by intact mothers, and (2) prenatal stress group included animals whose mothers were subjected to immobilization stress in high-light conditions from the 15th to the 19th day of pregnancy. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in prenatally stressed animals decreased in the fractions of nuclei and mitochondria compared to the control group, while the activity of glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7.) increased in the same subcellular fractions. The activity of glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) in prenatally stressed rats reduced in the cytosol and mitochondrial fractions as compared to control group. Redistribution of the antioxidant enzyme activity in the cytosol, the fraction of nuclei and the mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue may contribute to the formation of the pathological phenotype of prenatally stressed offspring.

Fetoplacental complex parameters’ changes during repeated increase of the blood volume in female rabbits

One of the mandatory stages of introducing new drugs into obstetric practice is preclinical trials, the purpose of which is to study the effect of drugs on the development of fetuses and placentas. When conducting experimental studies, the main group of animals receiving the drug is compared with the control group of animals that do not receive drugs. At the same time, the volume of the test drug itself can significantly change the blood volume (BV) of an experimental animal, especially a small one, and such administration repeated repeatedly over several days can accumulate this effect, having an adverse effect on the functional state of the fetus. A model of chronic placental insufficiency created on the 18th day of pregnancy in female rabbits by ligating 1/3 of the preplacental vessels in one uterine horn was used to study the effect on the development of the brain and placenta of normally developed and retarded fetuses of multiple daily (1928 days of pregnancy) infusions of saline solution to females in a volume of 6% of the animals BV and comparable to the volume of medications used in the treatment of placental insufficiency in clinical practice (main group of rabbits). It was found that repeated daily administration of saline solution to a female rabbit in the second half of pregnancy, which is about 6% of the BV, causes a violation of the functional state of her normally developed and, to an even greater extent, retarded fetuses. This is manifested by a 1.4-fold reduced survival rate of fetuses in the intact horn of the uterus and a more pronounced violation of brain metabolism in fetuses of the intact and experimental horns compared to those of the control group of females.

The features of proliferative processes in the thyroid gland of the Wistar rat’s offspring after intrauterine action of dexamethasone

The features of proliferative processes in the thyroid gland of the Wistar rat’s offspring after intrauterine action of dexamethasone were studied. Animals were divided into 3 groups: I – intact rats; II – control – animals, which on the 18th day of the dated pregnancy transuterine, transdermal, subcutaneously in the interscapular area was injected with 0.9 % saline in the amount of 0.05 ml; III – experimental group – animals, which during laparotomy by intrauterine, transdermal subcutaneous injection in the interscapular area was injected with a solution of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.05 ml at a dilution of 1:40 intrauterinely on the 18th day of pregnancy (Ukrainian patent No.112288). In the experimental subgroups used the allowable, generally accepted number of animals for statistical processing and obtaining reliable results – 6 animals. The thyroid gland with the tracheal area was removed on the 21st, 30th, 45th, 60th, 90th, 120th days of life. Immunohistochemical study was performed according to the protocol recommended for a particular antibody manufacturer. Monoclonal antibodies ki-67 (Ki-67), Fox-1 Antibody (A-12) were used to assess proliferative activity, the company Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (USA). The study found that the thyroid gland of rats of infantile period, which prenatally exposed to dexamethasone, is structurally represented by chaotically located follicles of different diameters with a predominance of large with desquamated cells in the lumen, and proliferative changes aimed at forming extrafollicular which is confirmed immunohistochemically by the presence of Ki-67-positive cells. Intracellularly, protein- synthesizing organelles of thyrocytes also proliferate, to which there is a clear cytoplasmic and nuclear reaction with Fox-1 antibodies. Dining the juvenile period, proliferative processes in the thyroid gland of animals of the experimental group are stabilized while maintaining the morphological structure of the hypofunctional type, and remain lower compared to the control and intact groups. Morphological signs of functional tension of the thyroid gland animals exposed prenatally to dexamethasone, which correlate with a decrease in proliferative activity, indicate a functional compensatory response of synthetic and hormone-producing function, but suppression of proliferative processes, despite the slight manifestations. The thyroid gland of morphological hypofunctional type after prenatal action of dexamethasone in young rats, indicates an adaptogenic compensatory response and morphofunctional immaturity of the organ during this period, which may be the basis for provoking the preservation of such morphogenetic factors under the influence of stressors. Keywords: thyroid gland, proliferation, dexamethasone, experiment, rats.

Link between preeclampsia and psychiatric disorders: a behavioral analysis in an animal model of intrauterine hypoxia

Introduction: The association between preeclampsia (PE), known as a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of systemic arterial hypertension, and the promotion of neurodevelopmental disorders has been hypothesized by several studies. Indeed, it is believed that multifactorial psychiatric conditions may arise after a compromised anatomical and functional brain development due to low oxygen levels. However, a solid relation between intrauterine hypoxia and potential subsequent neurodevelopmental deficits remains unknown. Therefore, studies in animal models of PE become essential for understanding this specific cause and effect from a behavioral perspective. The aim of this study was to evaluate behavioral alterations in 2-month-old (P60) male rats from females Wistars treated with L-NAME, a hypertensive agent that inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In addition, we sought to identify a possible protective effect of Sildenafil Citrate (CS), a potent vasodilator, against PE. Methodology: Firstly, pregnant female Wistar rats were treated by gavage, daily, from the 1st to the 18th day of pregnancy (DP) with L-NAME (50 mg/kg) and with CS (10 mg/kg) from the 7th to the 18th DP. Control animals were treated with similar volumes of pure water. The pups were then divided accordingly: 1) Control; 2) L-NAME; 3) CS; 4) L-NAME+CS. The behavioral tests were performed in P60 animals; the male rats were subjected to open field, social interaction, sucrose preference and contextual fear conditioning tests. The results were analyzed by One Way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc. Data are presented as mean ± SD (in % of Control group). Results: As expected, the SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) was significantly elevated in L-NAME treated rats than in controls (149.40 ± 15.45 versus 100.40 ± 2.37, p&lt;0.0001). Still, it was possible to notice a reduction in SBP after the concomitant administration of L-NAME and CS in comparison to L-NAME group (117.00 ± 17.79 versus 149.40 ± 15.45, p&lt;0.0001). No significant differences were verified among all groups evaluated in the open field or social interaction tests (p&gt;0.05). However, the L-NAME group showed a decrease in sucrose preference test (64.12 ± 10.98, p&lt;0.05). Lastly, the results of contextual fear conditioning test pointed towards a reduction in freezing time in L-NAME animals in comparison to the Control group (33.89 ± 33.96 versus 193.00 ± 122.00, p&lt;0.01). Discussion: L-NAME administration induces an increase in SBP that possibly can lead to intrauterine hypoxia and may explain anhedonia and cognitive impairments observed in preeclampsia-like rats. Curiously, such phenotypes are important features of several neurodevelopmental disorders, like Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, as well as the prodromal phase of Schizophrenia. Our study also indicates that CS administration reverses part of the behavioral alterations observed after PE. Conclusion: Increased SBP during pregnancy promotes intrauterine hypoxia, which seems to be a crucial factor in triggering behavioral alterations that are consistent with neurodevelopmental disorders.

TERATOGENIK EKSTRAK ETANOL UWI BANGGAI UNGU (Dioscorea alata L.) PADA MENCIT BETINA (Mus musculus)

Teratogenic is an abnormal development on embryo and is the cause of congenital defect or birth defect. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of Dioscorea alata L. ethanol extracts to the embryo development on pregnant mice whose given orally to 24 mice which divided to 4 treatment groups, they are the normal group (NG) with NaCMC 0.5%; 28 mg/KgBB treatment group; 35 mg/KgBB; 42 mg/Kg BB. The addition of Dioscorea alata L ethanol extracts was done on the sixth day until the 15th day of pregnancy. On the 18th day of pregnancy, Laparaktomi was done to the pregnant mice and the embryo was taken out of the uterus. The observation was done to the fetus numbers, weight weighing of the fetus's body, dan length measurement of the fetus's body. Another observation is the observation of the external organ defect of the embryo. The study results that the addition of Dioscorea alata L ethanol extracts with various doses have no significant effect (P&gt;0.5) to the mice external fetus development. On the examination of the fetus, we can conclude that Dioscorea alata L ethanol extracts don’t give any effect that may cause the defect of the fetus’ external organ.

Вплив фетоплацентарної недостатності матерів на стан сперматогенезу самців нащадків

The demographic situation in most countries of the European region, which includes Ukraine, is characterized as quite complex. Nowadays the question of the long-term effects of maternal fetoplacental insufficiency on the functioning of human body systems, in particular on the reproductive system of male offspring, remains open. It is known that negative factors during pregnancy can affect the development and existence of the individual. The purpose of the work was to study the long-term effects of fetoplacental insufficiency on the functioning of the reproductive system of adult male offspring born by mothers of different ages. Material and methods. The study was performed on healthy adult female Wistar rats, young (3 months) and mature (10 months) of reproductive age. 4 groups were formed: the 1st and the 2nd groups included intact animals of young and mature age; the 3rd and the 4th had females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency of young and mature reproductive age. Modeling of fetoplacental insufficiency was performed by daily subcutaneous injection to females from the 12th to the 18th day of pregnancy 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 2 ml/kg body weight. We studied the state of spermatogenesis, weight of internal organs, sex hormones in mature male offspring of 3 months of age after decapitation. Results and discussion. Fetoplacental insufficiency leads to lower testosterone levels in all offspring born to mothers of different reproductive ages. The total level of estradiol remained almost unchanged, but still, in animals there was a shift in the ratio of sex hormones in the direction of hyperestrogenism. Experimental fetoplacental insufficiency in females of different reproductive ages also affected the mass of the testes, epididymis and adrenal glands in their male offspring. According to the indicators of the functional state of epididymal sperm in animals born by reproductively young females, the share of pathological forms of sperm decreased by 45%, in the offspring born by reproductively mature females with fetoplacental insufficiency decreased the number of motile sperm by 46% compared to the intact group of animals. Conclusion. The penetration of toxic substances into the mother's body leads to varying degrees of total xenobiotic load, followed by induction of neutralization reactions and the development of metabolic forms of fetoplacental insufficiency, changing the function of the endocrine system and causing adverse effects on the reproductive system. Fetoplacental insufficiency affects the reproductive function of adult male offspring born to mothers of different reproductive ages, which is manifested in a decrease in testosterone levels and deterioration of the spermogram, which in turn can lead to problems with impregnation

Efficacy of resuscitative infusion with hemoglobin vesicles in rabbits with massive obstetric hemorrhage

Hemoglobin vesicles have been developed as artificial oxygen carriers, and they have the potential to serve as a substitute for red blood cell transfusion. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hemoglobin vesicle infusion for the initial treatment instead of red blood cell transfusion in rabbits with massive obstetric hemorrhage. Pregnant New Zealand white rabbits (28th day of pregnancy; normal gestation period, 29-35 days) underwent uncontrolled hemorrhage to induce shock by transecting the right midartery and concomitant vein in the myometrium. Subsequently, rabbits received isovolemic fluid resuscitation through the femoral vein with an equivalent volume of hemorrhage every 5 minutes. Resuscitative infusion regimens included 5% human serum albumin (n=6), stored washed red blood cells with plasma (vol/vol=1:1; n=5), and hemoglobin vesicle with 5% human serum albumin (vol/vol=4:1; n=5). A total of 60 minutes after the start of bleeding, rabbits underwent surgical hemostasis by ligation of the bleeding vessels and then were monitored for survival within 24 hours. During fluid resuscitation, hemoglobin vesicle infusion and red blood cell transfusion maintained a mean arterial pressure of >50 mm Hg and a hemoglobin concentration of >9 g/dL and prevented the elevation of plasma lactate. In contrast, resuscitation with 5% human serum albumin alone could not prevent hemorrhagic shock as evidenced by a low mean arterial pressure (40 mm Hg), a low hemoglobin concentration (2 g/dL), and a marked elevation of plasma lactate. All animals in the red blood cell group and the hemoglobin vesicle group survived more than 8 hours, whereas all animals in the 5% human serum albumin group died within 8 hours. Hemoglobin vesicle infusion may be effective in the initial management of massive obstetric hemorrhage.

Морфофункціональні зміни сім’яників щурів, народжених від матерів зі змодельованою фетоплацентарною недостатністю і за її корегування

Nowadays, it is almost unknown how fetoplacental insufficiency of mothers affects the formation of the reproductive system in male offspring during puberty. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the histological structure of the testes of male offspring born to mothers of different ages with fetoplacental insufficiency and to evaluate the effectiveness of a new pharmaceutical composition for the correction of pathological conditions of pregnancy. The experiment involved healthy mature female Wistar rats in young (3–4 months) and mature (8–10 months) reproductive age. Eight groups with 7 pregnant females in each one were formed: groups 1 and 2 — intact animals of young and mature reproductive age, respectively; groups 3 and 4 — females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency of young and mature reproductive age; groups 5 and 6 — young and mature animals with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency and addition to food depending on the weight of animals from 11 to 19 days of pregnancy pharmaceutical composition. Groups 7 and 8 — young and mature animals with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency with addition a comparison drug Dipyridamole to the food. Modeling of fetoplacental insufficiency was performed by daily subcutaneous injection to females from the 12th to the 18th day of pregnancy 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 2 ml/kg body weight. Offspring were decontaminated on the 50th day of life (puberty) by rapid decapitation. Samples of male testicles were fixed in 10% formalin solution, performed on alcohols of increasing strength, poured into paraffin. Sections were made from the blocks, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative assessment of histostructure was performed on sections of the body in rats. Summing up the results of histological analysis and morphometric parameters characterizing the condition of the testicles of rats, we can draw the following conclusions. In the offspring born to reproductively young females with fetoplacental insufficiency, inhibition of the rate of germ cell differentiation was found, while in the offspring born to reproductively mature females with fetoplacental insufficiency, the negative effects of this effect were leveled and the rate of spermatogenesis increased. When the pharmaceutical composition was administered to both young and mature pregnant females on the background of fetoplacental insufficiency, it activated the processes of proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic epithelium in their offspring, which was reflected in the appearance of mature sperm in the seminal tubules. The comparison drug Dipyridamole, administered according to the same regimen to both young and mature pregnant females with fetoplacental insufficiency, also helped the 50-day-old offspring of these females to restore the rate of spermatogenesis at the level of the pharmaceutical composition.

Uji Teratogenik Air Rebusan Mie Instan Selama Masa Kehamilan Mencit Betina (Mus musculus L.) Melalui Pengamatan Kelainan Morfologi Fetus

Indonesia is one of the second ranked countries in the world consuming the most instant noodles. This product is liked by all people, especially pregnant women, so research is needed to determine the effect of consumption of instant noodles on fetal development. This study uses mice as a test animal. The purpose of this study was to determine the teratogenic effects of instant noodle cooking water on pregnant mice (Mus musculus L.) concentrations of 30%, 50%, and 70% based on morphological observations of fetal mice during pregnancy. This research is experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) method using 60 experimental female mice in pregnancy divided into 10 groups, 1 group was given aquadest as a control group and 9 groups were given instant noodle cooking water in 3 different brands with a concentration of 30% , 50%, and 70% given on the 6th day of pregnancy until the 15th day of pregnancy. Then on the 18th day female mice were sacrificed by dislocation of the neck to see the teratogenic effects based on morphology in the fetus. The results of the statistical test showed that there were differences in the average number of dead fetuses in each group (p = 0.05), differences in body weight (p = 0.0001), and body length (p = 0.0001) and found one fetuses that experience cleftpalate or abnormalities in the palate of the fetus of mice in the treatment of instant noodle boiled water concentration of 70%

Synapsis Expression Increased By Mozart’s Music Stimulation Compared With Indonesian Pop And Religious Music

Classical music stimulation is a proven method that affect intelligence as well as brain function. Mozart’s classical music is classical music that could stimulate the growth of synaptic networks. To analyze the difference of synapsin expression of the brain of Rattus norvegicus offspring on Mozart’s, pop, religious and without music stimulation during pregnancy. Experimental. Treatments were subjected to Rattus norvegicusas a subject organism, initiated on the 10th day of pregnancy, in 1 hour duration in a soundproof chamber, intensity of 65 dB. On the 19th day of pregnancy the subjects were sacrificed and three offsprings were chosen. The head of the chosen Rattus norvegicusoffsprings were decapitated and the brain subsequently sectioned to calculate synapsin expression by immunohistochemistry method with 400 magnification strength microscope on the 5 field of view. Significant difference of synapsin expression of the brain of Rattus norvegicus offspring was observed between Mozart’s and control group. Significant differences of synapsin expressions were observed in the cerebellum of the newly born Rattus novergicus between Mozart and pop music groups (p = 0,007), Mozart and religious music groups (p = 0,008), Mozart and without music groups (p = 0,004).Synapsin expression of Rattus norvegicus brain offsprings were higher in Mozart music stimulation compared with pop and religious music stimulation

Thermodynamic assessment of allocation of energy and exergy of the nutrients for the life processes during pregnancy.

Thermodynamic analyses are performed to quantify allocation of the nutritional energy and exergy to most of the life processes by pregnant mice. In these analyses, 'internal work performance' is calculated for the first time in the literature for metabolism during pregnancy and found substantially higher than the 'external work performance'. Variation of the daily entropy generation rates and the daily internal work performance rates during the course of pregnancy showed a highly similar phasic behaviour. With the progression of the pregnancy, external work performance decreased and second law efficiency increased significantly. On the 13th day of pregnancy, net energy extracted from the food at the cellular energy metabolism subsystem was 15·0 kJ; approximately 3 kJ of it was employed for daily internal work performance, 0·8 kJ was allocated to daily external work performance and 0·8 kJ was stored in the adipose tissue without entering into the cellular energy metabolism subsystem. Heat generation in association with internal and external work performance was 9·1 and 2·2 kJ, respectively. Energy, pertinent to the first law, and exergy (useful energy), pertinent to the second law, balances are described graphically, and comparison of these plots showed that the total exergy of the nutrients allocated to internal and external work performance and heat generation is substantially smaller in magnitude when compared with those of energy balance.

Teratogeneous Effects of Gynuraprocumbens (Lour.) Merr. Ethanol Extract Against Musculus Fetal

AbstractThis study looked at the teratogenous effects of ethanol extracts ofGynuraprocumbens (Lour.) Merr. on the white mice fetus. Experimental animalsconsisted of 24 mices, 4 male mices and 20 female mices, divided into 4groups, namely the negative control group, ethanol extracts ofGynuraprocumbens (Lour.) Merr. 150 mg/kgBW; 300 mg/kgBW; and 600mg/kgBW. Provision is made from the 6th day until the 15th day ofpregnancy. Laparactomy is carried out on the 18th day of pregnancy. Theparameters observed were body weight of mices, number of fetuses,average fetal weight, and macroscopic observation of the fetus. The resultsshowed that the parent's body weight, number of fetuses, and average fetalweight were significantly different (sig &lt;0.05). Macroscopic observation ofthe fetus obtained slow growth in ethanolic extracts dose of 600 mg/kgBW.This study can be concluded that the ethanol extract ofGynuraprocumbens(Lour.) Merr.has a teratogeniceffect on the fetus of whitemice.

Effect of L-arginine and aminoguanidine on the cytokine profile in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the autoimmune causes of miscarriage in pregnancy. We researched the influence of L-arginine (25 mg/kg), the precursor of nitric oxide synthesis, and aminoguanidine, the inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase (10 mg/kg) on the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 in serum of BALB/c mice on the 18th day of pregnancy in cases of APS. In the serum of the pregnant mice with APS, an increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and a decrease in the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) was evidenced, relative to those of the pregnant animals without APS. With the use of L-arginine, a decrease in the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and an increase in the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10 was established, compared with the indicators of the pregnant mice with APS. The introduction of aminoguanidine, the selective inhibitor of iNOS, did not cause any changes in IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 compared with the group of animals with APS. However, a decrease in TNF-α concentration and an increase in IL-4 concentration were proved in this series compared with the group of pregnant animals with APS. Combined administration of L-arginine and aminoguanidine caused a decrease in the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and an increase in the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10, compared with the indicators of the animals with APS. Thus, the combined administration of L-arginine and aminoguanidine to the pregnant mice with APS contributes to the rebalancing of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum more than their individual use.

Chitosan coating does not prevent the effect of the transfer of green silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Streptomyces malachitus into fetuses via the placenta

Green synthesized nanoparticles are more advantageous over conventionally prepared ones due to less toxicity, production cost, and environmental hazards. With the widespread of the utilization of nanoparticles, little is known about the maternal-fetal transplacental transfer of green nanoparticles. We have biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using metabolites of Streptomyces malachitus and sunlight then coated them with chitosan. These nanoparticles have been characterized and intraperitoneally administered at doses of 100 mg/kg on the 6th, 8th, and 10th gestational days. On the 18th day of pregnancy, both coated and non-coted NPs were detected in different maternal tissues, placenta, and in fetuses, as determined by estimation of silver content and observation by electron microscopy. Chitosan coating decreased the silver content in different tissues, maybe due to the larger size of coated nanoparticles that retards the transfer. The toxic effects on maternal and fetal tissues were proportional to their silver content, as determined by the liver and kidney functional analysis of pregnant rats and the ultrastructural and histopathological examination of the maternal liver, placenta and fetal liver. The present data suggest that green silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Streptomyces malachitus cross the placenta and have toxic effects on maternal tissues, placenta, and fetus. Chitosan coating of these nanoparticles decreases the transfer, and consequently, the toxicity. However, it does not prevent this toxicity.

Histopathological effect of fluoxetine drug on the brain of pregnant mice and their embryos

The present study was designed to identify the histopathological effect of fluoxetine (fluoxetine hydrochloride) on the pregnant mice brain and their fetuses as well as recording weight changes at doses of 60 and 80 mg/kg of body weight which were administrated to the pregnant mice from the 7th up to the 18th day of pregnancy and once a day. The results showed histopathological lesions in the adult pregnant mice brain at the dose of 60 mg/kg. induced massive necrotic area of neurons in the cerebral cortex, necrosis of the molecular layer cells while the dose of 80 mg/kg the changes include vasogenic edema in the sub cortical area, severe degeneration and necrosis of the cortex. The lesions in cerebellum were more severe than recorded in the cerebrum. The results also showed the presence of many lesions in the fetus brain at the dose 60 mg/kg and they were degeneration, necrosis of many neurons in the cerebrum while at the dose of 80 mg/kg. There were increase of degeneration and necrosis in the cortical area of fetus brain. In conclusion, the use of fluoxetine in pregnant mice caused decrease in body weight and Histopathological changes in the brain of both of the mothers and their embryos, thus the use of antidepressant by pregnant woman can be harmful for the mothers and the fetus.

Temporal changes in the cerebrospinal fluid allopregnanolone concentration and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in sheep during pregnancy and early lactation

Research on pregnant mice and rats indicated that a neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AP) might have a stress-protective effect, decreasing the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Using a sheep model in the present research, we tested a hypothesis that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AP concentration changes during pregnancy and early lactation, keeping in check the secretory activity of the HPA axis. Four-hour-long CSF collections (20 μL/min, from 10:00 to 14:00) from the third brain ventricle were conducted in 8 sheep, every 4 weeks, starting from the 28th day of pregnancy until the 28th day after delivery, to determine AP and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations. A maximum of 8 samples (every 30 min) were gathered from individual sheep. Each series of CSF collections was accompanied by blood sampling every 10 min, to examine the distribution of mean plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations. Six luteal-phase sheep were used as a control during the period corresponding to the first month of pregnancy. The highest AP concentration was noted in the 5th month of pregnancy compared to these in the 1st and 2nd months (P < 0.01–P < 0.001). A decrease in the CSF AP level occurred in the 1st month of lactation compared to the concentration noted before delivery (P < 0.05). The CSF CRH concentration reached the highest level in the 4th month of pregnancy compared to these in the 1st and 2nd months (P < 0.001). A decrease in the CRH concentration was observed in the 5th month (P < 0.001, vs 4th month) and then in the 1st month of lactation (P < 0.01–P < 0.001, vs other months of pregnancy). A correlation between the CSF AP and CRH concentrations during four months of pregnancy indicated a very strong relationship (r = =0.9946), but it weakened in the 5th month (r = =0.7079). Both plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased from the 1st to the 4th month of pregnancy (P < 0.01–P < 0.001) and then decreased in the 5th month (P < 0.001). The concentrations of these two hormones remained at lowered levels during early lactation. The CSF CRH, as well as plasma ACTH and cortisol levels in control non-pregnant sheep were generally lower (P < 0.001) than the ones noted in mid-pregnancy. In conclusion, the increasing secretory activity of the HPA axis in pregnant sheep is accompanied by an increase in the CSF AP concentration. The protective effect of AP from excess glucocorticoids may be seen during late pregnancy and early lactation.

THE EFFECT OF LIMAN LEAVES EXTRACT ON FETAL RAT DEVELOPMENT

Objective: The objective of the study was to observe the effect of liman leaves extract on fetal rat development and provide safety information for its use during pregnancy.&#x0D; Methods: Estrus cycles of female Wistar rats were observed and mated to male rats, 0 day of pregnancy determined after finding a vaginal plug or in a vaginal smear, there was sperm. Sample was administered orally using sonde with a single administration on the 11th day of pregnancy, at doses of 3750 mg/kg bw, 1185 mg/kg bw, and 375 mg/kg bw. On the 19th day of pregnancy, the rats were sacrificed and then observed the number of implantation, corpus luteum, intrauterine death, and fetal abnormalities.&#x0D; Results: The dose of 375 mg/kg bw exposed the highest average implantation rate (13.20%) and the largest number of corpus luteum (13.90%). The highest total intrauterine death was presented by dose of 3750 mg/kg bw and significantly different (p&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. The dose of 375 mg/kg bw expressed the highest percentage of embryos with resorption (19.03%), while the lowest average fetal body was shown by 3750 mg/kg bw compared to the other groups. The highest percentage of external abnormalities was given by the dose of 375 mg/kg bw (12.91%), which abnormalities found were dwarf, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, short sleeve, and hematoma.&#x0D; Conclusion: Liman leaves extract was mild teratogenic on Wistar rat fetus.

Study of Combination of Nanoherbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) Effects in the Expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Heat Shock Protein-70 (HSP70) and Placental Histology of Preeclamptic Rats

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) contributes to the second cause of maternal death in Indonesia. Andaliman is a typical spice of the Batak ethnic in Northern Sumatera Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the potential of novel herbal medicine compound of nanoherbal andaliman and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as PE treatment. Methods: Nanoherbal andaliman was generated using High-energy Milling (HEM). The treatments were divided into the following five groups: K- (control): pregnant rats; K+: PE model rats; P1: PE model rats + 0.45 g of EVOO/200 g BW on the 13th–19th day of pregnancy; P2: PE model rats + nanoherbal andaliman 100 mg/200 g BW on the 13th– 19th day of pregnancy; and P3: PE model rats + combination of 0.45 EVOO/200 g BW and nanoherbal andaliman 100 mg/200 g BW on the 13th–19th day of pregnancy. Rats were dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy. The observed parameters were blood pressure, proteinuria, malondialdehyde (MDA), Heat Shock Protein-70 HSP-70 and histology of placenta. Results: A significant difference was noticed (p&lt;0.05) in blood pressure, proteinuria, foetal weight, haematocrit, erythrocytes and trophoblastic cells after the administration of combined nanoherbal andaliman and EVOO. No significant differences in placental weight, foetal number, leukocytes, MDA and HSP-70 were found (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The combination of nanoherbal andaliman and EVOO decreased systolic blood pressure and induced the expression of MDA and HSP-70, as well as placental histology of pre-eclamptic rats.